碳纳米管--一种新的巨电致变形纳米智能材料

纳米机电系统的发展要求智能材料具有大的应变和功率密度，以获得优良的能量转换能力．文章介绍了作者的最新发现：在电场的作用下，碳纳米管能产生巨大电致变形；而且与传统智能材料如铁电体等相比，其体积功率密度和质量功率密度预计可分别提高3个和4个量级，是一种极具潜力的新型智能材料．     

Design,production and testing of PMN-PT electrostrictive transducers

Lead magnesium niobate ceramics (PMN) are promising materials for application in the field of high power transducers. The advantage of PMN materials are the large strains generated under moderate electric field and the low hysteresis. The electrostrictive effect is non-linear, the corresponding physical constants depend on temperature and frequency and a DC electrical bias is required. These difficulties must be considered at the design stage. A finite element model has been developed and validated in the ATILA code for non-linear static and time-domain analyses. These numerical modelings are used to design and test two Langevin-type electrostrictive transducers. The first transducer is made of PMN-PT-La (90-10-1%) ceramics (TRS Ceramics), the second one of ESCI ceramics (Morgan Matroc). For given static mechanical prestresses, resonance frequencies and effective coupling coefficients are measured at different DC electric fields and temperatures.     

Nonlinear optics in radiatively cooled vapors

We consider the use of a radiatively cooled resonant vapor as a media for 3rd order nonlinear optics processes. The 3rd order nonlinear refractive index coefficient due to both steady state saturation of the atomic polarizability and electrostrictive induced density changes are computed for a radiatively cooled vapor with sodium as an example. For pump detuning on the order of the natural linewidth the electrostrictive and saturation induced nonlinear refractive index coefficients are comparable and several orders of magnitude greater than the highest values yet reported. At pump detunings larger than the natural linewidth the electrostrictive mechanism is shown to dominate in the steady state.     

Experimental investigation of a compact relativistic magnetron with axial TE₁₁ mode radiation

As one of the relativistic electron tubes having compact configuration and high efficient output,the relativistic magnetron with direct axial radiation is very attractive in pulsed power and high power microwave fields for industrial and military applications.In this paper,the experimental investigation of a relativistic magnetron with axial TE 11 mode radiation is reported.Under a total length of ～ 0.3 m,volume of ～ 0.014 m 3,working at an applied voltage of 508 kV and a magnetic field of ～ 0.31 T,the relativistic magnetron radiates a microwave of 540 MW with the TE 11 mode at 2.35 GHz in the axial direction.The power conversion efficiency is 15.0%.After a lot of shots,the detected amplitudes of microwaves are nearly the same.The fluctuations of wave amplitudes are less than 0.3 dB.     

Finite-element modeling of lead magnesium niobate electrostrictive materials: dynamic analysis

A finite-element model is proposed for the time-domain analysis of electrostrictive materials. Hom's material model, developed for lead magnesium niobate (PMN) ceramics, is used. It includes the quadratic dependence of strain with polarization, the saturation of polarization, assumes constant temperature, and excludes hysteresis. The theoretical formulation is justified by the principle of virtual works. The numerical model is obtained after discretization in space and time. The validation is performed by comparing numerical results with semianalytical results for an electrostrictive spherical shell subjected to a step in voltage or in charge. From these results, a method to compute the coupling coefficient of electrostrictive materials, based on Ikeda's definition, is proposed and applied to a bar with parallel electric field.     

Electrostriction at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface

We present a direct comparison between experimental data and ab initio calculations for the electrostrictive effect in the polar LaAlO(3) layer grown on SrTiO(3) substrates. From the structural data, a complete screening of the LaAlO(3) dipole field is observed for film thicknesses between 6 and 20 uc. For thinner films, an expansion of the c axis of 2% matching the theoretical predictions for an electrostrictive effect is observed experimentally.     

Measurement of the frequency response of the electrostrictive nonlinearity in optical fibers

The electrostrictive contribution to the nonlinear refractive index is investigated by use of frequency-dependent cross-phase modulation with a weak unpolarized cw probe wave and a harmonically modulated pump copropagating in optical fibers. Self-delayed homodyne detection is used to measure the amplitude of the sidebands imposed upon the probe wave as a function of pump intensity for pump modulation frequencies from 10 MHz to 1 GHz. The ratio of the electrostrictive nonlinear coefficient to the cross-phase-modulation Kerr coefficient for unpolarized light is measured to be 1.58:1 for a standard step-index single-mode fiber and 0.41:1 for dispersion-shifted fibers, indicating a larger electrostrictive response in silica fibers than previously expected.     

