聚合物电光调制器的热稳定性研究

聚合物波导器件的稳定性是影响其实用化的一个关键问题。聚合物波导器件的热稳定性是由波导层(聚合物材料)的热稳定性决定的。采用侧链型和交联型聚氨酯材料分别制成波导电光调制器研究波导器件的热稳定性,热稳定性的判断依据是通过对聚合物调制器升温过程中测量器件的电光性能的变化。研究结果显示两种器件在常温时具有相同的电光性能,在器件升温过程中发现交联型聚氨酯调制器比侧链型聚氨酯调制器有优异的热稳定性。     

聚合物2×2定向耦合型电光开关

设计并制作了一种聚合物2×2定向耦合型电光开关.针对溶胶-凝胶法合成的有机/无机杂化电光材料膜厚较薄的情况,采用一种加载条形波导结构,利用掺有环氧丙脂的聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油脂作为引导层,在电光薄膜上构成定向耦合器,通过紫外光刻、反应离子刻蚀、电晕极化等工艺,制备了聚合物定向耦合型电光开关,并采用共面波导行波电极以电推挽方式工作.经测试,其器件损耗约为16 dB,开关电压9 V.     

采用接触式极化法研制有机聚合物电光光波导调制器

结合器件的整体结构考虑，对接触式极化方法和工艺进行了研究，基于接触式极化法，设计并制作了聚合物电光光波导相位和偏振调制器。通过测量器件的偏振调制特性，在1550nm光波波长下，获得了最大电光系数为llpm／V，电光相位调制器的半波电压为45V。     

热交联型聚氨酯集成双通道电光调制器的制备及其性质的研究

研究了交联型聚氨酯材料集成衰减全反射型双通道聚合物波导电光调制器的制备和性能。这种电光调制器的制备技术非常简单,只要用两个分立的下电极代替单通道调制器中的下电极即可。通过测量器件的调制特性,在832 nm波长下,获得了最大电光系数为24.2 Pm/V,调制带宽约为500 MHz、插入损耗低于1.5 dB。由于器件上下电极的垂直距离为微米级、而通道之间的水平距离为毫米量级的设计,使各通道之间的场不会引起相互交迭,因而未测到各通道间的串扰。另外,热交联型聚合物材料的采用提高了整个器件的热稳定性,在100℃经过800 h后,电光系数仍然保持初值的88%。     

聚合物波导制备研究

研制出可行的聚合物光波导制备工艺，采用极化电光聚合物NAPA3做芯层和CL－1做包层制作出脊型结构聚合物光波导，波导通光情况良好。     

一种基于导模共振的电光调制器研究

实验研究了基于导模共振的反射型电光调制器采用的棱镜耦合方式,在棱镜上面镀有4层膜,依次为银膜下电极-极化聚合物-缓冲层-金膜上电极。对这种衰减全反射（ATR）型的聚合物波导电光调制器进行了视频调制实验,采用静态偏置电压稳定模式同步角方法,结合对入射激光束进行监测,解决了视频调制中激光器噪声对模拟信号调制影响的问题,提高了工作稳定性。实验结果表明：该电光调制器具有良好的线性和较高的灵敏度。     

新型极化聚合物薄膜电光调制器研究

用对硝基偶氮苯类为侧链的键合型聚合物，采用高温电晕极化的方法制作电光薄膜，设计并构造极化聚合物薄膜电光调制器。当通光方向和极化方向平行并且垂直于极化聚合物薄膜的表面时，利用法布里-帕罗（F-P）腔中多光束干涉，可以把通过的光由位相调制转化为强度调制，有利于电光调制器的小型化和高速封装。用这种聚合物薄膜电光调制器测量了锢锡氧化物共面波导上的电信号，并对系统的工作原理进行了分析。实验结果表明，薄膜调制器具有线性电光效应；当F-P腔的精细因子为20（为1.3μm的光），调制电场为1V/μm时，研制的极化聚合物电光调制器的调制深度可达到0.01%。     

键合型有机/无机杂化材料加载条形波导电光调制器

相对于普通的有机/无机杂化材料,侧链键合型有机/无机杂化材料能提高生色团的掺杂浓度,避免出现结晶、相分离等现象,同时生色团极化有序性的弛豫因生色团运动受阻而降低,具有较高的热稳定性.本文采用溶胶凝胶法合成了一种性能优良、稳定的侧链键合型有机/无机杂化材料,并将这种材料应用于电光调制器的电光层,利用传统的半导体工艺,采用加载条形波导结构,成功制备了马赫-曾德尔(Mach-Zehnder,M-Z)型电光调制器.测试得到电光调制器在1 550 nm波长下10 kHz的响应信号,为键合型杂化材料应用于光电器件的进一步研究打下了基础.     

