刚柔嵌段共轭聚合物自组装体系*

刚柔嵌段共轭聚合物的自组装是超分子化学研究的热点之一。本文综述了近年来刚柔嵌段共轭聚合物自组装体系研究进展。根据共轭刚性段的不同分类进行阐述,综述了聚芴,二（苯乙烯）-蒽,聚对苯撑,聚对苯乙烯撑,聚对苯撑乙炔,聚（2,5-苯甲酮）,聚噻吩,聚苯基喹啉等作为刚性链段的刚柔嵌段共轭聚合物自组装体系,介绍了刚柔嵌段共轭聚合物的合成和光物理性质;重点评述了刚柔嵌段共轭聚合物在不同溶剂、浓度、温度等条件下自组装形成一维、二维以及三维的周期性微结构,且具有方便的可控性。概括了刚柔嵌段共轭聚合物自组装体系广阔的应用前景,尤其在光电器件领域有着潜在的应用价值。最后展望了刚柔嵌段共轭聚合物自组装体系研究和发展的方向。     

全共轭嵌段共聚物的合成组装与应用

全共轭嵌段共聚物体系将共轭聚合物的光电特性和嵌段聚合物的自组装优势相结合,是近几年发展起来的一类新型自组装光电功能材料,对其自组装机理、自组装结构与光电性能之间关系的研究,有利于共轭聚合物微观纳米结构的构筑以及未来光电器件的开发。本文主要介绍全共轭嵌段共聚物包括共轭聚电解质在内的合成发展过程,综述其在溶液中和薄膜状态下独特的自组装行为,介绍共轭聚合物在光电器件中的应用,并对其今后的研究方向做出展望。     

基于π体系的超分子功能材料的制备与应用研究

近年来,聚集态结构材料制备方法的快速发展和应用领域的不断拓宽使得构建更小、更快、功能性强、性能优越的分子器件成为可能。π体系有机共轭分子作为构筑纳米结构的一个新颖单元,越来越吸引人们的注意。本文从纳米材料的概念和特点出发,介绍了基于π体系有机共轭分子的超分子功能材料以及无机/有机杂化功能材料体系的构建方法。我们重点讨论了经典自组装的方法,并且进一步探讨了自组装过程中常见的几种驱动力对形成聚集态结构起到的重要作用。在材料制备的基础之上,我们还探讨了各种功能化器件的构建以及它们在场发射、光电探测、太阳能电池、传感器、非线性光学材料、光波导材料等领域的广泛应用。     

卟啉自组装超薄膜的制备及其在光电转换方面的研究*

卟啉及其衍生物的π电子共轭平面结构,使其具有独特的光电性能和良好的热稳定性,在仿生、催化、医学及材料科学等领域得到了广泛的应用。随着自组装技术的不断发展,其在制备功能化超薄膜方面表现出显著的优越性。本文重点介绍了卟啉及其衍生物自组装超薄膜的制备方法,并总结了近年来卟啉自组装膜在光电转换方面的研究进展。     

共轭高分子链构象和溶液聚集结构研究进展

共轭高分子具有优异的光电性质和可加工性,被广泛用于有机光电器件的制备。共轭单元的存在使得此类高分子具有更刚性的主链结构。由于较强的分子间相互作用,共轭高分子容易在溶液中形成组装结构。共轭高分子的链构象、组装体结构、薄膜形貌和光电性能之间的联系研究成为了本领域的研究热点。然而,共轭高分子在可见光区存在较强的吸收效应,用传统的光散射技术对共轭高分子溶液的研究充满挑战。本文总结了近年来对于共轭高分子链刚性的研究,并从分子尺度上讨论了链结构与光学、电学性能间可能存在的关联;进一步阐述了共轭高分子溶液聚集的形成和演化,总结了溶液聚集与成膜过程中影响场效应迁移率的因素。试图在不同尺度上讨论共轭高分子的微观结构与宏观性能之间的关系。     