Molecular dynamic investigation of mechanical properties of armchair and zigzag double-walled carbon nanotubes under various loading conditions

Using molecular dynamic simulation (MDS), effects of chirality and Van der Waals interaction on Young's modulus, elastic compressive modulus, bending, tensile, and compressive stiffness, and critical axial force of double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) and its inner and outer tubes are considered. Achieving the highest safety factor, mechanical properties have been investigated under applied load on both inner and outer tubes simultaneously and on each one of them separately. Results indicate that as a compressive element, DWCNT is more beneficial than single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) since it carries two times higher compression before buckling. Except critical axial pressure and tensile stiffness, in other parameters zigzag DWCNT shows higher amounts than armchair type. Outer tube has lower strength than inner tube; therefore, most reliable design of nanostructures can be attained if the mechanical properties of outer tube taken as the properties of DWCNT.     

Experimental investigation of a compact relativistic magnetron with axial TE11 mode radiation

As one of the relativistic electron tubes having compact configuration and high efficient output, the relativistic magnetron with direct axial radiation is very attractive in pulsed power and high power microwave fields for industrial and military applications. In this paper, the experimental investigation of a relativistic magnetron with axial TE11 mode radiation is reported. Under a total length of - 0.3 m, volume of - 0.014 m3, working at an applied voltage of 508 kV and a magnetic field of - 0.31 T, the relativistic magnetron radiates a microwave of 540 MW with the TE11 mode at 2.35 GHz in the axial direction. The power conversion efficiency is 15.0%. After a lot of shots, the detected amplitudes of microwaves are nearly the same. The fluctuations of wave amplitudes are less than 0.3 dB.     

Large electrostrictive strain in lead-free Bi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Na<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>TiO<Subscript>3</Subscript>–BaTiO<Subscript>3</Subscript>–KNbO<Subscript>3</Subscript> ceramics

In the present work, (1−x)(0.935Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃–0.065BaTiO₃)–xKNbO₃ (BNT–BT–KN, BNT–BT–100xKN) ceramics with x ranging from 0 to 0.1 were prepared by the conventional ceramic fabrication process. A large electrostrictive coefficient of ∼10⁻² m⁴ C⁻² is obtained with the composition x ranging from 0.02 to 0.1, which is close to the well-known electrostrictive material Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃. Under an electric field of 4 kV/mm, the electrostrictive strain can reach as high as 0.08%. Besides, the electric field induced strain behavior indicates a temperature independent behavior within the temperature range of 20 to 150°C. The large electrostrictive strain is suggested to be ascribed to the formation of non-polar (NP) phase developed by the KNbO₃ substitution, and the high electrostrictive coefficient of BNT–BT–KN ceramics makes them great candidates to be applied in the new solid-state actuators.     

Characterization of mechanical and geometrical properties of a tube with axial and circumferential guided waves

Guided waves propagating in cylindrical tubes are frequently applied for the characterization of material or geometrical properties of tubes. In a tube, guided waves can propagate in the axial direction and called axial guided waves, or in the circumferential direction called circumferential guided waves. Dispersion spectra for the axial and circumferential guided waves share some common behaviors and however exhibit some particular behaviors of their own. This study provides an investigation with theoretical modeling, experimental measurements, and a simplex-based inversion procedure to explore the similarity and difference between the axial guided waves and circumferential guided waves, aiming at providing useful information while axial and circumferential guided waves are applied in the area of material characterization. The sensitivity to the radius curvature for the circumferential guided waves dispersion spectra is a major point that makes circumferential guided waves different from axial guided waves. For the purpose of material characterization, both axial and circumferential guided waves are able to extract an elastic moduli and wall-thickness information from the dispersion spectra, however, radius information can only be extracted from the circumferential guided waves spectra.     

Large-signal theory of gyro traveling wave tubes at cyclotronharmonics

A nonlinear theory of gyrotron traveling wave tubes (gyro-TWTs) at cyclotron harmonics has been developed taking into account the electron velocity spread and the possibility of operating with significant Doppler frequency up-shift (CARM operation). It is shown that the orbital efficiency of the relativistic gyro-TWT operating at the second cyclotron harmonic with large frequency up-conversion may exceed 60%. It is also shown that the influence of the axial inhomogeneity of the wave field on the relation between amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields of the wave causes small changes in the efficiency of gyro-TWTs. The results obtained demonstrate the sensitivity of the harmonic gyro-TWT efficiency with respect to electron velocity spread at different axial wave numbers. The expressions for the gain are derived and discussed,     

Mode-profile dependence of the electrostrictive response in fibers

The transverse optical intensity profile in fibers affects the efficiency of acoustic mode excitation by the optical field and the subsequent response of the field to the excited acoustic modes. The magnitude of the electrostrictive nonlinear coefficient for a square-top intensity profile will exceed that of a Gaussian profile by a fact of 2. For current fiber designs the range of values for n(2str) at zero frequency is expected to vary from 0.43 to 0.71x10(-16)cm(2)W(-1) based on mode profile alone. The relative contribution of electrostriction to the total nonlinear response (electrostrictive+Kerr) in fibers increases proportionately as the mode profile flattens.     

