走出“富兰克林时代”

介绍了雷电产生的各种效应及其在众多现代产业中引起的种种危害，同时讨论了雷电研究和大学基础物理教学与专业现代化的关系。     

等效回路法在雷电电磁场研究中的应用

根据雷电电磁场对传输线的影响,将雷电电磁场中的传输线方程理解为电感电容的串并联回路,快速而精确地计算分析雷电产生的水平电场,认为利用等效回路法研究雷电电磁场对传输线耦合的机理具有重要意义.     

人工引发雷电先导-回击过程的电场变化特征

 2005年夏季在山东滨州进行了以人工引发雷电为主的综合观测实验，在负电场环境下，成功引发雷电5次，其中传统引发方式3次，空中引发方式2次。详细分析了双向先导-小回击过程和箭式先导-回击过程的垂直电场变化特征。结果表明：2次空中引发雷电的双向先导发展过程在地面60 m处产生的电场变化为4.70~14.60 kV/m，呈负向变化；在550 m处为0.11~0.16 kV/m，呈正向变化。利用60 m处的先导电场变化，估算双向先导电荷线密度分布的斜率为(1.2~3.8)×10^-7 C·m^-2。箭式先导-回击电场变化波形呈不对称V形，V形的底部对应先导的结束和回击的开始。60和550 m处的箭式先导电场几何平均值分别为17.80和1.20 kV·m^-1。随水平距离的增加，箭式先导电场以水平距离的-1.18次方衰减。     

飞机及分系统雷电效应标准及测试浅析

对国内外关军用及民用飞机平台、分系统及设备雷电标准进行分析,针对雷电直接效应和雷电间接效应的所有测试项目,详述每个测试项目的适用区域、波形要求、测试配置等。结合现有国内雷电设计验证标准及测试存在的不足,提出提升测试设备与试验验证技术匹配性、扩展军用标准测试领域、统一同军种同一平台要求等建议。通过对军用机载平台、设备及分系统关于雷电设计验证标准及测试的分析,为相关产品设计师及试验人员提供设计指标参考,明确产品关于雷电防护的设计要求及验证要求,做到有的放矢,提高设计费效比。     

高温超导变压器在雷电冲击下的电压响应

为研究6.6 MW高温超导变压器的高压磁体在雷电冲击过电压下的暂态电压响应，依据多导体传输线理论，建立了以单匝为一个单元的高频等效电路模型。利用有限元软件和编写程序求得分布参数，通过推导状态方程，并对状态变量求解，在时域内得到了各匝在雷电冲击全波电压和雷电冲击截波电压下的暂态响应。在三种雷电冲击波下高压磁体的绝缘满足安全运行的要求，首端匝间绝缘最为薄弱，雷电波发生截断可大幅降低绕组各匝最大对地电位、绕组末端的层间电压，其中在波前发生截断时可大幅降低磁体各匝间电压、层间电压，说明选用动作快速的避雷器至关重要。     

雷电回击参数对回击电磁场计算的影响研究

 基于BG，TL，MTLL，MTLE和TCS 5种模型，研究了雷电回击通道高度、回击速度和大地电容率对雷电回击电磁场的影响。计算中5种模型采用相同的通道基电流波形，通过计算总结了几种参数对回击电磁场的影响。     

强电磁场对某型无线电引信安全性的影响

 为了研究强雷电电磁场（LEMP）对没有保护状态下无线电引信性能的影响，对LEMP进行了模拟。利用MARX发生器向宽带横电磁波（GTEM）室注入雷电电压波，在GTEM室内产生模拟的LEMP电场；利用浪涌发生器向亥姆霍兹线圈注入雷电电流波，在线圈内产生模拟的LEMP磁场。根据某型无线电引信可能遭遇的雷电电磁环境，对处于勤务处理状态的该型无线电引信进行了辐照效应实验，测试辐照前后引信的性能指标，对其差异进行比较，分析了LEMP对该型无线电引信性能指标的影响。结果表明，在强的雷电电磁场环境下LEMP电场会损坏该型无线电引信的高频组件，使其不能产生探测信号，导致引信不能正常发火；LEMP电场还会损坏检波电路，使检波直流电压不能达到正常指标，从而导致引信也不能正常发火；LEMP磁场对该型引信性能基本没有影响。     

雷电电磁场峰值的概率分布

获得雷电电磁场的随机特性,是研究雷电电磁场对电子系统有害耦合效应评估的基础。基于雷电流的统计特性,在具有一般性的概率框架下讨论雷电电磁场,导出电磁场峰值的概率分布函数及密度函数,采用多重积分法计算出不同位置处电场强度和磁场强度峰值的概率分布图和累积概率分布图,计算结果与蒙特卡洛模拟结果吻合。     

雷电电磁脉冲的产生机理、危害及其防护

阐述了雷电电磁脉冲的产生机理、传播途径及对电子设备的危害,并简要说明了其防护措施.     