有机分子在基底上的自组装及其在仿生材料合成中的应用

基底对有机分子的自组装有着重要的影响作用，有机分子不同的自组装方式在仿生材料合成，生物膜等方面有重要用途，本文综述了有机分子在不同基底上的自组装方式及其在仿生材料合成中的应用，并对有机分子的自组装方式的发展趋势及广阔应用前景作了进一步的展望。     

π-共轭体系超分子自组装

π-共轭体系因其分子结构的可设计性以及优异的光电性质得到了广泛的研究,其超分子自组装在制备结构复杂、规则的功能纳米材料方面表现出了显著的优势,且是调控材料宏观性质的一种有效的方法.因此,π-共轭体系超分子自组装已经成为近年来信息、材料、生物等前沿领域的研究热点.本文综述了π共轭体系超分子自组装的机理、外界环境的导向作用、自组装形态以及其在光电器件、生物传感等方面的应用研究,进一步提出了该领域尚待解决的问题并对其应用前景进行了展望.     

分子纳米技术与金属有机分子纳米体系

基于超分子自组装的分子纳米技术是一种新兴的高新技术。本文从金属矢量操纵的自组装分子纳米体系、自组装的纳米微反应器与超分子催化和自组装金属超分子高分子纳米材料等三个方面评述了分子纳米技术及其在构筑金属有机分子纳米体系中的发展现状 ,进一步阐述了“金属矢量”的概念 ,并首次提出建立“自组装子工具箱” ,探讨了分子纳米技术的发展方向。     

盘状液晶材料的研究进展

盘状液晶分子容易形成柱状堆积的超分子组装体, 由于分子在液晶态具有一定的流动性, 使得组装体具有良好的结构缺陷自修复功能. 因此具有特定芳香共轭结构的盘状液晶分子可以呈现较高的导电特性, 能够有效传输电荷, 具有制备光电器件的潜在应用价值. 本文主要介绍以苯环、苯并菲、六苯并蔻、苝和肽菁为中心核的盘状液晶材料, 其分子结构的化学修饰对液晶性能的影响, 液晶材料在有机发光二极管(OLED)、有机场效应晶体管(OFET)和太阳能电池器件中的应用, 以及盘状液晶材料相关的动力学研究进展.     

分子内电荷转移化合物自组装功能体系

本文综述了基于电荷转移作用的具有特定组装结构的功能分子体系的合成、自组装过程和性质.易于组装且结构-性能关系清晰的分子内电荷转移化合物的分子设计可以用来开发新颖的功能体系.我们阐述了通过在π共轭体系中引入杂环或杂原子或通过使用其他芳香环扩展芳香体系的共轭长度等方法合成分子内电荷转移化合物.分子内电荷转移化合物的给体/受体以及其连接基团极大地影响有机聚集体的形貌、尺寸和其光化学性能.非中心对称的超细纤维结构的独立非线性光学响应能够在光谱上和空间上被分离和调控;分子内电荷转移化合物的另一个应用是发展基于分子内电荷转移过程效率调控的分子传感器.通过分子内电荷转移化合物的可控自组装将获得新的或改进的化学和物理性质,该方法将被广泛应用于光学、电学和光电子领域.     

Synthesis, self-assembly, and characterization of supramolecular polymers from electroactive dendron rodcoil molecules

We report here the synthesis and self-assembly of a series of three molecules with dendron rodcoil architecture that contain conjugated segments of oligo(thiophene), oligo(phenylene-vinylene), and oligo(phenylene). Despite their structural differences, all three molecules yield similar self-assembled structures. Electron and atomic force microscopy reveals the self-assembly of the molecules into high aspect ratio ribbon-like nanostructures which at low concentrations induce gelation in nonpolar solvent. Self-assembly results in a blue-shifted absorption spectrum and a red-shifted, quenched fluorescence spectrum, indicating aggregation of the conjugated segments within the ribbon-like structures. The assembly of these molecules into one-dimensional nanostructures is a route to pi-pi stacked supramolecular polymers for organic electronic functions. In the oligo(thiophene) derivative, self-assembly leads to a 3 orders of magnitude increase in the conductivity of iodine-doped films due to self-assembly. We also found that electric field alignment of these supramolecular assemblies can be used to create arrays of self-assembled nanowires on a device substrate.     

