氧瓶燃烧离子色谱法测定氯化聚乙烯中氯含量

元素分析仪法是测定有机元素含量的现代分析技术,一次进样可以同时测定化合物中的C、H、N等元素的含量,在元素含量分析中发挥了重要作用,但该方法对卤族元素无法测定.氧瓶燃烧分解样品后用电位滴定法或称(容)量法测定有机卤素的含量,是有机卤素分析的经典方法.国家标准测定聚氯乙烯样品中的氯含量采用氧瓶燃烧分解电位滴定法[1].电位滴定法一次只能测定样品中一种卤离子,若多种离子同时存在会产生干扰,影响测定结果,且需要配制多种试剂,费时费力.有机样品或聚合物经氧瓶燃烧法分解后采用离子色谱法一次进样可以同时测定多种元素的含量而互不干扰[2],分析速度和灵敏度都优于传统方法.许多有机化合物或聚合物都含有卤素,离子色谱对卤素离子测定的灵敏度很高,氧瓶燃烧离子色谱法弥补了元素分析仪法的不足,是有机化合物或聚合物卤素含量分析较理想的方法.本实验以间氯苯甲酸元素分析标准样品为对照品,测定了氯化聚乙烯中的氯含量,取得满意结果.     

酸量法测定四氢硼酸和八氢三硼酸季铵盐和碱金属盐

鉴定有机硼化合物,往往要测定元素硼的含量。用氧瓶燃烧分解法测定有机硼最为简便迅速,但由于有碳化硼的形成,常常导致元素分析值的偏低;用此法只能分解很少量样品,且不能完全燃烧^[1]。同时有机硼化合物中Fe、Co、Ni、Zn、Cu、Cr、Mn等金属元素的存在,常常对容量法或比色法测定硼有干扰。     

有机元素微量分析的仪器化和自动化

六十年前,Pregl创建了有机元素微量分析方法,这对当时有机化学的发展起了重要的作用。后来,有机元素微量分析不断发展,曾出现了空管燃烧、快速燃烧和氧瓶法等快速分解方法,还研究了新的高效催化氧化剂及其作用机理,并发展了亚微量、超微量和痕量分析技术。经典的有机元素微量分析是以重量法为基础,后来难又引入了容量法,但一直被认为是“手艺”性的工作。到了六十年代,由于气相色谱和电化学分析的成就,有机元素微量分析的仪器化和自动化才开始有所突破。至七十年代,     

燃煤过程中Na对微细颗粒物生成特性的影响——合成焦炭法

以合成焦炭为载体,研究不同种类的钠元素在煤粉燃烧过程中对微细颗粒物生成特性的影响,并通过向载体中添加煤中常见的矿物元素的氧化物(SiO_2、Al_2O_3),反映煤粉燃烧过程中钠与煤中常规矿物的相互作用。结果表明,无机水溶性钠更容易生成稳定的亚微米颗粒物;在缺少氯元素的情况下,有机态钠更容易与煤中的超微米硅铝矿物反应;化学反应和物理捕捉是硅铝矿物捕捉钠元素的两种方式,其中,对于PM1-10的硅铝矿物颗粒,化学反应固定的钠含量是物理捕捉过程的2.4倍。     

CHN—1型(捷克)元素分析仪的原理、维修及改装

<正> 以气相色谱法测定有机物元素碳、氢、氮已有不少报导,各国的仪器种类也很多。本文对CHN—1型元素分析仪的原理、维修及改装作简单的叙述。一、仪器基本原理有机元素气相色谱分析是反应色谱之一,本仪器的分析程序是:通氧气→样品燃烧→混合气体扩散→色谱柱吸附→解吸。电气原理图见图1,气路见图2。分析过程中     

有机化合物中硫元素微量测定方法的一些改良

作为有机元素微量定量分析方法系列报道之一,本文对目前普遍应用的氧瓶燃烧分解样品,钡盐法滴定有机硫的分析方法进行了规范化,探讨了溶液pH对测定的影响,检测了磷元素及氟元素对测定的干扰,并建立了适用于测定含磷有机化合物中硫元素的钡盐滴定法.针对钡盐法测定低含量硫元素时误差较大,本文建立了基于氯冉酸钡与硫酸根离子反应的分光光度法,该法准确可行,适用于测定低含量有机硫元素.     

