FeBr3/Me6TREN催化MMA反向原子转移自由基聚合研究

对FeBr3/Me6TREN催化的反向原子转移自由基聚合进行了研究.在不同的催化剂、引发剂的配比、聚合温度和配体用量等条件下,该催化体系催化的MMA聚合反应动力学为一级反应,聚合物分子量可控,分子量分布很窄,说明该体系催化的聚合反应为活性可控聚合.通过实验计算了反应的活化能,并利用UV光谱对催化剂进行了研究.     

双金属氰化物络合物催化环氧烷烃开环聚合的特征

合成了Co Zn双金属氰化物 (DMC)络合物催化剂 ,以X 射线衍射、元素分析、红外光谱等手段进行了表征 ,考察了该催化体系下环氧丙烷开环聚合的反应特性 ,并初步探讨了聚合反应的机理 .研究发现 ,Co Zn双金属氰化物催化剂具有很高的催化活性 ,适合于中高分子量聚醚的合成 ,但是碱性起始剂起阻聚作用 ;在该催化体系下聚合物分子量可控 ,不饱和度很低 (<0 .0 14meq g) ,分批加料聚合所得到的聚合物分子量分布较窄 (Mn Mw <1.4 ) ,而一步加料聚合所得到的聚合物分子量分布变宽 ;1 3C NMR分析表明聚合物主链具有无规立构分布的特点 ,且链节分布几乎都为头 尾方式 .聚合过程中活性链与非活性链之间可能存在一个交换反应 ;虽然聚合反应有终止 ,但与聚合物链长没有关系 ,聚合物链的终止是可逆的 .     

溶剂热体系中甲基丙烯酸甲酯的原子转移自由基聚合

以FeCl3/ PPh3为催化体系,在无引发剂、溶剂热体系中进行甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)反应.考察了反应温度与还原剂对反应的影响.实验结果表明,在溶剂热体系中进行的MMA聚合反应符合"活性"/可控聚合,聚合过程中转化率和分子量随时间的增加而增大,所得聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯分子量分布较窄.     

调节剂存在下双金属氰化络合催化剂催化环氧丙烷聚合的动力学

研究了双金属氰化络合催化剂DMC催化环氧丙烷调节聚合的动力学 .通过测定反应过程体系压力的变化来决定聚合的起始速率 ,发现聚合反应速率与分子量调节剂浓度Tr的线性函数的 - 1次方成正比 .考察了DMC催化剂在反应不同阶段的远红外吸收变化 ,提出了聚合反应可能的反应历程 ,并推导出调节聚合的动力学方程 .研究结果表明调节聚合的动力学特点在于链引发是发生在催化剂与单体之间 ,而不是催化剂与调节剂之间     

Y（AcAc）3／n—BuMgCl络合催化ε—己内酯本体聚合

应用稀土乙酰基丙酮盐［Ｙ（ＡｃＡｃ）３］与格氏试剂（ｎ－ＢｕＭｇＣｌ）络合催化ε－己内酯聚合。研究了单体与催化剂摩尔化、助催化剂用量、温度、时间及第三组份等条件对聚合反应的影响。结果表明，该催化体系具有较好的反应活性。增加助催化剂用量或选择合适的第三组份如二甲基亚砜能有效地提高单体转化率与聚合物分子量。分子量分布为２．１。Ｘ－衍射分析表明聚己内酯为结晶性聚合物。     

茂基二价钐配合物高效催化己内酯开环聚合

研究了二茂基二价钐配合物(C5H5)2Sm(THF)作为单组分催化剂催化己内脂开环聚合反应,考察了催化剂用量、聚合反应时间、聚合反应温度对己内酯聚合反应的影响。结果表明,配合物(C5H5)2Sm(THF)对己内酯聚合有极高的催化活性且产物的数均分子量较高,当催化剂与单体摩尔比为1：5000时,聚合产率仍可达50.3%,数均分子量可高达32.4万;温度升高,聚合反应的转化率增加,聚合产物数均分子量降低;催化剂用量增加,聚合转化率增加,聚合产物分子量降低;聚合产物的分子量分布较窄;通过凝胶色谱法对聚合产物的分子量及分子量分布进行了表征。     