Polarization-dependent laser-induced grating measurements

The formation of electrostrictive gratings during laser-induced grating (LIG) experiments is considered in an electromagnetic rather than an electrostatic approach. A different form of the relation that was used previously for the electrostrictive pressure was achieved. The theoretical findings were experimentally verified by polarization-dependent LIG spectroscopy measurements of a mixture of nitrogen with methanol vapor at high pressure with 1064-nm radiation. Conditions for suppressing the contribution of the electrostrictive grating relative to that of the simultaneously generated thermal grating signals were found theoretically and experimentally. The technique can potentially increase detection sensitivity for population gratings in high-density gas mixtures.     

直流高压加速管轴向绝缘的优化设计

 为了降低500 mA直流高压加速管高梯度区的电位梯度，对加速管轴向绝缘结构进行优化设计。首先分析了沿面闪络的机理和该加速管轴向绝缘体结构。根据SEEA理论并通过数值模拟，发现阴极、真空和绝缘体三结合点处电场畸变是产生高场强的原因，并分别对4种绝缘体结构进行模拟分析，最终确定出比较理想的结构：绝缘体沿面与阴极电极夹角为+45°，绝缘体两端开槽并均匀嵌入金属电极环，绝缘体均匀嵌入阳极电极片内。     

Excitons and linear optical spectra of E33 and E44 in single wall carbon nanotubes under axial magnetic field

The E₃₃ and E₄₄ optical spectra of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes under axial magnetic field (B) are studied using the tight-binding model, which also takes into account the exciton effect. It is found that the E₃₃ and E₄₄ splitting, induced by the axial magnetic field, is line increased with magnetic field, which can be described by the splitting rate. Also by investigation of the dependence of splitting rate, we found that it shows a clear (2n+m) family behavior besides the diameter dependence, which can be used as a supplemental tool to identify the tubes used in the experiment, and is expected to be detected by the future experiment.     

Ionenlaser hoher Leistung

Investigations on ion lasers with large bored tubes (7 ... 15 mm I.D.) without additional axial magnetic field are performed. An axial magnetic field is shown to be not necessary to achieve high laser power. By absence of additional magnetic fields the laser construction is considerably simplified. Experimental criterions for maximum laser power are derived by means of a previously published theoretical paper. 120 W total power summed up over the 4p-4s Argon II transitions in the visible part of the spectrum, and 1.5 W ultraviolet power in Argon (3638 Å, 3511 Å) and Krypton (3507 Å) are obtained in continuous mode operation. High inversion densities of 7 · 10⁹ cm^?3 give rise to non-resonant laser oscillations. By multipass amplification the spontaneous emission is amplified up to 20 W/cm², having a beam divergence of about 10^?4 rad. All results are pointing out the influence of radiation trapping effects on the laser power to be smaller than estimated and measured by other authors using conditions deviating from our optimum conditions for maximum laser power.     

Double-walled carbon nanotube with surrounding elastic medium under axial pressure

In this paper, the buckling behavior and critical axial pressure of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) with surrounding elastic medium are investigated. A double-shell (circular cylindrical shell) model is presented and the effects of surrounding elastic medium on the outer tube and the van der Waals forces between two adjacent tubes are taken into account. The analysis and the numerical solution method are based on the classical theory of plates and shells and the Galerkin method. Equations are derived for the critical axial forces and pressures of DWCNTs; the critical axial forces and pressures are calculated for different axial half sine wavenumbers and circumferential sine wavenumbers and compared with those for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs).Results indicate that the critical axial force of a DWCNT is higher than that of an SWCNT, but the critical axial pressure of a DWCNT is lower than the critical axial pressure of a SWCNT. Although the critical axial force of a DWCNT decreases as the axial half sine wavenumbers increase, it rises as the circumferential sine wavenumbers increase.     

Electrostrictive conversion enhancement of polymer composites using a nonlinear approach

Recent trends in electromechanical conversion demonstrated the advantages of using electrostrictive polymers for actuation or energy harvesting. However, their conversion abilities are lower than usual electroactive materials, such as piezoelectrics. The purpose of this Letter is to propose a solution for artificially increasing the coupling factor of electrostrictive materials. Based on an intermittent switching on an electrical circuit that leads to a voltage increase as well as a reduced phase between voltage and velocity, it is shown that such a process allows increasing the converted energy by 1200% and a gain up to 4 in terms of transferred electrical energy.     

Electrostatic force between rings and discs of charge inside a grounded metallic pipe using the Green’s function technique

We derive analytic formulae for the electrostatic force between ring and disc charge distributions inside a grounded metallic pipe using the Green’s function technique. These distribution models are useful in the modeling of electron beams commonly employed in microwave tubes. We analyze the electric force between two discs, between two rings, and between a disc and a ring and we compare the results for the electric potential, field, and force to numerical ones obtained from a 3D electrostatic solver. Present expressions were developed to avoid an oscillatory noise when the field diverges by axial proximity between source and observer.