酒石酸铅锆的制备、表征及其燃烧催化作用

以酒石酸、硝酸氧锆和硝酸铅为原料,合成出了双金属盐酒石酸铅锆,采用有机元素分析、X射线荧光光谱和FTIR对其进行了表征。在程序升温条件下,利用TG/DTG、DSC、固相原位反应池/FTIR联用技术,研究了酒石酸铅锆的热行为和热分解机理,描述了酒石酸铅锆的热分解过程,分析得出其最终分解产物为ZrO2、PbO和C。利用螺压工艺制备了含酒石酸铅锆的推进剂样品,研究了酒石酸铅锆对双基系推进剂燃烧性能的影响,分析了其燃烧催化作用。结果表明,酒石酸铅锆对双基系推进剂的燃烧具有良好的催化作用,是一种高效的燃烧催化剂;酒石酸铅锆热分解的最终产物PbO是催化燃烧的主要活性物质,推进剂燃烧过程中形成了氧化铅-铅循环催化体系,而锆和碳则起辅助催化的作用。     

杯形电极溶液电弧法光源中的燃烧过程与平炉渣的光谱分析

根据杯形铜电极溶液法用于平炉渣光谱分析所得的初步结果,进行了一系列有关杯形电极溶液电弧光源中燃烧过程的系统试验。在不同情形下测定了溶液中各元素的燃烧曲线,看到曲线上先后有两个高峯出现,因而认为光源中的燃烧过程有两阶段,物质在这两燃烧阶段中进入放电区的方式不同。第一阶段相当于第一高峯出现的期间,在这时并没有分馏现象,这表示溶液中的物质主要是经过溶液的翻腾作用而直接从液面进入放电区的。燃烧过程的后一阶段相当于曲线上的第二高峯的部分,这个峯的形状和位置对于不同元素和不同实验条件很灵敏,有分馏现象出现。根据对于各种分析元素的分解电压,可以认为,溶液中的物质在这个燃烧阶段主要是通过电极心而进入弧柱的。在平炉渣的实际分析中,严格地控制杯中液面的高低和铜电极心的加工规格,所得到各元素的九次独立分析误差都在4%以内。     

不用称量样品的有机元素微量分析

近年来有机元素微量分析愈来愈趋向于自动化。仪器分折方法很多,但大多采用燃烧和燃烧产物用色谱分离、热导检测相结合的方法。目前国内、外已有些单位采用不用称量样品的方法进行有机元素微量分析。这种方法是利用已知化合物作为标准,将其得到的数据作为参考,由色谱的分析信号和灵敏度,直接求得化合物的原子比,由此就得出了不用称量样品而测得碳、氢、氮、氧、硫的原子比,通过原子比而求     

有机化合物中卤素、硫、氟、磷、硼等元素的简易快速微量测定——介绍三角瓶接触燃烧法

有机化合物中卤素(氯、溴、碘)、氟、磷、硼等非金属元素以及一些金属有机化合物中金属元素的半微量或微量测定一般沿用封管法[凯里司(Carius)法],金属弹简法(Paarbomb法),燃烧管分解等方法。1955年薛立格(Schoniger)在国际微量化学会议上提出了三角瓶内接触燃烧快速测定卤硫的方法,由于这个方法更加简便,更加迅速,已经引起了世界各国有机分析实验室的注意和采用。其应用范围近年来续有发展,目前已可以用来测定有机物中卤素、氟、硫、磷、硼、砷以及金属等元素。三角瓶接触燃烧法的原理极为简单。样品在充满氧气的三角瓶中,以白金丝为接触剂进行燃烧分解,分     

