谈“相对论”教学中遇到的几个问题的处理

根据狭义相对性原理,惯性系是完全等价的,在同一个惯性系中,存在统一的时间,称为同时性,而相对论证明,在不同的惯性系中,却没有统一的同时性,也就是两个事件(时空点)在一个惯性系内同时,在另一个惯性系内就可能不同时,这就是同时的相对性,在惯性系中,同一物理过程的时间进程是完全相同的,如果用同一物理过程来度量时间,就可在整个惯性系中得到统一的时间.非惯性系中,时空是不均匀的,也就是说,在同一非惯性系中,没有统一的时间,因此不能建立统一的同时性.由此从下面几个问题来说明,值得一起商榷. 一.对于人教版3-4课本P109图15.2-3如何解释?     

狭义相对论力的变换公式的简单推导

在一个运动参考系S ′中, 有一个装有理想气体的正方形盒子, 盒子的底面与x O y所在的面平行, 在S ′ 系观测, 盒子右、 前、 上3个面受到沿x, y, z轴方向上气体的压力相等. 在静止的S系观测, 盒子上、 下两个面沿运动 方向的边长要收缩, 在y, z轴方向上前、 上两个面要受到气体压力也要变化, 再由理想气体热力学系统的压强( p) 与惯性运动无关, 就可以得出力的变换的公式     

关于狭义相对论两种不同的长度测量方式

分析了"尺缩效应"的导出过程及其可能引起的误解,阐述了狭义相对论关于不同惯性系对同一物体长度测量的另一种观点,并对两种不同长度测量方式进行了比较.     

洛伦兹变换的一种新推导

对于洛伦兹变换中两个惯性系S和S′系的约定提出了新思路,使x轴与x′轴反向,从而使S和S′系完全对称,简化了推导过程;并根据约定,从狭义相对论的两条基本假设出发,严格地推导出了洛伦兹变换式.     

落体偏离铅垂线位移的惯性系计算

一、引言 因地球自转的影响,落体相对于地面观察者产生偏离铅垂线的位移和表现重力加速度的减小。理论力学中关于地球自转对落体的影响一般都从非惯性系角度出发进行分析,至于共惯性系计算并未提及。其实,对同一运动现象从惯性系与非惯性系两种不同的角度出发都给予分析有助于对其运动实质的了解。本文对落体偏离铅垂线位移进行了惯性系计算,并对有些力学教材中关于落体偏东位移的惯性系定性解释提出了一些看法。 二、落体偏离铅垂线位 移的惯性系计算 1.惯性系落体方程 略去地球公转影响,取如附图所示的球坐标(o’,r,4,0)为惯性参考系。设…     

普物教学中如何讲述电磁场变换

从洛伦兹力公式和运动电荷磁场出发，导出了两惯性系间电磁场的变换关系．     

探索惯性系

针对牛顿力学框架的两大疑难,结合朗格惯性系的定义,从理论上分析了星球参考系与质心参考系,并指出了在什么条件下它们可以充当惯性系.     

质心系中的基本形式的拉格朗日方程及其应用

推导了质心系中的基本形式的拉格朗日方程,并举例说明联合惯性系中的基本形式的拉格朗日方程可求解约束反力.     

相对性原理与时空线性变换

惯性系具有任何方向时空平移不变的特性,依据相对性原理和时空平移不变性证明了惯性系的时空变换必须为线性变换。相对性原理是时空线性变换的真正必要条件。除了伽利略变换具有"同时的绝对性"外,其他的惯性系时空线性变换都具有"同时的相对性"。利用相对性原理还可以证明惯性系的速度变换为单调递增函数,因而存在速度上限,惯性系除伽利略变换外的所有时空线性变换都存在有限的极限速度,进而可以推导出惯性系时空线性变换的广义洛伦兹变换公式,其中极限速度的取值可以通过实验来确定。     

双子佯谬与星际航行

计算了在两个假想的星际航行方案中,与"双子佯谬"相关的时间差别.这种差别体现了惯性与非惯性参考系经历的时间有绝对差异,而不再是"相对"效应.     

Radiation from Bodies with Extreme Acceleration II: Kinematics

When applied to a dipole source subjected to acceleration which is violent and long lasting (extreme acceleration), Maxwell's equations predict radiative power which augments Larmor's classical radiation formula by a nontrivial amount. The physical assumptions behind this result are made possible by the kinematics of a system of geometrical clocks whose tickings are controlled by cavities which are expanding inertially. For the purpose of measuring the radiation from such a source we take advantage of the physical validity of a spacetime coordinate framework (inertially expanding frame) based on such clocks. They are compatible and commensurable with the accelerated clocks of the accelerated source. By contrast, a common Lorentz frame with its mutually static clocks won't do: It lacks that commensurability. Inertially expanding clocks give a physicist a window into the frame of a source with extreme acceleration, and thus can locate that source and measure radiation from it without being subjected to such acceleration himself. The conclusion is that inertially expanding reference frames reveal qualitatively distinct aspects of nature which would not be accessible if inertial frames were the only admissible frames.     