Relationship Between Molecular Structure,Single crystal Packing and Self-Assembly Behavior: A Case Based on Pyrene Imide Derivatives

Development of new n-type one-dimensional (1D) self-assembly nanostructure and a clear understanding of the relationship between molecular structure and self-assembly behavior are important prerequisites for further designing and optimizing organic optoelectronic nanodevice. In this article, a series of n-type organic semiconductor materials based on pyrene imide were successfully synthesized through [4+2] cycloaddition reactions and their preliminary optical and electrochemical properties were studied. The simulated HOMO-LUMO bandgaps via DFT tallied with the experimental data well. The self-assembly of these materials showed needle or fiber-like morphologies, indicating that different conjugation degree or alkyl group had significant influence on their self-assembly behaviors. Furthermore, the single-crystal packing for these molecules were analyzed and it was found out that the changes of conjugated backbone and functional group would affect certain crystal lattice parameter significantly, such as the intermolecular packing distance and crystal size etc, which would further result in different self-assembly morphology.     

Discotic liquid crystals: a new generation of organic semiconductors

Discotic (disc-like) molecules typically comprising a rigid aromatic core and flexible peripheral chains have been attracting growing interest because of their fundamental importance as model systems for the study of charge and energy transport and due to the possibilities of their application in organic electronic devices. This critical review covers various aspects of recent research on discotic liquid crystals, in particular, molecular design concepts, supramolecular structure, processing into ordered thin films and fabrication of electronic devices. The chemical structure of the conjugated core of discotic molecules governs, to a large extent, their intramolecular electronic properties. Variation of the peripheral flexible chains and of the aromatic core is decisive for the tuning of self-assembly in solution and in bulk. Supramolecular organization of discotic molecules can be effectively controlled by the choice of the processing methods. In particular, approaches to obtain suitable macroscopic orientations of columnar superstructures on surfaces, that is, planar uniaxial or homeotropic alignment, are discussed together with appropriate processing techniques. Finally, an overview of charge transport in discotic materials and their application in optoelectronic devices is given.     

自组装分子电子器件

自组装技术是解决有机功能分子与电极连接问题最有希望的技术之一,近-来在构筑分子电子器件中得到了越来越多的应用,成为分子电子学发展的一个重要方向.本文介绍了自组装技术在制备分子器件中的应用.并讨论了自组装分子器件的前景和面临的一些问题.     

Handedness inversion of chiral amphiphilic molecular assemblies evidenced by supramolecular chiral imprinting in mesoporous silica assemblies

Antipodal twisted helical ribbons with lamellar bilayer structure were obtained by self-assembly of chiral amphiphilic molecules in water and water/ethanol. The handedness inversion of the molecular arrangement in these antipodal helical ribbons was investigated by using chiroptical spectroscopy and molecular probes in their antipodal mesoporous silica assemblies synthesized through pairing interaction between the head group of the chiral amphiphilic molecules and a co-structure-directing agent. The supramolecular chirality is imprinted in the pore surface through the organic group of the co-structure-directing agent. The mirror-image diffuse-reflectance circular dichroism spectra of the conjugated discotic probing molecule introduced into their supramolecular chiral imprinted mesoporous silica demonstrated the origin of inverse chirality from the antipodal helical stacking of the molecules.     

