磷脂膜的相行为对氧化石墨烯与磷脂膜相互作用的影响

通过使用不同相变温度的磷脂分子并调节二者的比例构筑了不同相态的磷脂膜, 并利用表面增强红外光谱和激光共聚焦显微镜研究了磷脂膜的相行为对氧化石墨烯和磷脂膜相互作用的影响. 结果表明, 氧化石墨烯对磷脂膜中磷脂分子的抽提作用具有显著的相态选择性, 其选择性地抽提流动相的磷脂分子; 氧化石墨烯对流动相磷脂的抽提作用受到膜中凝胶相磷脂存在比例的影响, 只有在流动相磷脂分子占磷脂膜中磷脂分子的绝大部分时才能够发生抽提作用, 且只有流动相的磷脂分子被抽提.     

两亲性共轭高分子聚(对亚苯基丁二炔)的合成与二维自组装

设计、合成了两亲性线型共轭聚合物聚(对亚苯基丁二炔)(A-PPB),研究了它在溶液中的二维自组装行为.首先合成了A-PPB的前驱体聚合物PPB,利用核磁氢谱(1H-NMR)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和拉曼光谱对聚合物的结构及分子量进行了表征.然后通过水解反应,获得了两亲性共轭聚合物A-PPB,并考察了它在水、甲醇以及甲醇/甲苯混合溶剂中的自组装行为.透射电子显微镜(TEM)的测试结果表明,A-PPB在水溶液中自组装形成了二维超分子纳米片(2D-SNS),尺寸达几微米;用原子力显微镜(AFM)测得2D-SNS的厚度为5 nm左右,由不超过3层的二维超分子聚合物层堆积而成.高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、选区电子衍射(SAED)及X-射线衍射(XRD)的测试结果表明,2D-SNS是由A-PPB分子链平行堆积而成.在甲醇溶剂中,A-PPB形成了无规聚集体,而在甲醇/甲苯混合溶剂中则自组装形成了多层堆积的二维超分子纳米片.对比研究表明,非亲水的PPB在氯仿/甲醇混合溶剂中形成的是较厚的层状聚集体.还发现聚合物的链长对于自组装形成二维超分子片层也会有影响,当用数均聚合度为8的两亲性低聚(对亚苯基丁二炔)(A-OPB)在水溶液中进行自组装时,只能形成尺寸较小的无规聚集体.由此可见,聚合物的两亲性、电荷排斥作用以及聚合物链长等因素都会对共轭聚合物的二维自组装行为产生重要影响.     

两亲性多肽自组装及其应用

两亲性多肽分子具有类似天然磷脂分子的两亲特性、丰富的分子结构、独特新颖的组装体结构以及特殊的生物学功能,是多肽自组装研究的热点领域.本文总结了近年来关于两亲性多肽自组装研究及应用的进展,介绍了几种常见的两亲性多肽,并进一步阐述其分子结构特征、组装行为和机理、组装体结构和功能以及在纳米技术和生物医学领域中的应用.     

磷脂酰胆碱相变热力学参数的同系线性规律性

两亲性磷脂是生物膜的主要成分，以双分子层结构存在干股中．当脂质双分子层中含足够比例的液晶相时，膜才有一定的流动性，细胞才能生长繁殖．因此，生物膜脂质双分子展相变特别是凝胶一液晶棺变研究历来为学界所重视．在正烷烃中，人们已观察到从。相到转子相（rotomericPhas     

甲基丙烯酸3-磺酸钾丙酯-苯乙烯共聚物与N,N,N-三甲基十六烷基溴化铵相互作用研究

两亲分子由于具有自组装性质,如表面活性剂分子自组装形成胶束,囊泡,天然的磷脂分子自组装形成脂质体,继而参于生物膜的形成,这是大家所熟悉的．高分子两亲分子尤其是两亲性两嵌段高分子具有自组装性质,并形成规整性好的聚集体［１～３］．聚电介质 表面活性剂体系...     

