极紫外微通道板光子计数成像探测器性能研究EI北大核心CSCD

基于CE-3极紫外（EUV）相机最高工作温度为70 ℃的要求,对EUV相机的微通道板（MCP）位置灵敏阳极光子计数成像探测器实验件在70 ℃时的性能进行了研究,该探测器主要由工作在脉冲计数模式下的MCP堆、楔条形感应电荷阳极及相关的模拟和数据处理电路组成。为了获得稳定的MCP堆电子增益及较小的暗计数率,对MCP堆进行了预处理,包括380 ℃条件下真空高温烘烤18 h,以及电子清刷100 μA·h,并测量了预处理前后暗计数率;测量了探测器工作在室温和70 ℃时的暗计数率、空间分辨率、增益,测量结果表明探测器的空间分辨率为5.66 lp/mm,与室温下空间分辨率相同,暗计数率虽然小于1 counts/（s·cm2）,但70 ℃暗计数率是室温的2~5倍;对探测器的使用寿命进行了初步分析。实验结果和分析表明探测器在空间分辨率、暗计数率、使用寿命等方面均满足EUV相机的要求。     

极紫外波段微通道板光子计数探测器

研究了一种极紫外波段微通道板（MCP）光子计数探测器,用于探测地球等离子体层中极微弱的30.4 nm辐射。通过改变电压、温度等参数对比了该微通道板光子计数探测器的暗噪声和分辨率的变化。结果表明：微通道板探测器的暗噪声主要来源于残余气体离子反馈和热噪声,因此要降低探测器暗噪声,应对微通道进行彻底的预处理除气,并尽量避免探测器在高温状态下工作,常温下经过预处理的微通道板光子探测系统的暗计数率仅为0.34 count/（s.cm2）。系统的分辨率主要受电压和计数率的影响,受温度影响不明显。由于不同的微通道板有不同的耐压范围,过小或过大的电压或计数率都会造成系统分辨率的降低。     

30.4nm极紫外成像探测器的实验研究

报导了最新研制的30.4 nm极紫外成像探测器的实验研究结果.该探测器采用了楔条形阳极(WSA)、高增益v型级联微通道板组件、低噪声电子读出系统等先进技术,利用单光子计数成像技术在实验审成功获得了模拟图像.搭建了相应的实验系统,对探测器成像的线性度、空间分辨率、暗计数等性能进行了实验研究.结果表明,该探测器具有φ45 nm的有效面积,空间分辨率优于100μm,暗计数率低[0.4 count/(cm2·s]、成像线性度好、结构简单等优点.     

楔条形阳极探测器的性能测试与分析

对研制出的楔条形阳极探测器进行了性能分析与实验测试,分析了引起成像畸变的三个重要因素：到达阳极的电子云半径大小、阳极的电容耦合效应和电子读出电路的性能.电子云半径的过大或过小会相应引起成像的 “S”畸变或调制畸变,电容耦合效应和电路噪音也均会引起成像的畸变.此外,测试了探测器的暗计数率、线性度以及空间分辨率等性能,同时分析了微通道板在光照情况下的增益特性和暗计数的一般特性及其产生原因.测试结果表明探测器的成像畸变很小、线性关系较好,空间分辨率优于150 μm,微通道板的暗计数率低于0.4 count/s*cm2.     

极紫外位置灵敏阳极光子计数成像探测器研究

研制出了应用于月基极紫外成像仪的二维极紫外位置灵敏阳极光子计数成像探测器原形样机,该探测器主要由工作在脉冲计数模式下的微通道板堆、楔条形位置灵敏阳极及相关的模拟和数据处理电路组成。设计和制备了周期为1 mm,直径为30 mm的三电极楔条形位置灵敏阳极,研制了最高计数率为200 kHz的前端模拟和数字电路。测量了探测器的暗计数率、脉冲高度分布及空间分辨率等工作特性。测量结果表明,该探测器的空间分辨率为028 mm,满足月基极紫外成像仪对空间分辨率的要求。     

