基于成像差分吸收光谱技术和压缩感知理论的烟囱烟羽断层重建研究

烟羽断层重建质量受两方面条件限制：其中一个限制条件是遥感设备的时间分辨率。以往的研究多使用多轴差分吸收光谱仪（MAX-DOAS）进行CT重建,受采集数据速度的限制,重建图像的时间分辨率较低。另一个限制条件是,采集到的数据量有限,是典型的不完全角度重建。过去多使用代数迭代重建算法或统计迭代重建算法,重建图像受测量误差的影响比较大,分辨率较低且伪影较多。构造了基于成像差分吸收光谱技术（IDOAS）的光谱数据采集系统,与多轴差分吸收光谱仪构造的系统相比,数据采集的时间分辨率提高了160多倍,基本解决了时间分辨率的问题。提出了一种基于压缩感知理论和低三阶导数模型的烟羽断层重建算法--投影凸函数集低三阶导数法,简称为POCS-LTD。在投影的过程中,使用代数重建算法使重建图像符合投影方程;在全变分迭代的过程中使用了优化算法,将低三阶导数模型的全变分归一化值作为优化算法的迭代方向,前次迭代运算结果与本次投影运算的差值的模作为迭代步长。对重建算法进行了数值模拟,并以重建图像的接近度和一致性相关因子为指标,对重建结果进行了分析。数值模拟表明,算法具有良好的抗误差能力,与传统的低三阶导数法相比,本文提出的算法将重建接近度减小了80%以上。使用烟羽数据采集系统进行了外场实验,用POCS-LTD算法对外场实验的数据进行了烟羽重建,重建图像显示烟羽图像清晰,伪影得到了较好的抑制。介绍的烟羽断层数据采集系统和烟羽断层重建算法,提高了烟羽断层重建图像的时间分辨率,减少了重建图像的伪影,扩大了光谱测量技术的应用范围。     

Quasi Monte Carlo-based isotropic distribution of gradient directions for improved reconstruction quality of 3D EPR imaging

In continuous wave (CW) electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI), high quality of reconstructed image along with fast and reliable data acquisition is highly desirable for many biological applications. An accurate representation of uniform distribution of projection data is necessary to ensure high reconstruction quality. The current techniques for data acquisition suffer from nonuniformities or local anisotropies in the distribution of projection data and present a poor approximation of a true uniform and isotropic distribution. In this work, we have implemented a technique based on Quasi-Monte Carlo method to acquire projections with more uniform and isotropic distribution of data over a 3D acquisition space. The proposed technique exhibits improvements in the reconstruction quality in terms of both mean-square-error and visual judgment. The effectiveness of the suggested technique is demonstrated using computer simulations and 3D EPRI experiments. The technique is robust and exhibits consistent performance for different object configurations and orientations.     

Artifact Reduction Based on Sinogram Interpolation for the 3D Reconstruction of Nanoparticles Using Electron Tomography

Electron tomography is a well‐known technique providing a 3D characterization of the morphology and chemical composition of nanoparticles. However, several reasons hamper the acquisition of tilt series with a large number of projection images, which deteriorate the quality of the 3D reconstruction. Here, an inpainting method that is based on sinogram interpolation is proposed, which enables one to reduce artifacts in the reconstruction related to a limited tilt series of projection images. The advantages of the approach will be demonstrated for the 3D characterization of nanoparticles using phantoms and several case studies.     

Correction for Shift-variant Characteristics of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Acquisition System Using Sensitivity Functions

The single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging system has shift-variant characteristics due to non-uniform attenuation of gamma-ray, collimator design, scattered photons, etc. In order to provide quantitatively accurate SPECT images, these characteristics should be compensated in the reconstruction. This paper presents a new method to correct the shift-variant characteristics, which is based on a continuous-discrete mapping model and filtered backprojection (FBP) method, in which the projection data are assumed to be acquired by narrow ray sum beams in the FBP method and the assumed data set is expressed as a linear combination of the actual projection data. Narrow ray sum beams are approximated by a weighted sum of the original sensitivity functions. Thus, at the reconstruction the projection data are first modified using an approximation and the FBP method is then applied to the corrected projection data and a SPECT image is reconstructed. We further propose a technique that requires the inversion of smaller matrices than the conventional algebraic method; the amount of calculation and memory space become smaller and the stability of the calculation is greatly improved as well. The results of the numerical simulations are also demonstrated.     