脂质体-纳米粒与单个巨型囊泡相互作用的理论模拟

采用自洽平均场方法模拟了脂质体-纳米粒与巨型囊泡的相互作用.在初始状态,脂质体-纳米粒与巨型囊泡之间有一定距离,随着距离的变化,脂质体-纳米粒与囊泡发生相互作用,最终脂质体小囊泡和巨型囊泡会融合并使粒子释放.随着囊泡的磷脂分子组分的变化,体系呈现出丰富的结构变化.磷脂头体积分数较大时体系形成融合通道(stalk相)或半融合隔膜(HD相)以及融合小孔;磷脂头体积分数较小时体系出现囊泡的渗漏形成亲水聚集体(棒状HII相或IMI相)和融合小孔.改变了所包裹的纳米粒半径,发现对体系的结构影响不大.我们定量的计算了各个体系的自由能,从自由能分析可知,随着距离的减小,脂质体-纳米粒与巨型囊泡相互作用的过程是一个自发过程.在相互作用过程中,新结构的形成需要克服能量壁垒,且能量壁垒随着磷脂头体积分数和纳米粒半径的增大都会有一定程度的增加.     

糖和盐类物质对生物膜超分子结构稳定性影响的研究

用原子力显微镜(AFM)和小角X射线(SAXS)技术, 研究了NaCl、KCl、胆固醇、葡萄糖和蔗糖等与膜脂的相互作用. 研究发现它们能引起脂质膜超分子体系液晶态结构的变化. 葡萄糖和蔗糖对脂双层膜结构有稳定作用. 在NaCl溶液中制成的脂质膜, 随着NaCl浓度的增加, 它们的双层膜更稳定. 在KCl溶液中结果恰好相反. AFM研究发现液晶态脂双层膜结构与双亲性分子的结构、浓度以及介质的组分和pH等因素有关. 在1,2-反十八碳-3-磷脂酰乙醇胺(DEPE)液晶态中, 钠盐诱导形成Q²²⁹(Im3m)立方相. 油酸的含量对DEPE-PVP(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮)超分子结构也有一定的影响, 当油酸含量达到某一临界值时, 则发生从Im3m(Q²²⁹)到Pn3m(Q²²⁴)的转变. 胆固醇能促使形成Pn3m(Q²²⁴)和六角相H_II共存相. 研究结果表明, 生物膜超分子聚集体的氢键、分子van der Waals力、离子的静电力等这些弱相互作用的协同性、方向性和选择性, 可能决定着生物膜的结构和功能.     

层状液晶凝胶对微泡沫的稳定作用

以非离子表面活性剂单硬脂酸甘油酯(GMS)制备出稳定的微泡沫. 采用偏光显微镜、冷冻断裂蚀刻透射电子显微镜(FF-TEM)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和流变仪对其表面活性剂溶液相态、泡沫体系的微观结构、相变行为和流变性进行研究以探索微泡沫的稳定机理. 实验结果表明, 表面活性剂分子吸附在气泡界面, 发生晶化形成有序、紧密排列的层状液晶凝胶相液膜, 该液膜具有较强的刚性, 能抵抗由Laplace附加压力驱使的气泡溶解和聚并行为. 微泡沫可稳定10个月, 无明显的相分离和气泡破裂现象. 其稳定作用机理是通过影响泡沫排液过程, 增强Gibbs-Marangoni效应, 从而提高了气泡液膜强度, 减缓了气相扩散速率.     

甲基丙烯酸3—磺酸钾丙酯—苯乙烯共聚物与N,N,N—三甲基十六烷基化铵相 …

两亲分子由于具有自组装性质,如表面活性剂分子自组装形成胶束,囊泡,天然的磷脂分子自组装形成脂质体,继而参于生物膜的形成,这是大家所熟悉的．高分子两亲分子尤其是两亲性两嵌段高分子具有自组装性质,并形成规整性好的聚集体［１～３］．聚电介质表面活性剂体系...     

