化学学习中"宏观-微观-符号"三重表征的研究

“宏观-微观-符号”三重表征是体现化学学科特征的思维方式,能增进学生对化学知识的理解。本研究在对三重表征思维方式进行分析的基础上,采用问卷调查的方法,对不同群体学生化学学习三重表征水平进行了探查和分析,为化学教学提供了一个新的视角。     

中美高中化学教科书“化学反应原理”模块微观表征插图的设计分析

微观表征插图是重要的化学教学素材,是学生对三重表征在头脑中加工内化的重要认识媒介。为了能在“化学反应原理”模块教学中更好地发挥微观表征插图的价值,通过内容分析法,对中国人教版高中化学教科书和美国高中化学教科书Chemistry: Concepts and Applications在此模块的微观表征插图设计进行了比较分析。结果显示,2种版本教科书中的微观表征插图在该模块插图总数中的占比较少,呈现最多的主题内容均为过程微观表征;缺少“化学反应的方向、限度和速率”主题的微观表征插图;2者表征的形式水平较高,但美版教材更好地融合了“宏、微、符”3类表征。最后,基于分析结果对教科书“化学反应原理”模块中微观表征插图的设计与使用提出了相关建议。     

国外关于化学概念的多元外在表征的研究述评

对国外近15年以来关于学生学习化学概念的多元外在表征做一综述,阐明多元外在表征与化学概念的定义,总结了学生关于化学概念的多元外在表征的特点:这些多元外在表征以计算机为基础,特别是计算机模型比较多;在计算机动画或者模型中,侧重分子水平上的表征即微观表征。进而得到化学概念的多元外在表征的教学启示:教师应该注重化学概念的多元表征教学;各种多元外在表征呈现给学生时要结合学生的实际情况;教师和课程的设计者可以考虑早期引入一些基本的微观表征,以配合探索物质的宏观性质。     

三重表征视域下的化学学习研究考查

梳理了三重表征研究范式下部分化学学习研究成果。基于三重表征,研究者细致考查学生在宏观表征、微观表征和符号表征等单维度化学学习中遇到的困难;结合信息加工模型,解释了化学学习机制,形成对化学学习的动态认识,指出以上研究中尚待完善之处,以期为化学学习的深入研究提供借鉴。     

高中生化学学习中“映象表征”、“符号表征”及其转换能力的调查分析

为了了解中学生化学学习中"映象表征"的能力以及"映象表征"向"符号表征"的转换能力,采用自编问卷对江苏8所四星级高中的高一学生进行了调查。结果表明,学生"映象表征"能力中的"宏观表征"能力强于"微观表征"能力;"映象表征"向"符号表征"转换能力较弱。提出了化学学习中提高学生表征能力的建议。     

化学知识三重表征的话语意义探析*

基于科学哲学和语言学理论,强调化学学科中的三重表征的话语意义,旨在帮助学生将头脑中的三重表征思维用语言科学地表达出来并进行社会性交往。在明确三重表征与话语的关系的基础上,借助于相关教学片段,对三重表征的话语意义(语法学、语义学和语用学意义)进行探析,将宏观微观符号表征中各自的语言内部联系以及彼此间的话语表达关系解构出来,从而全面提升学生在建构、关联及转换表征过程中的交往效率。最后针对相关教学问题,提出了3条教学策略。     

初三学生化学三重表征转化的眼动实验研究

化学三重表征研究一直深受国内外学者的重视,目前,初级表征的研究已有一定的理论基础,但是,次级表征（即不同表征水平之间的转化）的研究仍是研究的弱点和难点。纸笔检测、口语报告研究方法都存在一定的局限。为了从信息加工过程研究三重表征间转化的基本特点,采用眼动分析法对12名初三学生进行3×3两因素混合实验。结果显示：（1）在初三上册期末,学优生基本可以进行三重表征之间的直接转化;（2）学中生符号表征较强且依赖于符号表征,表现出“双通道协同加工”现象,符号—宏观、微观转化水平较强,宏观—微观、符号和微观—符号、宏观转化水平较弱;（3）学困生普遍缺乏三重表征的思维和意识,三重表征间的转化水平较低,相比较而言,符号-宏观、微观表征转化稍强于宏观-微观、符号表征转化和微观-符号、宏观表征转化。     