基于电光聚合物的表面等离激元调制器

基于电光聚合物,提出了一种结构简单,尺寸小,效率高的表面等离激元(SPP)调制器.该调制器采用M-Z干涉仪结构的金属波导,金属周围是均匀极化后的电光聚合物,通过在金属波导两臂间加电压对聚合物折射率进行调制,折射率调制再通过M-Z干涉仪结构转化为对金属波导中SPP强度的调制. 通过求解金属波导附近的电场分布,并结合SPP场分布的特点,在理论上说明了这种结构可以通过外加电压有效地调制金属波导输出端SPP的强度,调制所需的半波电压约为2.8V. 关键词： 表面等离激元 电光调制 电光聚合物     

改善多层电光聚合物调制器直流弛豫的一种简单方法的分析与模拟

电场分布和直流漂移对多层电光聚合物调制器的器件稳定性和极化效率有着重要的影响.本文由电磁场理论建立出等效电路模型,分析结果表明多层聚合物调制器的稳态直流场分布取决于材料的电特性;材料的弛豫时间常数τ(τ=∈/σ₂,其中σ是电导率,∈是介电常数)是最大程度上消除直流场弛豫的关键.当外加直流电压时,波导层的场分布由初态到稳态指数变化,这一过程由波导层和覆盖层的弛豫时间差决定.当两者相差为零时,弛豫消失.但在实际工艺中很难作到这一点,为此,本文经过分析、模拟,提出一种简单的“自抑制”机制,能够很好地改善多层电光聚合物调制器设计中的直流漂移问题.     

Optimizing Design for the Traveling Wave Electrodes in Low-Drive High-Speed Electro-Optic Polymer Modulators

Electro-optic (EO) polymer modulators are very promising in the realization of cost-effective and high-performance optical transmissions. In this article, general strategies and specific designs of the traveling wave electrodes in EO polymer modulators were presented to reduce the modulator drive power while maintaining a broadband response. The optimum device parameters and corresponding conditions were estimated using finite element method based on electrode design. In calculating the results, the comprehensive characteristics of polymer modulator with 1.21 V half-wave voltage and 91 GHz bandwidth was demonstrated with electro-optic interaction length is 20 mm, electro-optic coefficient is 55 pm/V, and operation wavelength is 1.319 μm. These results agree with the 0.8 V half-wave voltage and 30 mm electro-optic interaction length reported in Science. In the five designs presented, a hybrid electrode structure combining CPW and microstrip lines were advanced. The characteristics of this structure are like that of microstrip lines with a single-arm electrode on one arm of the waveguide, but it solves the problem of microstrip to coaxial line transition and corona polarization.     

Hybrid Electrodes Used in Polymer Electro-Optic Modulator with Ultra-Broadband

Hybrid electrode combined coplanar waveguide (CPW) and microstrip lines in ultra-broadband electro-optic modulators. The characteristics of the modulators with hybrid electrode is like that of the modulator with the microstrip lines, in which the microstrip electrode is loaded above only one arm of Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) optical waveguide, besides the problem of microstrip line to coaxial transition and corona polarization in polymer modulators have been best solved at the same time. By using finite element method (FEM), the characteristic parameters such as half-wave voltage, modulation bandwidth characteristic impedance, effective microwave refractive index of polymer modulators with microstrip line and hybrid electrode are analysed and compared in this paper. The results present that velocity match, impendence match and lower microwave propagating loss is easily realized in modulators with hybrid electrode.     