Fe-Zn双金属氰化物催化环氧丙烷开环聚合的研究

用Fe Zn双金属氰化物 (DMC)催化剂合成了数均分子量 30 0 0～ 12 0 0 0的聚氧化丙烯二元醇 .着重考察了聚合反应的温度、加料方式等对聚合物分子量及分布的影响 ,并初步探讨了Fe Zn双金属氰化物催化环氧丙烷开环聚合的反应特征 .实验发现 ,采用Fe ZnDMC催化剂 ,聚合物分子量可控 ;在较高温度下聚合所得的聚合物分子量分布呈双峰形 ,显示反应体系中至少存在两类活性中心 ,这可能与催化剂中存在两种价态的络合物有关 ,当降低聚合温度时 ,聚合物分子量分布呈单峰形 ,可能是一类活性中心没有引发 ;实验中还发现单体分批加料时聚合物分子量分布较窄 ,而一步加料法所得聚合物分子量分布则很宽     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯的原子转移自由基悬浮聚合

以 1 苯基氯乙烷为引发剂 ,氯化亚铜为催化剂 ,2 ,2 联吡啶为配体 ,外加搅拌 ,氮气保护下进行了甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA)在 80℃下的原子转移悬浮聚合 .结果表明 ,聚合反应符合对单体浓度为一级的动力学关系 .经计算聚合体系的增长自由基浓度为 5 .74× 10 - 8mol L .聚合物分子量随转化率呈线性增加 ,分子量分布较窄 ,Mw Mn 在 1.37～ 1.40之间 .还以AIBN为引发剂 ,在三氯化铁和三苯基膦存在下进行了MMA的反向原子转移本体和悬浮聚合研究 .结果证明本体聚合具有好的可控特征 ,分子量随转化率呈线性增长 ,分子量分布指数在 1.2 7～ 1.31之间 .聚合反应速率较快 ,聚合体系中的增长自由基浓度较高 ,为 1.6 4× 10 - 7mol L .而在此催化体系下的悬浮聚合则完全失去了活性特征     

咪唑烷基桥联双芳氧基稀土胺化物高效催化ε-己内酯开环聚合

研究了一系列咪唑烷基桥联双芳氧基稀土金属胺化物催化ε-己内酯开环聚合反应性能。通过对聚合物的分子量和分子量分布进行分析,结果显示,这些稀土胺化物能在相对较温和的条件下高活性引发ε-己内酯开环聚合,其催化活性随着稀土金属离子半径变大而增强,但所得聚合物的分子量分布较宽(PDI=1.21~1.89),显示它们不是可控聚合体系。加入异丙醇原位转化成稀土金属烷氧基配合物后,聚合的可控性得到了明显的改善,显示了可控聚合的特点。通过分析齐聚物的末端基,研究了这类稀土胺化物加醇体系催化ε-己内酯聚合的机制。     

三氟甲磺酸稀土催化ε-己内酯开环聚合

采用三氟甲磺酸稀土(镧、钕、铒)作为单组分催化剂催化了ε-己内酯的本体开环聚合反应. 考察了稀土元素种类、催化剂浓度、聚合时间及温度对单体转化率和聚合产物分子量的影响. 该类催化剂在催化聚合过程中具有单一活性中心, 且催化活性较高. 此聚合反应可能是通过阳离子活性末端链聚合机理进行的.     

Synthesis of well‐defined syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) with low‐temperature atom transfer radical polymerization in fluoroalcohol

The copper‐mediated atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol (HFIP) was studied to simultaneously control the molecular weight and tacticity. The polymerization using tris[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me₆TREN) as a ligand was performed even at ?78°C with a number‐average molecular weight (M_n) of 13,400 and a polydispersity (weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight) of 1.31, although the measured M_n's were much higher than the theoretical ones. The addition of copper(II) bromide (CuBr₂) apparently affected the early stage of the polymerization; that is, the polymerization could proceed in a controlled manner under the condition of [MMA]₀/[methyl α‐bromoisobutyrate]₀/[CuBr]₀/[CuBr₂]₀/[Me₆TREN]₀ = 200/1/1/0.2/1.2 at ?20°C with an MMA/HFIP ratio of 1/4 (v/v). For the field desorption mass spectrum of Cu^IBr/Me₆TREN in HFIP, there were [Cu(Me₆TREN)Br]⁺ and [Cu(Me₆TREN)OCH(CF₃)₂]⁺, indicating that HFIP should coordinate to the Cu^I/Me₆TREN complex. The syndiotacticity of the obtained poly(methyl methacrylate)s increased with the decreasing polymerization temperature; the racemo content was 84% for ?78°C, 77% for ?30°C, 75% for ?20°C, and 63% for 30°C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1436–1446, 2006     

Atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate catalyzed by ion exchange resin immobilized Co(II) hybrid catalyst