“四重表征”化学教学模式与“手持技术”整合的案例研究——以“浓度对硫代硫酸钠与硫酸反应速率的影响”为例

以"浓度对硫代硫酸钠与硫酸反应速率的影响"为内容,将"四重表征"化学教学模式与手持技术结合,发挥手持技术数字化实验仪器的优势,从"数据采集"到"数据分析",逐步引导学生收集必要数据探究浓度对该反应速率的影响,并从"四重表征"模式的4个维度深入探究浓度对反应速率的影响,提高学生运用"四重表征"分析问题的能力。     

九年级学生三重表征转换能力的发展过程:基于眼动的证据*

九年级学生在化学学习的过程中开始建立三重表征思维,同时,不同学业水平学生的三重表征转换能力会出现分化。为了探究学生在各个阶段三重表征转换能力的发展特点,采用眼动分析法对12名九年级学生进行了一学期的追踪实验。研究发现:(1)入门时期,学生进行不同表征之间转换的能力是有差异的,并且表现出转换和逆向转换能力的不对称性特点。学优生与学中生、学困生的三重表征转换能力有明显差异,但学中生与学困生的三重表征转换能力还没有表现出明显差异。(2)突破时期,学生进行宏观(中心)、符号(中心)、微观(中心)转换的注视点个数、测试总时间没有表现出统计学差异。学优生与学中生的转换能力分化更明显,学中生与学困生开始出现差异。(3)深化时期,学生宏观(中心)表征能力最强,符号(中心)表征能力次之,微观(中心)表征能力最弱。学优生与学中生、学困生的转换能力差异显著,学中生的间接转换频率明显增加。     

基于三重表征的大学有机化学教学策略

从宏观、微观和符号三种表征水平上认识和理解有机化学知识,并建立三者之间的内在联系,进而培养学生“宏观?微观?符号”三重表征思维方式,这对于有效地学习有机化学具有重要的促进作用。结合教学实践,探析了基于三重表征的大学有机化学教学策略。     

化学三重表征的界定及其关系分析

化学三重表征具有内部表征和外部表征两重含义。从外部表征看,化学三重表征是指化学宏观世界、微观世界和符号世界知识的外在呈现形式;从内部表征看,化学三重表征是指这3种水平的知识在个体头脑中的加工和呈现形式。三重表征是一个互有联系的整体,对化学学习具有重要意义。     

Electron microscopy and light scattering study of organometallic inverse micellar systems

Colloidal dispersions in hydrocarbons of lead and calcium salts of isooctanoic acids are studied by means of Transmission Electron Microscopy and Light Scattering. The complementary results obtained, using each technique, allow us to investigate the structure of the mineral core, the size and the morphology of the colloidal particles. Special attention is paid to the aggregation properties of the metal salts particles as a function of the dilution and solvent.     

Characterization of Remaining Oil After Polymer Flooding by Laser Scanning Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

In the mid- to late period of oil field development, it is important to consider the microscopic distribution of remaining oil of the reservoir in time, for it is the foundation of enhanced oil recovery. Focusing on the present insufficient research status of microscopic distribution of remaining oil after polymer flooding, this article first put forward and developed a set of fluorescence microscope technology of frozen core analysis of remaining oil, and used this technology combined with laser confocal microscopic detection technology to study microscopic distribution rules of remaining oil before and after polymer flooding. Through comparison and analysis on the difference of microscopic distribution form of remaining oil, the experimental results show that polymer flooding has different effects on different types of remaining oil. Using this technology, analysis of many different distribution forms of remaining oil involving the same mode of occurrence in different layers, different parts of the same layer, and different types of the same layer can be more clearly distinguished. Using polymer flooding pertinently according to the different distribution form of remaining oil will make the use of polymer more efficiently and the recovery higher.     

On the Similarity of DNA Primary Sequences Based on 5-D Representation

We propose a 5-D representation of DNA sequences based on the classifications of the four basic acid bases A,T,G, and C. The use of the 5-D representation is illustrated by constructing sequence invariants based on the entries in derived sequence matrices restricted to a selected width of a band along the main diagonal. As an application, we make a comparison for the first exon of β-globin gene sequences belonging to eleven different species based on the 5-D representation.     

