不同燃料循环方案的可持续性与经济性分析

基于核燃料循环政策技术的成熟度,选取了一次通过循环方案(OTC)、单次复用循环方案(TTC)、快堆闭式循环方案(FRC)及混合堆闭式循环方案(HRC)四种典型的核燃料循环方案进行分析。采用平衡物质流模型对不同燃料循环方案的可持续性进行研究,基于平准化电力成本计算方法对不同方案的燃料成本和乏燃料处置成本进行分析。研究结果表明:闭式燃料循环可极大减少核废料产生; 燃料可自持的FRC方案及HRC方案可使用贫铀做燃料而不消耗天然铀; 仅考虑燃料成本和乏燃料处置成本时,HRC方案的经济性最高而TTC方案的经济性最差。     

CiADS带绕丝燃料棒束通道横流特性

CiADS次临界反应堆采用铅铋作为冷却剂,使用绕丝定位的闭式燃料组件。螺旋绕丝能够使流动工质发生横向交混,增强不同子通道间的动量交换。本工作使用ANSYS ICEM和STAR-CCM+软件划分了结构化网格和多面体网格,对CiADS燃料棒束通道横流特性进行研究,分析了结构化网格与非结构化网格对流动特性的影响。结果显示:相比于非结构化网格,结构化网格的子通道间横流量计算结果更接近LES的结果;结构化网格得到的摩擦因子系数与UCTD公式预测值最为接近,多面体网格的结果比经验公式的预测值小。同时,本研究对现有横流特性经验公式进行了改进,可更准确地预测带绕丝燃料棒束横流特性。上述研究成果提供了子通道程序优化的新思路,同时可为CiADS燃料组件热工水力设计与分析提供参考。     

基于SuperMC的随机介质程序在双重非均匀性问题中的应用北大核心CSCD

与传统的棒状燃料采用单一UO2陶瓷芯体不同,弥散型板状燃料元件是将燃料微球混合在金属基体中,燃料球与基体间微观上还存在体积的非均匀性。如果不能有效处理弥散燃料的局部空间,自屏效应将对物理特性参数计算带来一定偏差。但传统确定论程序的填卡方式忽略了弥散型燃料具有双重非均匀性的特点。针对板状弥散型燃料栅元,基于SuperMC程序编写随机介质程序,分别建立体积均匀模型和颗粒模型来验证分析弥散型燃料中由空间自屏效应引起的非均匀性。结果表明,该随机介质程序用于SuperMC中,可以解决具有双重非均匀性的弥散型燃料的粒子输运数值模拟问题,再通过建立传统RPT等效模型修正燃料和基体间非均匀性带来的计算偏差。     

不连续不可逆二维映象的动力学特性

总结两个保守映象不可逆地分段连续链接(称为类耗散系统)以及一个保守映象与一个耗散映象不可逆地分段连续链接(称为半耗散系统)情况下得到的五项共同动力学特征：不连续边界象集构成的随机网成为唯一的混沌轨道；由于某些相点具有两个逆象而导致的相空间塌缩(类耗散)；由于系统的不连续不可逆性质而出现的胖分形禁区网；在具有吸引子共存时占据不连续边界象集随机网和胖分形禁区网区域的点滴状吸引域以及由此导致的吸引子不可预言性；即使在传统强耗散存在的情况下点滴状吸引域仍由类耗散机制主宰.以一个累积-触发电路为例，说明这五项系统动 关键词： 随机网 禁区网 点滴状吸引域     

非线性动力系统分岔点邻域内随机共振的特性

研究了叉形分岔系统和FitzHugh Nagumo(FHN)细胞模型两种非线性动力系统分岔点邻域内 随机共振的特性.研究结果表明：这两种系统在分岔发生时具有由一个吸引子变为两个吸引 子或者由两个吸引子变为一个吸引子共同的分岔特性，即在分岔点的邻域内, 系统在分岔点 的两侧有分岔前吸引子和分岔后吸引子存在，在噪声的作用下，系统的运动除了像传统随机 共振的机理那样在分岔点一侧共存的吸引子之间跃迁，还在分岔点两侧三个吸引子（分岔前 一个吸引子和分岔后两个吸引子）之间跃迁，并且这种跃迁单独诱发了随机共振 ；在两种 跃迁都发生的情况下, 在其分岔点的邻域内，由第二种跃迁诱发的随机共振在引起第一种跃 迁噪声的强度很大的范围内变化仍可维持, 而第一种跃迁诱发的随机共振在引起第二种跃迁 噪声的强度很小的范围内变化即迅速消失. 关键词： 随机共振 吸引子 分岔点 跃迁     

