直接斜率波前控制算法的模式校正效果分析

建立了采用直接斜率波前控制算法的自适应光学系统中各阶泽尼克模式间的动态关系,通过对比系统对大气湍流畸变波前各阶泽尼克模式的功率谱抑制函数,揭示了采用直接斜率波前控制算法的自适应光学系统中各阶模式校正效果间的差异,并初步分析了造成这种差异的原因。用在61单元自适应光学系统上取得的实验结果验证了理论分析结果。     

微机械薄膜变形镜自适应光学系统实验研究

为求出自适应光学系统的最优校正电压, 提出了一种基于改进奇异值分解的闭环迭代控制算法。该算法可通过调节控制参量g1,g2和w,优化模式的收敛速度, 使控制信号快速收敛到一个可靠的局部最优解。搭建基于微机械薄膜变形镜(MMDM)的自适应光学系统, 测量光学影响函数并验证单个电极电压和镜面变形之间的准平方线性关系, 以及各个驱动器电极响应之间的线性叠加性。分别采用模拟眼和人眼出射波前作为原始波前进行实验。实验结果表明, 改进算法能快速有效地对静态或动态畸变波前进行校正, 为基于MMDM的自适应光学系统提供了算法支持。     

A parallel system for adaptive optics based on parallel mutation PSO algorithm

Wavefront sensor-less adaptive optics technology has a much higher requirement for the processing speed than ever before. To improve the efficiency of particle swarm optimization (PSO), this paper proposes a novel parallel mutation particle swarm optimization (PMPSO) algorithm based on a master-slave model. The parallel system based on PMPSO algorithm is applied in a 61-element adaptive optics system to control the deformable mirror. The experimental results show that the parallel system based on PMPSO algorithm has a rapid convergence speed, which can effectively correct the wavefront aberration.     

自适应光学系统几种随机并行优化控制算法比较

 直接对系统性能指标进行优化是自适应光学系统中一种重要的波前畸变校正方法,选择合适的随机并行优化控制算法是该技术成功实现的关键。以32单元变形镜为校正器,基于多种随机并行优化算法建立自适应光学系统仿真模型。从算法的收敛速度、校正效果、局部极值3个方面对遗传算法、单向扰动随机并行梯度下降、双向扰动随机并行梯度下降及模拟退火算法进行了比较。仿真结果表明,遗传算法收敛速度太慢,不适用于需要实时控制的自适应光学系统;双向扰动随机并行梯度下降算法收敛速度、校正效果要优于单向扰动随机并行梯度下降,且能够适应各种情况下的扰动电压;模拟退火几乎以概率1收敛到全局极值附近,且收敛速度是上述算法中最快的。     

A study on a fast measuring technique of wavefront using a Shack–Hartmann sensor

The measuring resolution and speed for wavefront are important to improve the performance of an adaptive optics system. In this paper, we propose a fast measuring technique with high resolution in the Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor. The proposed measuring technique of wavefront combines the conventional center of mass algorithm with an estimated weighting factor. The estimated weighting factor is a real value anticipating the real center of mass in a wavefront spot image. This estimated weighting factor can be calculated at the initialization step of an adaptive optics system. We designed a robust adaptive optics system with this proposed measuring algorithm. The measuring accuracy and speed are investigated by using the proposed algorithm compared with the conventional center of mass algorithm in experiments.     

利用复原电压预测大气湍流畸变波前方法

 在校正大气湍流畸变信号的自适应光学系统中，基于大气开环数据，对采用最小递归二乘RLS算法预测复原电压以减小自适应光学系统中的时间伺服延迟进行了仿真研究。并与未采用预测时的误差进行了比较，对比结果表明：采用RLS算法后，可以有效的降低系统由伺服延迟引起的误差。     

Free-space laser communications with adaptive optics: Atmospheric compensation experiments

Refractive index inhomogeneities of the turbulent air cause wave-front distortions of optical waves propagating through the atmosphere, leading to such effects as beam spreading, beam wander, and intensity fluctuations (scintillations). These distortions are responsible for severe signal fading in free-space optical communications systems and therefore compromise link reliability. Wave-front distortions can be mitigated, in principle, with adaptive optics, i.e., real-time wave-front control, reducing the likeliness of signal fading. However, adaptive optics technology, currently primarily used in astronomical imaging, needs to be adapted to the requirements of free-space optical communication systems and their specific challenges.In this chapter we discuss a non-conventional adaptive optics approach that has certain advantages with respect to its incorporation into free-space optical communication terminals. The technique does not require wave-front measurements, which are difficult under the strong scintillation conditions typical for communication scenarios, but is based on the direct optimization of a performance quality metric, e.g., the communication signal strength, with a stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm.We describe an experimental adaptive optics system that consists of a beam-steering and a higher-resolution wave-front correction unit with a 132-actuator MEMS piston-type deformable mirror controlled by a VLSI system implementing the SPGD algorithm. The system optimizes the optical signal that could be coupled into a single-mode fiber after propagating along a 2.3-km near-horizontal atmospheric path. We investigate characteristics of the performance metric under different atmospheric conditions and evaluate the effect of the adaptive system. Experiments performed under strong scintillation conditions with beam-steering only as well as with higher-resolution wave-front control demonstrate the mitigation of wave-front distortions and the reduction of signal fading.     