GNSS clock corrections densification at SHAO: from 5 min to 30 s

High frequency multi-GNSS zero-difference applications like Precise Orbit Determination(POD)for Low Earth Orbiters(LEO)and high frequency kinematic positioning require corresponding high-rate GNSS clock corrections.The determination of the GNSS clocks in the orbit determination process is time consuming,especially in the combined GPS/GLONASS processing.At present,a large number of IGS Analysis Centers(AC)provide clock corrections in 5-min sampling and only a few ACs provide clocks in 30-s sampling for both GPS and GLONASS.In this paper,an efficient epoch-difference GNSS clock determination algorithm is adopted based on the algorithm used by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe(CODE).The clock determination procedure of the GNSS Analysis Center at Shanghai Astronomical Observatory(SHAO)and the algorithm is described in detail.It is shown that the approach greatly speeds up the processing,and the densified 30-s clocks have the same quality as the 5-min clocks estimated based on a zero-difference solution.Comparing the densified 30-s GNSS clocks provided by SHAO with that of IGS and its ACs,results show that our 30-s GNSS clocks are of the same quality as that of IGS.Allan deviation also gives the same conclusion.Further validation of the SHAO 30-s clock product is performed in kinematic PPP and LEO POD.Results indicate that the positions have the same accuracy when using SHAO 30-s GNSS clocks or IGS(and its AC)finals.The robustness of the algorithm and processing approach ensure its extension to provide clocks in 5-s or even higher frequencies.The implementation of the new approach is simple and it could be delivered as a black-box to the current scientific software packages.     

Is there a universal scale of time?

The assumption that the same universal scale of time applies for different physical laws depends uponthe hypothesis that there is a unique universal scale of time in the universe. Intrinsic to that hypothesis is the assumption that if extraneous factors that affect physical clocks and processes that run on different physical principles could be removed, all clocks are synchronizable with one another. The consequences of that hypothesis not being true are considered. It was found thatclock asynchrony implies that: (1) a mass variation theory is probable; (2) there is a need for multiple clocks; and (3) t in the equations of physics is referring to clocks rather than time such that the properties of time are reduced to its direction (as characterized by thermodynamics and cosmology).     

Relativity Principles in 1+1 Dimensions and Differential Aging Reversal

We study the behavior of clocks in 1+1 spacetime assuming the relativity principle, the principle of constancy of the speed of light, and the clock hypothesis. These requirements are satisfied by a class of Finslerian theories parametrized by a real coefficient β, special relativity being recovered for β = 0. The effect of differential aging is studied for the different value of β. Below the critical values |β| = 1/c the differential aging has the usual direction—after a round trip the accelerated observer returns younger than the twin at rest in the inertial frame - while above the critical value the differential aging changes sign. The non-relativistic case is treated by introducing a formal analogy with thermodynamics.     

The Inertial Transformations and the Relativity Principle

Our recently proposed inertial transformations of the space and time variables based on absolute simultaneity imply the existence of a single isotropic inertial reference system (“privileged system”). We show, however, that aresynchronization of clocks in all inertial systems is possible leading to a different, arbitrarily chosen,isotropic “privileged” system. Such a resynchronization does not modify any one of the empirical consequences of the theory,which is thus compatible with a formulation of the relativity principle weaker than adopted in Einstein’s theory of special relativity.     

The precision improvement of the scanner in optical scanning imaging system

A disadvantage of using a galvanometer as the horizontal scanner in CSOM and OCT is its nonlinear distortion caused by the rotational inertial. This is inevitable even if a closed loop is equipped. Here, a second closed loop is introduced to provide pixel clocks to reduce the pincushion distortion of the images. A subdivided step motor is employed to be the vertical scanner as the result of price consideration. Nonetheless, the conventional linearity model of the peck torque with a winding current relationship is no longer in agreement with the experiment when the winding current is low, while a parabolic model is more likely to be reasonable. Relational treatment is proposed in the paper. Both methods have proved to be good enough to meet the requirement of a super resolution scanning imaging.     

Multipartite Quantum Clock Synchronization under The Influence of Unruh Thermal Noise

A protocol for multipartite quantum clock synchronization is performed under the influence of Unruh thermal noise. The dynamics of multipartite quantum system consisting of Unruh–DeWitt detectors when one of the detectors is accelerated are obtained. To estimate the time difference between the clocks, the time probability is calculated and how the probability is influenced by the Unruh thermal noise and other factors is analyzed. It is shown that both relativistic motion and interaction between the atom and the external scalar field affect the choice of optimal number of excited atoms in the initial state, which leads to a higher clock adjustment accuracy. Time probabilities for different types of initial states approach the same value in the limit of infinite acceleration, while tend to different minimums with increasing number of atoms. In addition, the accuracy of clock synchronization using a pair of entangled clocks in two‐party system is always higher than in a multipartite system, while the optimal Z‐type multipartite initial state always performs better than the W‐type state.     

High-performance coherent population trapping clock based on laser-cooled atoms

We present a coherent population trapping clock system based on laser-cooled $^{87}$Rb atoms. The clock consists of a frequency-stabilized CPT interrogation laser and a cooling laser as well as a compact magneto-optical trap, a high-performance microwave synthesizer, and a signal detection system. The resonance signal in the continuous wave regime exhibits an absorption contrast of $\sim 50$%. In the Ramsey interrogation method, the linewidth of the central fringe is 31.25 Hz. The system achieves fractional frequency stability of ${2.4\times }{{10}}^{{-11}}/\sqrt \tau $, which goes down to ${1.8\times }{{10}}^{{-13}}$ at 20000 s. The results validate that cold atom interrogation can improve the long-term frequency stability of coherent population trapping clocks and holds the potential for developing compact/miniature cold atoms clocks.     

光晶格原子钟研究进展

钟跃迁频率在光学频段的光晶格原子钟已经实现了10-19 量级的频率稳定度和10-18 量级的频率不确定度, 在量子频标、 量子模拟和精密测量等领域有着重要的应用. 本文综述了光晶格原子钟的发展历史、 工作原理、 性能评估和应用与展望.     

Clock transport synchronization and the dragging of inertial frames for elliptical orbits

It is shown that is is possible to test for the dragging of inertial frames in Einstein's theory of general relativity by using the discrepancy between clocks synchronized by clock transport in elliptical orbits. Possible experiments are discussed.