Sampling high-frequency signals using a poled-polymer asymmetric Fabry–Perot microcavity as an electro-optic probe tip

The sampling of high-frequency signals using poled electro-optic polymer films as electro-optic probe tips has been demonstrated for the first time. The electro-optic polymer, which was spin coated onto a high-reflectivity glass substrate, was corona poled; thus an asymmetric Fabry–Perot microcavity was formed, based on the difference between the polymer reflectivity and that of high-reflectivity glass. This converts phase modulation to amplitude modulation, so only one laser beam is needed in this system. The sampling technique has been analyzed by multiple reflection and index ellipsoid methods. A 1.2 GHz microwave signal propagating on a coplanar waveguide transmission line has been sampled, and a voltage sensitivity of about 0.5 mV/ was obtained. Received: 16 August 2001 / Revised version: 20 November 2001 / Published online: 14 March 2002     

Dye-doped polymeric planar waveguide devices based on a thermal UV-bleaching technique

A new type of single-mode embedded dye-doped polymeric planar waveguide device based on cross-linkable negative photoresist has been successfully designed and fabricated using a UV-bleaching technique. A notable difference in the refractive index of the resist between exposed and un-exposed regions was observed, which was found to be dependent on the curing temperature. The new fabrication technique is a simple, rapid, and controllable process. The easy-to-fabricate waveguide structure is suitable for planar light-wave circuit applications. By optimizing the poling temperature and the dopant levels of Disperse Red 1, the material showed excellent photostability and exhibited a electro-optic coefficient, γ₃₃, of 25 pm/V. The dye-doped polymeric planar waveguide devices will be useful in realizing electro-optic (EO) modulators and switches.     

External electro-optic sampling utilizing a poled polymer asymmetric Fabry–Perot cavity as an electro-optical probe tip

External electro-optic sampling utilizing a poled polymer asymmetry Fabry–Perot cavity as electro-optic probe tip has been demonstrated. Electro-optical polymer spin coated on the high-reflectivity mirror (HRM) was corona poled. Thus, an asymmetric F–P cavity was formed based on the different reflectivity of the polymer and HRM and it converted the phase modulation that originates from electro-optic effect of the poled polymer to amplitude modulation, so only one laser beam is needed in this system. The principle of the sampling was analyzed by multiple reflection and index ellipsoid methods. A 1.2 GHz microwave signal propagating on coplanar waveguide transmission line was sampled, and the voltage sensitivity about was obtained.     

Optimizing Design for the Traveling Wave Electrodes in Low-Drive High-Speed Electro-Optic Polymer Modulators

Electro-optic (EO) polymer modulators are very promising in the realization of cost-effective and high-performance optical transmissions. In this article, general strategies and specific designs of the traveling wave electrodes in EO polymer modulators were presented to reduce the modulator drive power while maintaining a broadband response. The optimum device parameters and corresponding conditions were estimated using finite element method based on electrode design. In calculating the results, the comprehensive characteristics of polymer modulator with 1.21 V half-wave voltage and 91 GHz bandwidth was demonstrated with electro-optic interaction length is 20 mm, electro-optic coefficient is 55 pm/V, and operation wavelength is 1.319 μm. These results agree with the 0.8 V half-wave voltage and 30 mm electro-optic interaction length reported in Science. In the five designs presented, a hybrid electrode structure combining CPW and microstrip lines were advanced. The characteristics of this structure are like that of microstrip lines with a single-arm electrode on one arm of the waveguide, but it solves the problem of microstrip to coaxial line transition and corona polarization.     

Direct electron-beam irradiation: a new technique for the erasure of second-order nonlinearity and the fabrication of channel waveguides by use of optical polymeric films

We demonstrate a novel and simple technique for fabrication of a nonlinear-optical polymeric waveguide device by direct electron-beam irradiation. To form a periodically poled nonlinear-optical polymer waveguide, we exposed dye-doped polymer films directly to electron beams with an energy of 25keV. It became clear that irradiation with electron beams erased the second-order nonlinearity of poled polymer film. We could also confirm that a ridge-type channel waveguide was realized by means of this simple technique.     

基于双缝隙结构的电光调制器设计与工艺实现

受铜线带宽小、延时大、功耗高的限制,下一代芯片互连较为可行的一种解决方式是采用光互连.调制器作为其中的关键器件,有重要的研究意义.设计了一种新型的硅基双缝隙波导电光调制器,该调制器结构采用法布里-珀罗微谐振器,依靠缝隙内高非线性聚合物的快速电光效应,通过外加电压达到调制效果.调制器结构包含了新型的一般微纳波导到双缝隙波...