探测器偏置重建算法在工业CT检测中的应用

工业CT检测对象的大小是不固定的,最大限度地利用已有探测器的成像面积非常重要。采用探测器偏置来获得更大的扫描视野,并推导相应的重建算法。该算法首先使用Parker类型函数对采集到的投影数据中的冗余部分进行加权,然后采用扇束滤波反投影重建算法重建得到断层图像。在实验中使用实际工业CT系统分别采集钢制线对块与铝合金变速器外壳的投影数据进行重建算法的验证,重建结果证明了使用的探测器偏置重建算法的正确性与有效性,且空间分辨率和标准扫描的重建结果保持一致,这个方法可以在工业CT成像上有效使用。     

稀疏阈值的超分辨率图像重建

为了解决基于字典学习的超分辨重构算法耗时过长的问题,提出了基于稀疏阈值模型的图像超分辨率重建方法。首先,将联合字典理论与图像块稀疏阈值方法相结合,训练得到高、低分辨率过完备图像字典对。接着,通过稀疏阈值OMP算法对图像特征块进行稀疏表示。然后,通过高分辨率字典重构出初始的超分辨图像。最后,通过改进迭代反投影算法对初始的超分辨图像进行全局优化,从而进一步提高图像重构质量。实验结果表明,超分辨图像重构平均峰值信噪比(PSNR)为30.1 d B,平均结构自相似度(SSIM)为0.937 9,平均计算时间为10.2 s。有效提高了超分辨重构的速度,改善了重构高分辨图像的质量。     

H2O温度二维分布的滤波反投影重建

利用可调谐半导体吸收光谱技术实现燃烧场温度二维分布重建。设计H2O模型温度分布范围为300~1300 K,高斯型分布,利用Radon变换模拟实验测量结果。采用滤波反投影算法重建了两条吸收谱线强度场,进而得到气体温度二维分布,重建结果与模型符合较好。研究了不同投影数目和随机噪声对重建结果的影响,结果表明:随着投影数目的减少和噪声幅值的增加,重建温度分布均方误差增大,图像重建效果变差。当投影数目减小到4个,重建温度场已不能完全反映原始温度场信息。     

一种正交二视角光学层析重建算法

提出了一种基于最大熵原理的正交二视角重建算法,该算法能够较好地重建多峰非对称待测场,且只需两个正交方向的投影数据。算法中融合了含有轴对称因子的先验知识,该先验知识可由两个正交方向的投影数据迭代算出,并分析了正交投影方向这个因素对重建结果的影响。通过计算机数值模拟,结果表明,融合先验知识的正交二视角重建算法与没有融合先验知识的正交二视角重建算法相比重建精度全面超出。其中,在两峰随机余弦高斯模拟待测场的情况下均方根误差减少了73％。在三峰随机高斯模拟待测场的情况下均方根误差减少了47％。该算法充分显示了在重建多峰非对称待测场时的优越性。同时,由于只需要两个正交方向的投影数据,可使实验系统得到简化。     

基于SR-CT技术的残缺投影数据的研究

基于SR-CT技术对残缺投影数据进行了研究。通过数值模拟分析了影响残缺投影数据重建结果的主要因素:重建算法和投影间隔角。获得了重建算法和投影间隔角与残缺投影数据重建结果之间的关系。实验结果证实了分析的正确性。     

Numerical simulations to improve the performance of tunable diode laser absorption tomography in a harsh combustion environment

The impact of measurement noise and tomographic methods on reconstruction quality are investigated via simulation studies under a hypothesis harsh flow field environment. Computer tomographic methods based on direct absorption spectroscopy and wavelength modulation spectroscopy are conducted under different measurement noise levels to assess the noise effect quantitatively. It turns out that the wavelength modulation spectroscopy-based tomographic method shows efficient immunity to measurement noise. However, the direct absorption spectroscopy-based tomographic method is found to be susceptible to the measurement noise, which makes the reconstruction quality decline with the increasing noise level. In addition, two kinds of tomographic methods including linear and nonlinear method are investigated under a complex multimodal temperature distribution environment with limited projection data. The reconstructed distribution for the nonlinear tomographic method reveals great fidelity to the original value with a maximum deviation of 51.9?K, while the reconstructed distribution for the linear tomographic method under parallel beam arrangement shows an obvious distortion.     