Ion exchange resin immobilized Co(II) catalyst with a small amount of soluble CuCl₂/Me₆TREN catalyst was successfully applied to atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in DMF. Using this catalyst, a high conversion of MMA (>90%) was achieved. And poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with predicted molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution (M_w/M_n = 1.09–1.42) was obtained. The immobilized catalyst can be easily separated from the polymerization system by simple centrifugation after polymerization, resulting in the concentration of transition metal residues in polymer product was as low as 10 ppm. Both main catalytic activity and good controllability over the polymerization were retained by the recycled catalyst without any regeneration process. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 1416–1426, 2008     

AIBN/SmCl3/乳酸体系催化甲基丙烯酸甲酯的反向原子转移自由基聚合

利用稀土金属化合物三氯化钐(SmCl3)和二氯化钐(SmCl2)之间的单电子转移反应,以AIBN/SmCl3/乳酸作为反向原子转移自由基聚合(ReverseATRP)的催化体系,成功地实现了甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的反向ATRP,并考察了温度、溶剂和组分比对聚合反应的影响.MMA在该体系中的聚合反应是一级反应,所得PMMA的分子量与单体转化率成正比,聚合物的分子量分布较窄(Mw/Mn<1.5),具有活性聚合的特征.     

Poly(acrylate‐b‐styrene‐b‐isobutylene‐b‐styrene‐b‐acrylate) Block Copolymers via Carbocationic and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerizations

A series of polyacrylate‐polystyrene‐polyisobutylene‐polystyrene‐polyacrylate (X‐PS‐PIB‐PS‐X) pentablock terpolymers (X=poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA), poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA), or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)) was prepared from poly (styrene‐b‐isobutylene‐b‐styrene) (PS‐PIB‐PS) block copolymers (BCPs) using either a Cu(I)Cl/1,1,4,7,7‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) or Cu(I)Cl/tris[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me₆TREN) catalyst system. The PS‐PIB‐PS BCPs were prepared by quasiliving carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene using a difunctional initiator, followed by the sequential addition of styrene, and were used as macroinitiators for the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl acrylate (MA), n‐butyl acrylate (BA), or methyl methacrylate (MMA). The ATRP of MA and BA proceeded in a controlled fashion using either a Cu(I)Cl/PMDETA or Cu(I)Cl/Me₆TREN catalyst system, as evidenced by a linear increase in molecular weight with conversion and low PDIs. The polymerization of MMA was less controlled. ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy was used to elucidate pentablock copolymer structure and composition. The thermal stabilities of the pentablock copolymers were slightly less than the PS‐PIB‐PS macroinitiators due to the presence of polyacrylate or polymethacrylate outer block segments. DSC analysis of the pentablock copolymers showed a plurality of glass transition temperatures, indicating a phase separated material.     

Atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate catalyzed by cobalt catalyst system

A new catalyst system, CoCl₂/tris(2‐(dimethyl amino) ethyl)amine (Me₆ TREN), was used to catalyze the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) successfully through atom transfer radical polymerization mechanism. The control over the polymerization was not ideal, the molecular weight distribution of the resulting polymer (PMMA) was relatively broad (M_w/M_n = 1.63–1.80). To improve its controllability, a small amount of hybrid deactivator (FeBr₃/Me₆TREN or CuBr₂/Me₆TREN) was added in the cobalt catalyst system. The results showed that the level of control over the polymerization was significantly improved with the hybrid cobalt–iron (or cobalt–copper) catalyst system; the polydispersity index of the resulting polymer was reduced to a low level (M_w/M_n = 1.15–1.46). Furthermore, with the hybrid cobalt–iron catalyst, the dependence of the propagation rate on the temperature and the copolymerization of methacrylate (MA) with PMMA‐Br as macroinitiator were also investigated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5207–5216, 2005     

Catalytic effect of dimethyl sulfoxide in the Cu(0)/tris(2‐dimethylaminoethyl)amine‐catalyzed living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate at 0–90 °C initiated with CH3CHClI as a model compound for α,ω‐di(iodo)poly(vinyl chloride) chain ends