二联体卟啉的光致电荷转移行为

卟啉聚集体在光合作用和生物体新陈代谢过程中发挥着极为重要的作用[1,2 ] .但是在复杂的自然界体系中 ,研究卟啉聚集体中的电子转移行为非常困难 ,所以借助于简单的二联体卟啉和多聚体卟啉作为生物体新陈代谢过程中活性位点的模型来研究其间的电荷转移行为[3] .近年来 ,人们在二联体卟啉和多聚体卟啉合成及性质表征方面做了大量的工作 ,特别是利用各种光谱来研究它们的电子和光生电子行为以及它们与具有生物活性的分子和特殊气体分子之间的电荷转移过程 [4 ,5] .本文利用表面光电压谱 (SPS)技术对二联体卟啉的光伏响应进行了研究 ,发现二…     

Lamellar-to-cubic phase change in phospholipid bilayer systems incorporated with block copolymers: DMPC and PEO-PPO-PEO (P85)

We have used small-angle X-ray scattering and calorimetric methods to investigate the temperature-dependent phase behavior of ternary systems of phospholipid (DMPC), amphiphilic PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymer (Pluronics P85), and water. It is shown that a relatively small amount of block copolymers ( approximately 3 wt %) results in a lamellar-to-cubic phase transition. Still, both the bilayer-characteristic main transition, associated with chain melting, and the pretransition, associated with in-plane modulations, are preserved for copolymer concentrations up to 50-70 wt %, indicating the preservation of a bilayer type of lipid organization also within the cubic phase. The main transition splits up into two transitions upon the addition of copolymers, one resembling the high cooperativity of the main transition and one broad transition which may reflect complex formation with the copolymers. Parallel studies incorporating poly(ethylene glycol) into the DMPC multilamellar vesicles do not give analogous structural changes. It is concluded that the major effect on the molecular scale of adding PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymers is not only due to the hydration of the membrane but also due to the incorporation of the PPO block into the bilayer structure.     

Temperature sensitivity trends and multi-stimuli sensitive behavior in amphiphilic oligomers

A series of oligomers, containing oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) moieties, with the same composition of amphiphilic functionalities has been designed, synthesized, and characterized on the basis of their temperature-sensitive behavior. The non-covalent amphiphilic aggregates, formed from these molecules, influence their temperature sensitivity. Covalent tethering of the amphiphilic units also has a significant influence on their temperature sensitivity. The lower critical solution temperatures of these oligomers show increasingly sharp transitions with increasing numbers of OEG functional groups, indicating enhanced cooperativity in dehydration of the OEG moieties when they are covalently tethered. These molecules were also engineered to be concurrently sensitive to enzymatic reaction and pH. This possibility was investigated using porcine liver esterase as the enzyme; we show that enzymatic action on the pentamer lowers its temperature sensitivity. The product moiety from the enzymatic reaction also gives the amphiphilic oligomer a pH-dependent temperature sensitivity.     

Heat-induced phase transitions from an aqueous solution to precipitates in a poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)/tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide system

For the first time, temperature-induced phase transitions upon heating and cooling an aqueous solution that contained oppositely charged polyelectrolyte and surfactant mixtures was observed. The phase transition from micelles to vesicles, then to the coexistence of vesicles and superstructures that have the morphology of melon seeds, and finally to precipitates was determined by means of turbidity measurements and transmission electron microscopy images. These phase transitions were shown to be reversible and reproducible after several heating and cooling cycles were performed on the same sample. The novel observations for the temperature-induced phase transition from primary aggregates, such as micelles, to superstructures (i.e., vesicles) should provide new understanding for surfactant sciences, and in particular for self-assembled amphiphilic systems.     

Membrane-forming properties of pseudoglyceryl backbone based gemini lipids possessing oxyethylene spacers