X射线光场成像技术研究

X射线三维成像技术是目前国内外X射线成像研究领域的一个研究热点.但针对一些特殊成像目标,传统X射线计算层析(CT)成像模式易出现投影信息缺失等问题,影响CT重建的图像质量,使得CT成像的应用受到一定的限制.本文主要研究了基于光场成像理论的X射线三维立体成像技术.首先从同步辐射光源模型出发,对X射线光场成像进行建模;然后,基于光场成像数字重聚焦理论,对成像目标场在深度方向上进行切片重建.结果表明:该方法可以实现对成像目标任一视角下任一深度的内部切片重建,但是由于光学聚焦过程中的离焦现象,会引入较为严重的背景噪声.当对其原始数据进行滤波后,再进行X射线光场重聚焦,可以有效消除重建伪影,提高图像的重建质量.本研究既有算法理论意义,又可应用于工业、医疗等较复杂目标的快速检测,具有较大的应用价值.     

Motion correction based reconstruction method for compressively sampled cardiac MR imaging

Respiratory motion during Magnetic Resonance (MR) acquisition causes strong blurring artifacts in the reconstructed images. These artifacts become more pronounced when used with the fast imaging reconstruction techniques like compressed sensing (CS). Recently, an MR reconstruction technique has been done with the help of compressed sensing (CS), to provide good quality sparse images from the highly under-sampled k-space data. In order to maximize the benefits of CS, it is obvious to use CS with the motion corrected samples. In this paper, we propose a novel CS based motion corrected image reconstruction technique. First, k-space data have been assigned to different respiratory state with the help of frequency domain phase correlation method. Then, multiple sparsity constraints has been used to provide good quality reconstructed cardiac cine images with the highly under-sampled k-space data. The proposed method exploits the multiple sparsity constraints, in combination with demon based registration technique and a novel reconstruction technique to provide the final motion free images. The proposed method is very simple to implement in clinical settings as compared to existing motion corrected methods. The performance of the proposed method is examined using simulated data and clinical data. Results show that this method performs better than the reconstruction of CS based method of cardiac cine images. Different acceleration rates have been used to show the performance of the proposed method.     

An image reconstruction algorithm based on Bayesian theorem for electrical resistance tomography

Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) is considered to be one of the most promising process tomography techniques for two-phase/multiphase flow measurement due to the advantages such as high speed, low cost and non-intrusive sensing. The iterative image reconstruction algorithm based on Bayesian theorem has been derived to solve the ERT inverse problem. It is taken into account, which is different to the existing ERT image reconstruction algorithms, including the prior probability of the permittivity distribution and the noise information in the measurement data. Both simulation and experimental data were carried out for typical two-phase flow regimes. The flow regimes are identified according to the reconstructed images of the Bayesian iteration method and conventional methods. Results obtained indicate that the Bayesian iteration method improves the reconstructed image quality with the traditional linear back projection (LBP) and reweighted least squares (RLS). Therefore, the Bayesian iteration method is suitable for identification of online two-phase flow regimes.     

L—频段ESR成像系统中的图像重建

本文介绍了L—频段ESR图像重建的原理和数据处理方法。通过概述L—频段ESR成像系统,讨论了扫描场和梯度场在成像中的作用及其和投影数据的关系,给出了整个图像重建数据处理的步骤框图,着重地讨论了卷积差分的原理和方法,并介绍了本系统中所采用的滤波反投影图像重建方法。最后给出了用DPPH和煤作样品所成的像,并对实验结果进行了讨论。     

Optical Computed Tomography Imaging of Absorbers in a Highly Scattering Medium by Detection of Photons Preserving Initial Polarization

A method utilizing light polarization was applied to take the projection data of absorbers in a highly scattering medium. The floor level of the projection data due to diffused light was significantly suppressed by detection of photons which preserved initial polarization. An optical computed tomgraphy image was reconstructed from the projection data taken by this method and exhibited higher spatial resolution than the image reconstructed from the projection data by conventional method.     