A variety of conditions, including catalysts [CuCl, CuI, Cu₂O, and Cu(0)], ligands [2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy), tris(2‐dimethylaminoethyl)amine (Me₆‐TREN), polyethyleneimine, and hexamethyl triethylenetetramine], initiators [CH₃CHClI, CH₂I₂, CHI₃, and F(CF₂)₈I], solvents [diphenyl ether, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide, ethylene carbonate, dimethylacetamide, and cyclohexanone], and temperatures [90, 25, and 0 °C] were studied to assess previous methods for poly(methyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(vinyl chloride)‐b‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA‐b‐PVC‐b‐PMMA) synthesis by the living radical block copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated with α,ω‐di(iodo)poly(vinyl chloride). CH₃CHClI was used as a model for α,ω‐di(iodo)poly(vinyl chloride) employed as a macroinitiator in the living radical block copolymerization of MMA. Two groups of methods evolved. The first involved CuCl/bpy or Me₆‐TREN at 90 °C, whereas the second involved Cu(0)/Me₆‐TREN in DMSO at 25 or 0 °C. Related ligands were used in both methods. The highest initiator efficiency and rate of polymerization were obtained with Cu(0)/Me₆‐TREN in DMSO at 25 °C. This demonstrated that the ultrafast block copolymerization reported previously is the most efficient with respect to the rate of polymerization and precision of the PMMA‐b‐PVC‐b‐PMMA architecture. Moreover, Cu(0)/Me₆‐TREN‐catalyzed polymerization exhibits an external first order of reaction in DMSO, and so this solvent has a catalytic effect in this living radical polymerization (LRP). This polymerization can be performed between 90 and 0 °C and provides access to controlled poly(methyl methacrylate) tacticity by LRP and block copolymerization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1935–1947, 2005     

2‐[(Diphenylphosphino)methyl]pyridine as ligand for iron‐based atom transfer radical polymerization

2‐[(Diphenylphosphino)methyl]pyridine (DPPMP) was successfully used as a bidentate ligand in the iron‐mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with various initiators and solvents. The effect of the catalytic system on ATRP was studied systematically. Most of the polymerizations with DPPMP ligand were well controlled with a linear increase in the number‐average molecular weights (M_n) versus conversion and relatively low molecular weight distributions (M_w/M_n = 1.10–1.3) being observed throughout the reactions, and the measured molecular weights matched the predicted values. Initially added iron(III) bromide improved the controllability of the polymerization reactions in terms of molecular weight control. The ratio of ligand to metal influenced the controllability of ATRP system, and the optimum ratio was found to be 2:1. It was shown that ATRP of MMA with FeX₂/DPPMP catalytic system (X = Cl, Br) initiated by 2‐bromopropionitrile (BPN) was controlled more effectively in toluene than in polar solvents. The rate of polymerization increased with increasing the polymerization temperature and the apparent activation energy was calculated to be 56.7 KJ mol^?1. In addition, reverse ATRP of MMA was able to be successfully carried out using AIBN in toluene at 80 °C. Polymerization of styrene (St) was found to be controlled well by using the PEBr/FeBr₂/DPPMP system in DMF at 110 °C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2922–2935, 2008     

镍体系(NiCl_2/PPh_3)催化的反向原子转移自由基聚合

以 2 ,3 二氰基 2 ,3 二苯基丁二酸二乙酯 (DCDPS) NiCl2 PPh3 为引发体系 ,首次利用Ni2 + 和Ni+ 之间的变价关系 ,研究了乙烯基单体的反向ATRP .结果表明 ,苯乙烯 (St)的聚合具有活性自由基聚合的特征 ,所得PSt的分子量随转化率的增加而增加 ,并且制得的PSt可以作为大分子引发剂进行扩链反应 .但该引发体系引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA)聚合时没有活性自由基聚合特征 ,PMMA的分子量与转化率基本无关 ,但分子量分布窄Mw Mn=1 19     

SET‐LRP of methyl methacrylate initiated with sulfonyl halides

Single electron transfer‐living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) represents a robust and versatile method for the rapid synthesis of macromolecules with defined architecture. The present article describes the polymerization of methyl methacrylate by SET‐LRP in protic solvent mixtures. Herein, the polymerization process was catalyzed by a straightforward Cu(0)wire/Me₆‐TREN catalyst while initiation was obtained by toluenesulfonyl chloride. All experiments were conducted at 50 °C and the living polymerization was demonstrated by kinetic evaluation of the SET‐LRP. The process follows first order kinetic until all monomer is consumed which was typically achieved within 4 h. The molecular weight increased linearly with conversion and the molecular weight distributions were very narrow with M_w/M_n ～ 1.1. Detailed investigations of the polymer samples by MALDI‐TOF confirmed that no termination took place and that the chain end functionality is retained throughout the polymerization process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2236–2242, 2010