Five pseudoglyceryl backbone based gemini lipids possessing varying lengths of oxyethylene [(-CH2-O-CH2-)n] spacers between cationic ammonium head groups have been synthesized, where n varies from 1 to 5. The membrane-forming properties of these gemini cationic lipids have been investigated. All the gemini lipids formed stable suspensions in water. The presence of membranous aggregates in such lipid suspensions was evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. The membrane-forming characteristics of these gemini lipids were compared with those of the corresponding monomeric lipid with one head group to understand the effect of lipid dimerization. The lipid suspensions were further characterized by dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. Except for the gemini lipid with -CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2- spacer (2a), zeta potential of aggregates of all other gemini lipids were significantly greater than that of monomeric lipid suspensions. X-ray diffraction studies with lipid cast films revealed the increase in membrane bilayer width with increase in the length of the spacer (-CH2-O-CH2-)n. Clear thermotropic phase transitions typical of membranous assemblies were observed for all the lipid suspensions by high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. Aggregates of gemini lipid 2a bearing one oxyethylene [-(CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2)-] unit between headgroups manifested the highest phase transition temperature as compared to other gemini analogues as well as that of monomeric lipid 1. The phase transitions were reversible and exhibited large hysteresis, indicating that the observed phase transitions were of first order. To probe the surface hydration of these membranous aggregates, Paldan fluorescence studies were performed. These studies indicated the high polarity of the vesicular surface of gemini lipid 2a both in the gel and fluid melted phase as compared to vesicles of other gemini lipids.     

PHASE TRANSITIONS IN COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS PART I: REFRACTOMETRIC STUDY OF THE BINARY SYSTEM SDS+WATER OR PENTANOL-1+WATER AND THE TERNARY SYSTEM WATER+SDS+PENTANOL-1 AT 298.15 K.

The monophasic ranges for the binary systems water+SDS and water+pentanoM and for the ternary system water+SDS+pentanoM has been studied by means of refractametric experiments at 298 K.

The curves of refractometric index versus the composition of the system, has shown the existence of several transitions labeled successive critic micellar concentrations. These transitions are detected by a change of the variation of the refractive index.

We have evidenced the very importance of the pentanol-1 in these amphiphilic solutions, acting as a surfactant or as an oil according the concentration.

For these systems it is passible to better understand the phase inversion phenomena.

At last, we present the phase diagram indicating the concentration range of the different microstructures.     

The interaction of a peptide with a scrambled hydrophobic/hydrophilic sequence (Pro-Asp-Ala-Asp-Ala-His-Ala-His-Ala-His-Ala-Ala-Ala-His-Gly) (PADH) with DPPC model membranes: a DSC study

Depending on their hydrophobicity, peptides can interact differently with lipid membranes inducing dramatic modifications into their host systems. In the present paper, the interaction of a synthetic peptide with a scrambled hydrophobic/hydrophilic sequence (Pro-Asp-Ala-Asp-Ala-His-Ala-His-Ala-His-Ala-Ala-Ala-His-Gly) (PADH) with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) model membranes has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), adopting three different experimental approaches. In the first, the peptide is forced to be included into the hydrocarbon region of the lipid bilayer, by codissolving it with the lipid giving rise to mixed multilamellar vesicles–peptide systems; in the second, this system is passed through an extruder, thus producing large unilamellar vesicles–peptide systems; in the third, it is allowed to interact with the external surface of the membrane.

The whole of the DSC results obtained have shown that the incorporation of the peptide into the lipid bilayer by means of the first method induces a decrease in the enthalpy of the gel–liquid crystal transition of the membrane and a shift of the transition to the lower temperatures, thus resembling, in spite of its prevalently hydrophilic nature, the behavior of transbilayer hydrophobic peptides. The extrusion of these systems creates unilamellar vesicles free of peptides but of smaller size as evidenced by the decreased cooperativity of the transition. The peptide, added externally to the DPPC model membrane, has no effect on the phase behavior of the bilayer.

These findings suggest that the effect of the interaction of scrambled hydrophobic/hydrophilic peptides into lipid bilayers strongly affects the thermotropic behavior of the host membrane depending on the preparation method of the lipid/peptide systems. The whole of the results obtained in the present paper can be useful in approaching studies of bioactive peptides/lipids systems.     

Infrared spectroscopy studies of cation effects on lipopolysaccharides in aqueous solution

The conformation of amphiphilic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) influences the behavior of free and cell-bound LPS in aqueous environments, including their adhesion to surfaces. Conformational changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype 10 LPS aggregates resulting from changes in solution pH (3, 6, and 9), ionic strength [I] 1, 10, and 100 mmol L⁻¹, and electrolyte composition (NaCl and CaCl₂) were investigated via attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. ATR-FTIR data indicate that LPS forms more stable aggregates in NaCl relative to CaCl₂ solutions. Time- and cation-dependent changes in ATR-FTIR data suggest that LPS aggregates are perturbed by Ca²⁺ complexation at lipid A phosphoryl groups, which leads to reorientation of the lipid A at the surface of a ZnSe ATR internal reflection element (IRE). Polarized ATR-FTIR investigations reveal orientation of LPS dipoles approximately perpendicular to the IRE plane for both Na- and Ca-LPS. The results indicate that changes in solution chemistry strongly impact the conformation, intermolecular and interfacial behavior of LPS in aqueous systems.     