硅基高灵敏度近红外单光子dTOF探测器

基于0.18μm BCD工艺实现了一种高灵敏度、低暗计数噪声的近红外单光子直接飞行时间（dTOF）探测器。集成的单光子雪崩二极管（SPAD）探测器件采用新型的高压p阱/n+埋层作为深结雪崩倍增区的结构，显著提高了对近红外光子的探测概率；采用低掺杂的外延层作为虚拟保护环，有效减小了器件暗计数噪声。dTOF探测器读出电路采用三步式混合结构的时间数字转换器（TDC），获得了高时间分辨率和大动态范围。测试结果表明，SPAD器件在5 V过偏压下的光子探测概率（PDP）峰值达到45%，在905 nm近红外波长处的PDP大于7.6%，暗计数率（DCR）小于200 Hz。读出电路实现了130 ps的高时间分辨率和258 ns的动态范围，差分非线性度（DNL）和积分非线性度（INL）均小于±1 LSB(1 LSB=130 ps)。该dTOF探测器具有人眼安全阈值高、灵敏度高、噪声低和线性度好的优点，可应用于低成本、高精度的激光雷达测距系统。     

饱和模式下微通道板输出电子云的Monte-Carlo仿真（英文）

当基于微通道板(MCP)的光电探测器受到强辐射干扰时,MCP的饱和将导致探测器的时间分辨率和空间分辨率发生改变.本文建立了饱和工作状态下MCP电子云运动仿真模型,与常规的线性工作状态的不同之处在于,该模型考虑了MCP通道壁上累积的正电荷对通道内电子云运动特性的影响.仿真结果表明,当MCP工作在线性状态,电极浸入深度的不同对通道电子云能量分布有很大差异,而工作在饱和状态,通道电子云能量分布趋于一致.电子能量分布曲线与相关文献的实验数据拟合良好,验证了模型的正确性.     

微通道板电子输运特性的仿真研究

对微通道板(Micro-Channel Plate,MCP)的电子输运特性进行仿真研究.利用数值方法分析微光像增强器电子光学系统,得到电场分布.通过电场分布追踪MCP电子运动轨迹,确定电子在荧光屏像面上的落点分布.据此研究MCP电子输运,分析斜切角、通道直径及两端电压对电子输运、像增强器调制传递函数(Modulation Transfer Function,MTF)及分辨率的影响.结果显示,当MCP斜切角为14°、通道直径为5.0μm、两端电压为900 V时,MCP具有良好的电子输运特性,像增强器MTF特性好,分辨率高.     

紫外单光子成像系统增益特性研究

介绍了基于微通道板和楔条形阳极的紫外单光子成像系统的组成和工作原理.利用该系统分别研究了两块和三块微通道板在不同电压下的暗计数特性.实验和拟合结果表明微通道板的暗计数脉冲幅度呈负指数型分布,暗计数率随电压升高而增大.通过测试不同电压下的脉冲幅度分布曲线,发现微通道板增益在较高电压下更加均匀.研究了两块微通道板情况下,微通道板电压和间距对系统分辨率的影响.结果表明,系统分辨率随微通道板电压增加而提高;另外,适当增加微通道板间距也可以提高系统分辨率. 关键词： 单光子计数成像 微通道板 楔条形阳极 分辨率     

影响X射线像增强器分辨率的因素分析

对采用双近贴聚焦成像结构的MCP(Micro Channel Plate)-X射线像增强器的工作原理与结构进行了分析,对影响其空间分辨率的主要因素进行了研究.影响X射线成像系统分辨率的因素主要有X射线源焦斑的大小和X射线像增强器自身的分辨率,而影响X射线像增强器分辨率的因素主要有MCP输出面到荧光屏之间的距离、MCP输出面与荧光屏之间的电压差以及MCP自身的分辨率.通过对两种具有不同参量的X射线像增强器分辨率的理论计算及分辨率测试实验,将理论计算结果与测试实验结果对比,验证了分辨率计算公式及影响分辨率因素分析的正确性.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.