雷电在水平导体中产生感应电压的观测及数值模拟研究

对自然雷电的9次回击过程在水平导体上产生的感应电压特征进行了分析,并利用数值模拟分析了各种参量对感应电压的影响.自然雷电9次回击在导体上产生的感应电压的变化范围为4.6—18.6 kV,平均值为11.2 kV.感应电压的半峰值宽度和下降时间的几何平均值分别为0.87和2.9 μs.数值模拟结果表明,回击在导体两端产生的感应电压随回击速度的增加而增大,随导体高度的增加而增大.当导体两端的接地电阻匹配时,感应电压随电阻的增加而增大,但并不满足线性关系.当导体两端的接地电阻不匹配时,高电阻端的感应电压远大于低电 关键词： 感应电压 自然雷电 数值模拟     

白光和红绿蓝光LED可调光源研制

为了提高LED光源色温和亮度的调节精度和准确度,结合色温由低向高变化时光色所呈现的渐变特点,提出了一种低色温白光LED灯珠、高色温白光LED灯珠加红绿蓝光LED灯珠补偿式调光的方法.将色温分成三个部分进行调节,每个部分选用不同的LED灯珠组合来进行调光.实验结果表明:不同组合情况下的LED光源的初始输出色温相对于目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;亮度可以在保证色温不变的情况下独立进行调节,初始输出值与目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;经过微调之后可以达到目标值;达到了色温和亮度独立调节的要求;光源发光稳定,不会因为长时间工作而影响调节精度.     

Muonic and pionic L- and M-series in carbon and oxygen and the pionic 2p level shift and width of oxygen

Muonic and pionic X-rays of the L- and M-series in C and O have been measured with a Si(Li) detector in the energy range between 7 keV and 60 keV. The target consisted of mylar (C₅H₄O₂). Energies and intensities of 21 transitions have been determined. The strong interaction shift of the pionic 2p level in O was measured and found to be +4.1 ±2.3 eV. The measured width of this level is 11±6 eV. The measured yields have been compared with cascade calculations.     

Atomic and electronic structures and stability of icosahedral nanodiamonds and onions

The relative stability of alternative carbon nanoparticles with icosahedral symmetry, such as diamond-like nanocrystallites and multiwalled fullerenes (onions), is investigated using the parametric model and the density functional tight-binding (DFTB) method. It is demonstrated that an increase in the size of particles and their hydrogenation favor the stabilization of diamond-like nanocrystallites. The formation of “intermediate” nanostructures consisting of diamond-like nanocrystallites inside the fullerene cage is revealed. The electronic spectra of icosahedral carbon nanoparticles are calculated.     

Spin and Statistics and First Principles

It was shown in the early seventies that, in Local Quantum Theory (that is the most general formulation of Quantum Field Theory, if we leave out only the unknown scenario of Quantum Gravity) the notion of Statistics can be grounded solely on the local observable quantities (without assuming neither the commutation relations nor even the existence of unobservable charged field operators); one finds that only the well known (para)statistics of Bose/Fermi type are allowed by the key principle of local commutativity of observables. In this frame it was possible to formulate and prove the Spin and Statistics Theorem purely on the basis of First Principles.     

Visualization and interferometry for cylindrical and spherical sample tomography and profilometry

A technique combining image processing and laser interferometry for visualizing and detecting the deformation of transparent cylindrical and spherical sample is proposed. This deformation includes geometric deformation such as volume transition in profilometry and physical deformation such as refractive index change in tomography. Phase contour lines are used for quantitative analysis and graphical representation of the deformation. This method allows us to visually detect the spatial variation of the deformation field and to evaluate the test quality such as misalignment of optical system. A theoretical analysis using phase contour map to characterize the deformation field is described in detail. A method using phase contour map to qualify the interferometric test is proposed. Analysis of test examples is carried out. Suggestions on using phase contour line method to ameliorate test system design are finally discussed.     

Nonlocal potentials and their exact and approximate local and velocity-dependent equivalents

We show that good approximations to the exact equivalent local potential (ELP) and damping factor of a nonlocal Perey-Buck potential can be calculated in the partial wave WKB approximation of Horiuchi. The exact ELP and damping factor are obtained by means of a method previously given by one of us. We also confirm that an approximate ELP proposed by Bauhoff et al. is of comparable accuracy as the Horiuchi approximation. Thesel-dependent ELP's exhibit reduced attraction in the interior and provide a test for higher order WKB approximations. We subsequently obtain an equivalent velocity dependent potential (EVDP) which is even exactly wave function equivalent to the original nonlocal potential. This almost local potential, unlike the trivial equivalent local potential, is smooth and well-behaved and is therefore particularly useful in nuclear reactions where the off-shell behaviour of the potential is important.