Structural properties of nonionic cyclodextrin colloids in water

The amphiphilic character in water of a novel class of chemically modified cyclodextrins has been investigated by means of small-angle X-ray scattering and light scattering. The introduction ofhydrophilic oligo(ethylene glycol) onto the secondary side of heptakis[6-alkylthio-6-deoxy-2-oligo(ethylene glycol)]-beta-cyclodextrins produces an enhanced water solubility of these molecules. Shape and dimensions of the generated micellar aggregates, analyzed in terms of a suitable core-shell model, remain stable in the wide concentration range explored. The highly associative behavior of these macromolecules is evidenced by the very low value of the critical micelle concentration (cmc), which is about 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the cmc usually obtained for traditional surfactant. Despite the complex geometry of this novel macromolecule, shape and dimensions of generated micellar aggregates can be properly described according to the thermodynamic approaches generally used for amphiphilic molecules and block copolymers. Results show how the modulation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic components sensitively influence the structural features of the generated aggregates thus offering the possibility to control molecular organization in a manner similar to that for traditional colloids. For all the classes of the investigated systems, the small micelles have been found in equilibrium with polydisperse large aggregates of entangled micelles. These novel nonionic colloidal systems combine inclusion and transport properties of host macrocycles, such as cyclodextrin, together with the increased stability of colloidal aggregates, and may be of interest for their potential application as innovative drug delivery systems.     

Unusual formation of small aggregates by mixing giant multilamellar vesicles

The phase behavior and structure of aggregates in a hydrophobic block copolymer (L121)/double-tailed surfactant (AOT)/water system have been studied by phase study, fluorescence spectrometry, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and conductivity measurements. An isotropic, one-phase region is found between two biphasic regions containing large vesicles, namely, transparent samples are formed by mixing two turbid solutions. Depending on the AOT/L121 ratio, the isotropic region can be quite stable against temperature. The phase transition between the two regions can be detected by the used techniques, and structural transitions in the aggregates are inferred. The experimental evidence indicates that mixed aggregates are formed at very low concentrations, much lower than the critical micellar concentration of AOT. These micelle-like aggregates contain a mixed hydrophobic core, are small (2-4 nm), and seem to be quasi-spherical, which is an unexpected result since the packing parameters of the single amphiphiles do not favor such small quasi-spherical shapes. This behavior might have interesting implications in the release of substances from vesicles when their structure is disrupted.     

Sharp melting transitions in DNA hybrids without aggregate dissolution: proof of neighboring-duplex cooperativity

Similar to DNA-modified gold nanoparticles, comb polymer-DNA hybrids exhibit very sharp melting transitions that can be utilized in highly selective DNA detection systems. Current theories suggest that such sharp melting results from either a phase transition caused by the macroscopic dissolution of the aggregate or neighboring-duplex interactions in the close-packed environment between adjacent DNA duplexes. To delineate the contributions of each of these effects, an aggregate system based on polymer-DNA hybrids was designed to include both polymer-linked and partially untethered duplexes. When this hybridized system was subjected to thermal analysis, both types of duplexes exhibited sharp melting transitions. The very sharp melting transition displayed by the partially untethered DNA duplexes offers proof that neighboring-duplex interactions can indeed induce cooperativity. Contributions of this neighboring-duplex effect, as well as the enhanced stabilization observed in polymer-DNA:polymer-DNA aggregates, can be quantitatively assessed using a simple thermodynamic model. While neighboring-duplex interactions alone can lead to cooperative melting, the enhanced stabilization observed in polymer-DNA aggregates is a function of both neighboring-duplex interactions and multivalent or aggregate properties.