森林泥炭的热解特性及热解动力学

泥炭阴燃是森林地下火的主要燃烧形式之一, 研究泥炭的热解规律对认识其阴燃机理及地下火蔓延机理有重要意义. 本文使用荧光光谱分析技术测定了我国东北林区一种典型泥炭样品的主要元素组成, 并使用热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)技术研究了泥炭样品在惰性气氛中的热解规律. 实验结果表明, 泥炭样品主要由45种元素构成. 从常温到1073 K高温的升温过程中, 泥炭样品的质量损失过程可以分为三个阶段, 依次为水分损失阶段、有机质热解阶段和矿物质分解阶段. 对于泥炭阴燃密切相关的有机质热解阶段, 结合热分析动力学理论和优化计算方法, 建立了描述泥炭有机质热解动力学规律的三组分叠加反应模型.     

Assessment of Additives for Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Sulfur Determination by Organic Elemental Analysis

 A survey is reported on the use of additives in organic elemental analysis of compounds containing functional groups that may compromise the combustion process. 28 substances containing the following functional groups were selected: organic fluorine, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, tetraphenylborate, sulfonate, phosphine, nitrile, carbide, organometallic. Six additives (powdered silver, silver tungstate with magnesium oxide, silica oxide, tungsten (VI) oxide with magnesium oxide, powdered tin, cerium (IV) oxide) in various sample:additive ratios were assayed. Silver tungstate with magnesium oxide (mixture 1:1, w/w) turned out to be most efficient for the analysis of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and sulfur for almost all the compounds assayed. Author for correspondence. Received August 2, 2002; accepted December 12, 2002 Published online May 19, 2003     

Combustion of Waste Waters Containing Organic Alkaline Salts

Abstract

The biological treatment of waste waters from chemical industry containing organic and inorganic salts causes problems because these materials inhibit the metabolic activity of the bacteria. One possible and economically feasible way to convert the organic materials into less toxic forms is a thermal oxidation process, which can take place either in a fluidized bed combustor or in a vertical combustion chamber.

The process is described and parameters of the process are discussed. Results from particle measurements on a vertical combustion chamber for the combustion of various artificial waste waters are presented. The chemical analysis of the particulate matter from different stages of the process allows a detailed characterization of the decomposition of the organic material. Conclusions are drawn both with respect to the process and the environment.     

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) and analytical chemistry

On the occasion of Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac's 200th anniversary, after a short comprehensive review of his scientific activities and his life, his achievements in the field of analytical chemistry are discussed. Gay-Lussac extensively studied the reaction of hydrogen sulphide with different metals and consequently may be considered the founder of classical qualitative analysis. He developed titrimetry into a scientific method. He designed the first burette that became widespread in use. The terms burette and pipette were created by him. The combustion apparatus designed by him together with Thénard was the starting point for organic elemental carbon-hydrogen analysis.     

有机物燃烧热测定方法的改进

对有机物燃烧热的测定方法进行了改进。改变点火丝的安装方法,采用高性能量热计,改变氧弹内氧气的压力及燃烧样品的用量,确定了新的测定方法。采用新的测定方法测定萘的燃烧热,测定结果的相对误差为0．05％,相对标准偏差为0．077％。     

应用TGA-FTIR研究不同来源污泥的燃烧和热解特性

在空气气氛下，利用热重分析方法研究了三种不同来源的污泥燃烧特性。探讨水处理工艺和污泥处理工艺对污泥中有机物的分布影响和燃烧特性影响。研究发现，污水厌氧工艺和污泥厌氧工艺均导致结构复杂、燃烧温度高的有机物生成。在氮气气氛下利用热重红外联用技术，对比研究了同种污泥的热解和燃烧特性，污泥热解主要发生有机物裂解成小分子和小分子的挥发，氧气的存在加速了污泥的裂解。污泥热解温度200℃～500℃，主要气体H2O、CO2、CO以及甲烷等烃类，CO2在高温750℃还存在一个析出峰，由于无机碳酸盐的分解。     