新加坡现行中学化学教科书视觉表征的文本研究*

借鉴Gkitzia等人编制的分析框架,采用内容分析法对新加坡现行中学化学教科书All About Chemistry ‘O' Level(2017年,Hodder Education出版)中的视觉表征进行文本分析。从视觉表征的类型(C1)、表面特征的注释(C2)、视觉表征与文本的关联(C3)、标题的存在与性质(C4)、多重表征的连接程度(C5)等5个维度进行编码统计分析,获得该教科书中的视觉表征信息。以期为我国后续中学化学教科书的编写提供借鉴与启示。     

Computation of electronic transition moments: the length versus the velocity representation

Summary We have compared transition moments (TMs) obtained using the length and velocity representations for transitions from the ground state of H₂ to the lowest two¹ _u and two¹ _u ⁺ Rydberg states, theA ¹–X ¹⁺ transition in BH, and theA ¹ _u –X ¹ _g ⁺ transition in C₂. For H₂, the TMs in the length and velocity representations agree well even in cases where the one-particle basis is incomplete and the TM has not converged. For BH and C₂ the TM in the length representation converges rapidly with improvements in the one-particle basis set and is insensitive to inner-shell correlation. In contrast, in the velocity representation convergence with improvements in the one-particle basis is much slower, especially for C₂, and the TMs are significantly changed by inner-shell correlation. Thus the difference between the TMs in the length and velocity representations would not appear to be a viable diagnostic of TM convergence.     

Study on Influencing Factors of Chemical Flooding for Heavy Oil

Alkali and alkali/surfactant displacing agents are designed for two kinds of heavy oil. Results of emulsifying capacity, dynamic interfacial tension (IFT) and water-wet core flooding tests show that, although alkaline/surfactant systems exhibit better capacity in emulsification and IFT reduction, oil recovery values of alkaline/surfactant flooding are lower than those of alkaline flooding. Glass-etched micromodel tests further demonstrate that, when alkaline solution penetrates into the oil phase, water streams break into ganglia coating oil film. Water ganglia may be entrapped by narrow throats, consequently presenting a water-oil alternating slug flow. Similar water ganglia also appears in alkaline/surfactant flooding, however, water channeling along the pore surface occurs subsequently, resulting in its relatively lower oil recovery.     

新版高中化学教科书视觉表征的文本研究*

以人民教育出版社和山东科学技术出版社2019年出版的4本化学必修教科书为研究对象,借鉴Gkitzia等人开发的分析框架,运用内容分析法对4本教科书中的视觉表征进行分析。从表征的类型、表面特征的注释、表征与文本的关联情况、是否存在合适标题、多重表征内各层表征间连接情况等5个维度对教科书进行编码统计,获得新版化学教科书中视觉表征的信息。     

Sphericities of Double Cosets,Double Coset Representations,and Fujita’s Proligand Method for Combinatorial Enumeration of Stereoisomers

The concepts of double coset representations and sphericities of double cosets are proposed to characterize stereoisomerism, where double cosets are classified into three types, i.e., homospheric double cosets, enantiospheric double cosets, or hemispheric double cosets. They determine modes of substitutions (i.e., chirality fittingness), where homospheric double cosets permit achiral ligands only; enantiospheric ones permit achiral ligands or enantiomeric pairs; and hemispheric ones permit achiral and chiral ligands. The sphericities of double cosets are linked to the sphericities of cycles which are ascribed to right coset representations. Thus, each cycle is assigned to the corresponding sphericity index (a _d , c _d , or b _d ) so as to construct a cycle indices with chirality fittingness (CI-CFs). The resulting CI-CFs are proved to be identical with CI-CFs introduced in Fujita’s proligand method (S. Fujita, Theor. Chem. Acc. 113 (2005) 73–79 and 80–86). The versatility of the CI-CFs in combinatorial enumeration of stereoisomers is demonstrated by using methane derivatives as examples, where the numbers of achiral plus chiral stereoisomers, those of achiral stereoisomers, and those of chiral stereoisomers are calculated separately by means of respective generating functions.