Modal prediction for closed-loop adaptive optics

The correction efficiency of adaptive optics is limited mainly by measurement noise and time delay. To overcome this problem, we describe a new modal linear predictive controller whose parameters are optimized by means of a recursive least-squares algorithm to minimize the residual optical phase variance. The method copes with the recursivity of the closed-loop operation. We demonstrate that the optimal rejection transfer function for adaptive optics is proportional to the frequency signal-to-noise ratio. Finally, we present what we believe to be the first experimental results obtained with a predictor used to control the tip-tilt mirror of an adaptive-optics system.     

Adaptive optics correction based on stochastic parallel gradient descent technique under various atmospheric scintillation conditions: numerical simulation

An adaptive optics system utilizing a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor and a deformable mirror can successfully correct a distorted wavefront by the conjugation principle. However, if a wave propagates over such a path that scintillation is not negligible, the appearance of branch points makes least-squares reconstruction fail to estimate the wavefront effectively. An adaptive optics technique based on the stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) control algorithm is an alternative approach which does not need wavefront information but optimizes the performance metric directly. Performance was evaluated by simulating a SPGD control system and conventional adaptive correction with least-squares reconstruction in the context of a laser beam projection system. We also examined the relative performance of coping with branch points by the SPGD technique through an example. All studies were carried out under the conditions of assuming the systems have noise-free measurements and infinite time control bandwidth. Results indicate that the SPGD adaptive system always performs better than the system based on the least-squares wavefront reconstruction technique in the presence of relatively serious intensity scintillations. The reason is that the SPGD adaptive system has the ability of compensating a discontinuous phase, although the phase is not detected and reconstructed.     

Adaptive optics for airborne platforms—Part 1: modeling

Adaptive optics systems mitigate the atmospheric turbulence-induced distortion of a propagating light wavefront. The use of adaptive optics entails the design of a feedback controller, which requires the development of a model of the plant to be controlled. In adaptive optics, the plant consists of the atmosphere through which light is traveling. Moreover, a distinct feature of the adaptive optics control application is the presence of random signals in the plant. In optics, Zernike orthonormal polynomials are commonly used as a basis set for the expansion of wavefront phase distortions. Due to the atmospheric turbulence-induced random nature of the underlying physical process, the spatial-temporal correlation functions of the Zernike polynomial phase distortion expansion coefficients must be evaluated if a proper stochastic model of the plant is to be developed and adaptive optics is to be employed. In Part 1 of this paper, these correlation functions are developed using a layered atmospheric model and calculations for the first few low-order Zernike modes are performed. Using these correlation functions, an underlying stochastic linear dynamical system, which is adequate for control design, is synthesized. This system models the plant and, in turn, provides the basis for the employment of advanced model-based control and estimation concepts in an adaptive optics system for an airborne platform application.     

随机并行梯度下降光束净化实验研究

利用自适应光学技术进行光束净化是高能激光系统中一项重要的研究内容.为实现光束净化系统的小型化和低成本,基于系统性能评价函数无模型最优化的波前畸变校正方法是适合的技术方案.就随机并行梯度下降(SPGD)最优化算法在光束净化系统中的应用展开研究.针对高能激光束常见的像差分布进行了SPGD波前校正的数值模拟,在此基础上构建了37单元自适应光学光束净化实验平台,讨论了双边扰动梯度估计和迭代增益系数自适应变化对算法收敛特性的影响.数值模拟与实验结果验证了SPGD算法对不同程度波前畸变的校正能力,表明了SPGD光束净化方案的可行性.     

一种自适应光学闭环系统预测控制算法的仿真研究

介绍了校正大气湍流畸变波前像差的自适应光学系统中,基于预测控制技术对变形镜控制电压进行预测以减少自适应光学系统中时间延迟误差的方法.对受横向风影响的大气湍流畸变波前斜率数据,利用数值仿真方法,研究了基于递推最小二乘(RLS)算法的线性预测控制算法对自适应光学系统变形镜控制电压进行超前预测的方法,并与采用比例积分(PI)...     