压力管式超临界水堆堆芯核热耦合

针对压力管式超临界水堆(PT-SCWR)新型62棒设计,其功率密度与燃料温度、冷却剂密度/温度紧密耦合,利用中子物理分析程序(WIMS-AECL)和子通道分析程序(ATHAS),对该设计堆芯进行核热耦合分析,并进行优化,结果表明该耦合方法是有效的。分析结果指出新型62棒燃料组件设计包壳最高温度和冷却剂出口温度都低于设计限值,满足设计目标;并且可以通过调整内外圈燃料富集度至5.5%和4.6%、调整燃料组件内圈棒束节圆由5.30cm到5.175cm,进行优化来获取一个均匀的温度分布;通过对比不同栅距下的慢化剂温度系数和空泡系数,得到一个最佳栅距为21cm。     

混合堆共生系统核燃料循环模式情景研究

为计算混合堆在未来燃料循环过程中起到的作用,进行了混合堆共生系统物料平衡计算。根据我国核电发展现状和中长期发展规划及中长期(2030年、2050年)发展战略研究,并充分考虑了我国经济发展速度、人口数量和人均用电量,计算得到了2100年之前,我国核电机组装机容量。假定不同堆型搭配的混合堆共生系统核燃料循环的4种情景并建立对应的物料平衡模型进行计算。计算结果表明,压水堆、混合堆和快堆共生模式能最大限度的减少天然铀的需求和节约乏燃料处置费用。     

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根据聚变-裂变混合堆概念堆型的燃料区水冷设计,通过FLUENT建模和模拟计算,比较了均匀流量和按燃料单元发热量比例分配流量两种冷却剂布置方案。数值计算结果表明,这两种布置方案中燃料单元之间的导热很小,除燃料单元1中冷却管道外,其余的冷却管道带走的热量几乎等于相应燃料单元的发热量,在用系统分析程序等效建模时,不必重新确定冷却管道的热构件;对后一种布置方案燃料区的最高温度更低,温度分布更均匀,但温度展平效果并不明显。计算了堆外自然循环系统在假设的失水事故(LOCA)中的导热能力。结果表明,如果不采用自然循环系统,停堆后520s发生堆芯熔化;但是如果采用自然循环系统,停堆后1000s,燃料区的最高温度只达到584.4°C,不会发生堆芯熔化。     

高温气冷堆堆芯球床流动与温度分布均匀性研究

由于燃料球的随机分布和球床的壁面效应,球床式高温气冷堆堆芯孔隙率分布会有一定的不均匀性。深入认识壁面漏流、随机孔隙率对球床温度分布均匀性的影响对进一步提高高温气冷堆冷却剂出口温度及其安全性具有重要意义。本文采用多孔介质模型实现了对堆芯球床壁面漏流、随机孔隙率效应的数值模拟。结果表明,由于壁面漏流效应,壁面附近局部区域冷却剂最大速度会比中心高50%,对球床温度影响则不大。中心区域局部极小、极大孔隙率只对很小区域内流速和温度有影响,但温度变化幅值很小。球床中心随机孔隙率使冷却剂速度波动小于13%,对球床温度影响很小。     

Duffing-van der Pol振子随机分岔的全局分析

应用广义胞映射方法研究了参激和外激共同作用的Duffing-van der Pol振子的随机分岔.以 系统参数通过某一临界值时，如果系统的随机吸引子或随机鞍的形态发生突然变化，则认为 系统发生随机分岔为定义，分析了参激强度和外激强度的变化对于随机分岔的影响.揭示了 随机分岔的发生主要是由于系统的随机吸引子与系统的随机鞍碰撞产生的.分析表明，广义 胞映射方法是分析随机分岔的有力工具，这种全局分析方法可以清晰地给出随机分岔的发生 和发展. 关键词： 随机分岔 全局分析 广义胞映射方法 随机吸引子 随机鞍     