Regeneration of copper(II) oxide with hydrogen gas in the reduction column of an elemental analyzer

Nitrogen in organic samples may be determined on a routine basis after combustion in elemental analyzer instruments. If elementary copper is used in the reduction column, it will be oxidized to copper(II) oxide by passing oxygen and nitrogen oxides. Instead of changing the reduction column it is possible to regenerate the copper(II) oxide to elemental copper with hydrogen gas without removing the column from the oven. A modification of the original instrument and procedure is described. In this method, the capacity of the column will decrease after regeneration, but time and chemical costs will be saved.     

Hyphenation of a carbon analyzer to photo-ionization mass spectrometry to unravel the organic composition of particulate matter on a molecular level

The carbonaceous fraction of airborne particulate matter (PM) is of increasing interest due to the adverse health effects they are linked to. Its analytical ascertainment on a molecular level is still challenging. Hence, analysis of carbonaceous fractions is often carried out by determining bulk parameters such as the overall content of organic compounds (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) as well as the total carbon content, TC (sum of OC and EC), however, no information about the individual substances or substance classes, of which the single fractions consist can be obtained. In this work, a carbon analyzer and a photo-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PI-TOF-MS) were hyphenated to investigate individual compounds especially from the OC fractions. The carbon analyzer enables the stepwise heating of particle samples and provides the bulk parameters. With the PI-TOF-MS, it is possible to detect the organic compounds released during the single-temperature steps due to soft ionization and fast detection of the molecular ions. The hyphenation was designed, built up, characterized by standard substances, and applied to several kinds of samples, such as ambient aerosol, gasoline, and diesel emission as well as wood combustion emission samples. The ambient filter sample showed a strong impact of wood combustion markers. This was revealed by comparison to the product pattern of the similar analysis of pure cellulose and lignin and the wood combustion PM. At higher temperatures (450 °C), a shift to smaller molecules occurred due to the thermal decomposition of larger structures of oligomeric or polymeric nature comparable to lignocelluloses and similar oxygenated humic-like substances. Finally, particulate matter from gasoline and diesel containing 10% biodiesel vehicle exhaust has been analyzed. Gasoline-derived PM exhibited large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas diesel PM showed a much higher total organic content. The detected pattern revealed a strong influence of the biodiesel content on the nature of the particulate organic material.     

A novel single-run dual temperature combustion (SRDTC) method for the determination of organic, in-organic and total carbon in soil samples

The quantification of organic (OC) and inorganic carbon (IC) in soils provides an essential tool for understanding biogeochemical processes. Examples of its potential application are the assessment of the humification degree of soil organic matter, the calculation of carbon fluxes and budgets in terrestrial systems on a regional and global scale and the investigation of the carbon storage potential of soils. The verification of changes in carbon stocks requires an extensive number of samples as well as precise and reliable analyses.Due to the wide variation in the concentrations of the two forms of carbon in solid samples, the exact distinction is very difficult. We present the advantages of a single-run dual temperature combustion method (SRDTC) at 515 °C for OC and 925 °C for IC, which allows the determination of OC, IC and total carbon (TC) within one single analytical run. The three parameters are analyzed in less than 30 min. Additionally, the method is characterized by a significantly reduced variability and low operator bias, as there is no need of chemical sample pre-treatment. It is applicable to a broad range of varying OC and IC contents, which is demonstrated by the use of numerous synthetic soil mixtures that have been analyzed. Furthermore, SRDTC indicates the presence of thermally instable carbonates, like magnesite, in the sample. Use of silver boats as a catalytic agent results in an improved distinction between OC and IC in this case. To examine the accuracy and reliability of the SRDTC method, it was compared to other techniques frequently used for carbon determination in soil samples: total combustion by elemental analysis to determine TC and acidification of the sample prior to combustion to determine OC. We will show that the rugged SRDTC method offers a substantial progress for both the reliable and rapid OC and IC determination in soil samples where elemental carbon is negligible.