自适应光学系统模式控制动态优化方法

像差校正模式项数是自适应光学系统模式控制算法中的一个重要参数,其大小对补偿效果影响明显。通过对系统响应函数矩阵的奇异值分解构建像差模式空间,以不同控制项数下残余像差的均方根估计为依据确定每次校正的模式项数,提出了一种模式项数动态优化的控制方法。以Hartmann-Shack波前传感器和薄膜变形镜为主要部件搭建自适应光学实验系统,通过拟合不同像差验证上述控制方法,实验结果表明,和固定项模式控制方法比较,动态优化方法校正的系统残余像差更低,可明显提高自适应光学系统的空间拟合性能。     

Comparison of several stochastic parallel optimization algorithms for adaptive optics system without a wavefront sensor

Optimizing the system performance metric directly is an important method for correcting wavefront aberrations in an adaptive optics (AO) system where wavefront sensing methods are unavailable or ineffective. An appropriate “Deformable Mirror” control algorithm is the key to successful wavefront correction. Based on several stochastic parallel optimization control algorithms, an adaptive optics system with a 61-element Deformable Mirror (DM) is simulated. Genetic Algorithm (GA), Stochastic Parallel Gradient Descent (SPGD), Simulated Annealing (SA) and Algorithm Of Pattern Extraction (Alopex) are compared in convergence speed and correction capability. The results show that all these algorithms have the ability to correct for atmospheric turbulence. Compared with least squares fitting, they almost obtain the best correction achievable for the 61-element DM. SA is the fastest and GA is the slowest in these algorithms. The number of perturbation by GA is almost 20 times larger than that of SA, 15 times larger than SPGD and 9 times larger than Alopex.     

自适应光学中的控制算法设计与仿真

对自适应光学系统中的控制算法设计进行了整体研究。首先对自适应光学系统各模块的物理特性进行了分析,并在此基础上建立了系统整体的数学模型。针对传统处理含有纯滞后环节系统近似方法的不足,文章采用直接求解系统传递函数幅频和相频解析函数的方法来对系统特性进行分析,通过比较系统的开环特性、闭环特性、误差和噪声传递特性等对三种控制方法（积分控制、PI控制和Smith控制）的控制品质进行了分析。分析和仿真结果表明,Smith控制方法对自适应光学系统能够达到较好的控制效果,为实际系统的设计提供了理论指导。     

自适应光学系统控制效果分析的功率谱方法

 用H-S 波前探测器得到校正前后波前相位时间功率谱, 分析了自适应光学控制系统对大气湍流扰动波前的时域校正效果。用这种方法比较了61单元自适应光学系统分别采用P-I 控制算法和Smith 纯滞后补偿控制算法对实际大气湍流扰动波前进行补偿实验时的校正效果。     

自适应控制飞行光学聚焦特性

 在对高阶模飞行光学聚焦特性进行研究的基础上，提出了应用自适应飞行光学聚焦系统来解决飞行光学聚焦特性的问题，对自适应飞行光学聚焦系统的调节特性进行了数值模拟，结果表明该系统能够实现对长距离飞行光学激光加工过程中焦点位置与焦斑大小的控制。     

一种基于并行化方法的自适应光学闭环预测控制器

自适应光学系统的性能受限于伺服系统的延迟误差和波前传感器的光电子噪声。提出了一种多模型单变量预测模型,该模型采用基于Levenberg-Marquardt学习算法的前馈型神经网络。利用计算机多核处理器,设计了一个具有并行处理能力的预测控制器,来实现对自适应光学闭环控制电压的预测,以消除延迟误差的影响。通过数值仿真实验,研究了预测控制器对控制电压和远场斯特雷尔比的影响,与未采用预测控制器的系统进行了比较,并对预测算法的并行性能进行了分析。实验结果表明,使用并行化方法的预测控制器可以有效缩短系统的预测时间,提高预测算法的加速比,与经典比例积分(PI)控制算法相比可以更有效地降低系统由于伺服延迟引起的误差,远场的斯特雷尔比有明显地提高。     

自适应光学控制系统的有效带宽分析

分析了自适应光学控制系统中闭环带宽和对湍流校正的有效带宽的关系，比较了采用比例积分控制和纯滞后补偿控制的自适应光学控制系统的带宽。分析结果认为自适应光学控制系统应当具有较高的有效带宽。较低的闭环带宽，系统中的时间延迟是限制自适应光学控制系统有效带宽的主要因素。     

自适应光学系统随机并行梯度下降控制算法仿真与分析

随机并行梯度下降算法能不依赖波前传感器直接对系统性能进行优化。以32单元变形镜为校正器,采用随机并行梯度下降算法建立了自适应光学系统仿真模型。通过分析该系统对静态波前畸变的校正能力,验证了随机并行梯度下降算法的收敛性;讨论了算法增益系数、随机扰动幅度与收敛速度的关系,并指出通过算法增益系数的自适应调整可以改进算法的收敛速度。