The Higgs boson in fractal quantum systems with active nanoelements

Stochastic deformation and stress fields within a fractal multilayer nanosystem are investigated theoretically and by numerical modeling. It is shown that the averaged displacement functions of lattice nodes are complex. Their behavior changes from regular to stochastic when the control parameters are altered. A set of ultracold ²³Na atoms in an optical trap is chosen as the active nanoelement. It is demonstrated that certain physical properties (rate and quantization of the flow; hysteresis) of elementary excitations such as a vortex–antivortex pair are associated with the influence of a superfluid Bose–Einstein condensate (where a Higgs boson is the elementary excitation).     

Graphical Models in Reconstructability Analysis and Bayesian Networks

Reconstructability Analysis (RA) and Bayesian Networks (BN) are both probabilistic graphical modeling methodologies used in machine learning and artificial intelligence. There are RA models that are statistically equivalent to BN models and there are also models unique to RA and models unique to BN. The primary goal of this paper is to unify these two methodologies via a lattice of structures that offers an expanded set of models to represent complex systems more accurately or more simply. The conceptualization of this lattice also offers a framework for additional innovations beyond what is presented here. Specifically, this paper integrates RA and BN by developing and visualizing: (1) a BN neutral system lattice of general and specific graphs, (2) a joint RA-BN neutral system lattice of general and specific graphs, (3) an augmented RA directed system lattice of prediction graphs, and (4) a BN directed system lattice of prediction graphs. Additionally, it (5) extends RA notation to encompass BN graphs and (6) offers an algorithm to search the joint RA-BN neutral system lattice to find the best representation of system structure from underlying system variables. All lattices shown in this paper are for four variables, but the theory and methodology presented in this paper are general and apply to any number of variables. These methodological innovations are contributions to machine learning and artificial intelligence and more generally to complex systems analysis. The paper also reviews some relevant prior work of others so that the innovations offered here can be understood in a self-contained way within the context of this paper.     

Asymmetric simple exclusion processes with complex lattice geometries: A review of models and phenomena

We summarize the findings of a large number of studies concerning the totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) with complex lattice geometries. The TASEP has been recognized as a paradigm in modeling and analyzing non-equilibrium traffic systems. The paper surveys both the observed physical phenomena and several popular meanfield approaches used to analyze the extended TASEP models. Several interesting physical phenomena, such as phase separation, spontaneous symmetry breaking, and the finite-size effect, have been identified and explained. The future investigations of the extended TASEP with complex lattice geometries are also introduced. This paper may help to obtain a better understanding of non-equilibrium systems.     

Random number generators for massively parallel simulations on GPU

High-performance streams of (pseudo) random numbers are crucial for the efficient implementation of countless stochastic algorithms, most importantly, Monte Carlo simulations and molecular dynamics simulations with stochastic thermostats. A number of implementations of random number generators has been discussed for GPU platforms before and some generators are even included in the CUDA supporting libraries. Nevertheless, not all of these generators are well suited for highly parallel applications where each thread requires its own generator instance. For this specific situation encountered, for instance, in simulations of lattice models, most of the high-quality generators with large states such as Mersenne twister cannot be used efficiently without substantial changes. We provide a broad review of existing CUDA variants of random-number generators and present the CUDA implementation of a new massively parallel high-quality, high-performance generator with a small memory load overhead.     

Modeling and identification on nonlinear saturable and reverse-saturable absorptions of gold nanorods using femtosecond Z-scan technique

An improved Z-scan analysis approach is proposed by establishing and solving the saturable absorption (SA) and reverse-SA (RSA) models, respectively. Near-infrared femtosecond Z-scans are carried out on the synthesized gold nanorods (NRs) possessing the average length of 46 nm using a femtosecond laser operated at the wavelength of 800 nm, which is close to the peak position of longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (SPR) (710 nm) of gold NRs. At lower input intensity of less than 400 GW/cm2 , the normalized transmission exhibits only SA phenomenon; however, when it exceeds 400 GW/cm2 , both SA and RSA are observed. By using the presented Z-scan modeling and theory, the three-photon absorption (3PA) is identified in the material, and the 3PA cross-section is determined to be 1.58×1071 cm6s2 .     