An algorithm for computed tomography image reconstruction from limited-view projections

<正>With the development of the compressive sensing theory,the image reconstruction from the projections viewed in limited angles is one of the hot problems in the research of computed tomography technology.This paper develops an iterative algorithm for image reconstruction,which can fit most cases.This method gives an image reconstruction flow with the difference image vector,which is based on the concept that the difference image vector between the reconstructed and the reference image is sparse enough.Then the l_2-norm minimization method is used to reconstruct the difference vector to recover the image for flat subjects in limited angles.The algorithm has been tested with a thin planar phantom and a real object in limited-view projection data.Moreover,all the studies showed the satisfactory results in accuracy at a rather high reconstruction speed.     

Feature tracking for projection registration in laboratory-scale reflective tomography laser radar imaging

In range-resolved reflective tomography laser radar imaging system, for accurate image reconstruction, all projections must be aligned to the center of target rotation. Due to the unknown location of the axis of rotation and random target translation, the center of target rotation in each projection cannot be measured accurately and images reconstructed based on range-resolved projections without registration would be dislocated. Here, we apply a feature tracking method to align projections data for tomographic reconstruction in laboratory-scale laser radar imaging. The target was placed on a spin table with an unknown and fixed axis, and the oscillatory motion of the target translation was simulated by a second order inertia filter to accord with the real satellites vibrations. The experimental simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method to improve images reconstruction equality. The application of this method to actual radar imaging in remote distance was discussed and the differences were compared with the lab setups.     

有限角光学计算机层析重建中的投影采样研究

针对光学计算机层析术(Optical Computerized Tomography,OCT)中有限角条件下的严重非完全数据重建问题,提出了正交投影采样,结合基于改进的代数重建术(ART)的先验知识算法,以在尽可能少的投影方向数下较好地重建含遮挡物的三维流场。通过计算机模拟,详细讨论了在有限角条件下含遮挡物的三维流场的非完全数据重建精度及误差分析。结果表明,在有限角及含遮挡物条件下,采用正交投影采样可以极大地减少严重非完全数据重建中的误差,提高重建精度,从而为将光学计算机层析术应用于非完全数据的实测中提供了参考。     

应用神经网络的复杂物体三维测量

将神经网络引入基于结构光投影的复杂物体三维面形测量。在测量过程中,利用神经网络强大的函数逼近能力,得到离散条纹图的连续逼近函数,从中解出物体的相位分布信息,获得物体的三维面形分布。应用神经网络方法,在结构光投影条件下,只需要获取一幅条纹图,便可以完成复杂物体的三维面形测量。该方法相比传统的傅里叶变换轮廓术,不存在滤波操作,不会在测量过程中丢失被测物体的高频分量,具有更高的空间带宽积和灵敏度,能准确测量出复杂物体的细节,更加适用于恢复复杂物体的三维面形。并且该方法在条纹图存在阴影的情况下与傅里叶变换轮廓术相比,能更好地提取出物体的相位信息,恢复物体的三维面形。模拟及实验均验证了该方法的可行性。     

Application of acoustic reflection tomography to sonar imaging

Computer-aided tomography is a technique for providing a two-dimensional cross-sectional view of a three-dimensional object through the digital processing of many one-dimensional views (or projections) taken at different look directions. In acoustic reflection tomography, insonifying the object and then recording the backscattered signal provides the projection information for a given look direction (or aspect angle). Processing the projection information for all possible aspect angles enables an image to be reconstructed that represents the two-dimensional spatial distribution of the object's acoustic reflectivity function when projected on the imaging plane. The shape of an idealized object, which is an elliptical cylinder, is reconstructed by applying standard backprojection, Radon transform inversion (using both convolution and filtered backprojections), and direct Fourier inversion to simulated projection data. The relative merits of the various reconstruction algorithms are assessed and the resulting shape estimates compared. For bandpass sonar data, however, the wave number components of the acoustic reflectivity function that are outside the passband are absent. This leads to the consideration of image reconstruction for bandpass data. Tomographic image reconstruction is applied to real data collected with an ultra-wideband sonar transducer to form high-resolution acoustic images of various underwater objects when the sonar and object are widely separated.