Role of mesoscopic molecular organization in organic-based thin film transistors

Organic-based thin film transistors have been realized from various organic conjugated materials, which can be gathered into two categories, according to the mechanism describing charge transport. In conjugated polymers and amorphous materials, occurrence of a variable range hopping mechanism leads to a direct relationship between doping level, conductivity and carrier mobility, which explains the difficulty for achieving materials possessing, at the same time, a high mobility and a low conductivity. On the other hand, the trap-limited mechanism of charge transport in conjugated oligomers allows a distinct control of carrier mobility and conductivity. Carrier mobility in thin films of conjugated oligomers can be increased by lowering the concentration of grain boundaries, which can be readily achieved by imposing long range structural ordering of oligomer molecules. Thin films of oligomer with a liquid crystal-like structure have thus been realized, using a self-assembly approach, which presents a mobility close to that of a single crystal of this oligomer. On the other hand, conductivity of these oligomers can be decreased by controlling the purity of these materials. High mobility and low conductivity values can thus be achieved with conjugated oligomers, allowing the realization of organic thin-film transistors presenting characteristics close to those of amorphous-silicon based ones.     

Functional nanocomposites prepared by self-assembly and polymerization of diacetylene surfactants and silicic acid

Conjugated polymer/silica nanocomposites with hexagonal, cubic, or lamellar mesoscopic order were synthesized by self-assembly using polymerizable amphiphilic diacetylene molecules as both structure-directing agents and monomers. The self-assembly procedure is rapid and incorporates the organic monomers uniformly within a highly ordered, inorganic environment. By tailoring the size of the oligo(ethylene glycol) headgroup of the diacetylene-containing surfactant, we varied the resulting self-assembled mesophases of the composite material. The nanostructured inorganic host altered the diacetylene polymerization behavior, and the resulting nanocomposites show unique thermo-, mechano-, and solvatochromic properties. Polymerization of the incorporated surfactants resulted in polydiacetylene (PDA)/silica nanocomposites that were optically transparent and mechanically robust. Molecular modeling and quantum calculations and (13)C spin-lattice relaxation times (T(1)) of the PDA/silica nanocomposites indicated that the surfactant monomers can be uniformly organized into precise spatial arrangements prior to polymerization. Nanoindentation and gas transport experiments showed that these nanocomposite films have increased hardness and reduced permeability as compared to pure PDA. Our work demonstrates polymerizable surfactant/silica self-assembly to be an efficient, general approach to the formation of nanostructured conjugated polymers. The nanostructured inorganic framework serves to protect, stabilize, and orient the polymer, mediate its performance, and provide sufficient mechanical and chemical stability to enable integration of conjugated polymers into devices and microsystems.     

以三亚吡嗪为中心的有机共轭分子的二阶NLO性质研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-311G**方法,对一系列以三亚吡嗪为中心的有机共轭分子的二阶NLO性质和电子光谱进行了理论研究.结果表明,取代基推、拉电子能力的变化、相对数目及共轭桥的性质对研究分子的极化率及二阶NLO系数都有较大的影响.当研究分子以甲氨基为供体、以三氰基乙烯为受体、并以C=C双键为共轭桥时,显示了较大的二阶NLO活性和良好透光性的优化.该系列分子在NLO材料领域有较好的潜在应用价值.     

有机分子与聚电解质静电吸附成膜特性研究

选取多种有机分子及聚电解质，采用静电吸附自组装法制备了聚电解质，聚电解质、聚电解质，有机分子、有机分子，有机分子的复合薄膜，讨论了这些体系的静电吸附成膜特性及其成膜机理．     

Recent advances of folded tetraphenylethene derivatives featuring through-space conjugation

Through-space conjugated molecules are interesting building blocks for the construction of functional materials that allow multi-dimensional transport of carrier and energy. However, the well explored through-space conjugated molecules are quite limited, which defers their structure-property correlation establishment and wide-scale application. In this review, we introduce a kind of newly-emerging folded tetraphenylethene derivatives featuring through-space conjugation. Their synthesis, crystal and electronic structures, and optical properties are described, and their representative applications as bipolar charge-transporting materials in organic light-emitting diodes and as single-molecule wires in molecular devices are presented, which are anticipated to provide guidance for the further expansion of through-space conjugated systems.