Stochastic finite difference lattice Boltzmann method for steady incompressible viscous flows

With the advent of state-of-the-art computers and their rapid availability, the time is ripe for the development of efficient uncertainty quantification (UQ) methods to reduce the complexity of numerical models used to simulate complicated systems with incomplete knowledge and data. The spectral stochastic finite element method (SSFEM) which is one of the widely used UQ methods, regards uncertainty as generating a new dimension and the solution as dependent on this dimension. A convergent expansion along the new dimension is then sought in terms of the polynomial chaos system, and the coefficients in this representation are determined through a Galerkin approach. This approach provides an accurate representation even when only a small number of terms are used in the spectral expansion; consequently, saving in computational resource can be realized compared to the Monte Carlo (MC) scheme. Recent development of a finite difference lattice Boltzmann method (FDLBM) that provides a convenient algorithm for setting the boundary condition allows the flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, with and without external body forces to be simulated with ease. Also, the inherent compressibility effect in the conventional lattice Boltzmann method, which might produce significant errors in some incompressible flow simulations, is eliminated. As such, the FDLBM together with an efficient UQ method can be used to treat incompressible flows with built in uncertainty, such as blood flow in stenosed arteries. The objective of this paper is to develop a stochastic numerical solver for steady incompressible viscous flows by combining the FDLBM with a SSFEM. Validation against MC solutions of channel/Couette, driven cavity, and sudden expansion flows are carried out.     

Stochastic processes in lattice (extended) supersymmetry

We show that ungauged N = 2 supersymetric models can be put on the (hamiltonian) lattice in such a way as to preserve a subalgebra of supersymmetry large enough to ensure the existence of the Nicolai mapping. The models can be interpreted as stochastic systems described by Langevin equations. We describe both Wilson and Susskind versions of the model.In two dimensions everything seems fine, but in 4D, one expects, on general grounds, that the continuum limit will be either trivial or non-Lorentz invariant.     

Lattice Models Solvable Through the Full Interval Method on Links

A two state model on a one dimensional lattice is considered, where the evolution of the state of each site is determined by the states of that site and its neighboring sites. Corresponding to this original lattice, a derived lattice is introduced the sites of which are the links of the original lattice. It is shown that there is only one reaction on the original lattice, which results in the derived lattice being solvable through the full interval method. And that reaction corresponds to the one dimensional stochastic non-consensus opinion model. A one dimensional non-consensus opinion model with deterministic evolution has already been introduced. Here this is extended to be a model which has a stochastic evolution. Discrete time evolution of such a model is investigated, including the two limiting cases of small probabilities for evolution (resulting to an effectively continuous-time evolution), and deterministic evolution. The formal solution to the evolution equation is obtained and the large time behavior of the system is investigated. Some special cases are studied in more detail.     

Investigation of Stability and Hydrodynamics of Different Lattice Boltzmann Models

Stability and hydrodynamic behaviors of different lattice Boltzmann models including the lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE), the differential lattice Boltzmann equation (DLBE), the interpolation-supplemented lattice Boltzmann method (ISLBM) and the Taylor series expansion- and least square-based lattice Boltzmann method (TLLBM) are studied in detail. Our work is based on the von Neumann linearized stability analysis under a uniform flow condition. The local stability and hydrodynamic (dissipation) behaviors are studied by solving the evolution operator of the linearized lattice Boltzmann equations numerically. Our investigation shows that the LBE schemes with interpolations, such as DLBE, ISLBM and TLLBM, improve the numerical stability by increasing hyper-viscosities at large wave numbers (small scales). It was found that these interpolated LBE schemes with the upwind interpolations are more stable than those with central interpolations because of much larger hyper-viscosities.