Al促进SO~4^2^-/M~xO~y(M=Zr, Ti, Fe)固体强酸的研究

合成与表征了三个系列的Al促进固体强酸样品,并研究了对甲苯的苯甲酰化反应性能.实验表明,SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2,SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2和SO_4~(2-)/Fe_2O_3中引入适量的Al_2O_3,有助于稳定样品表面的含硫物种,增加样品表面的有效酸位,提高样品的强酸性和对甲苯的苯甲酰化的反应活性.NH_3吸附微量热结果表明,Al促进样品的强酸性和催化活性的显著提高是由于样品表面的酸位强度分布发生了变化,有利于正丁烷异构化反应和苯甲酰化反应的中强酸位和强酸位的酸量显著增加.     

SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2型超强酸酸中心形成机理研究

本文提出了SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2型超强酸酸中心形成机理,并通过实验设计,使用DTA-TG分析、FT-IR分析、重量法测定6N HCl洗脱的SO_4~(2-)的wt％、样品及样品吸附NH_3后的TPD分析等实验,直接验证了在SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2型超强酸上SO_4~(2-)的结合形式多样性及超强酸中心是由两个或两个以上酸中心形成集团协同作用而产生的模型。     

S~2O~8^2^-处理的ZrO~2固体超强酸上的正丁烷异构化反应

首次报道了由浸渍过硫酸根的方式制备固体超强酸。讨论了焙烧温度、浸渍浓度以及ZrO~2前驱体沉淀条件对样品性质的影响,并研究了它们对正丁烷异构化反应性能。实验结果表明,600-650℃焙烧、0.25-0.50mol/LS~2O~8^2^-浸渍反加沉淀的ZrO~2具有最高超强酸性。与相同条件下制备的SO~4^2^-/ZrO~2相比,S~2O~8^2^-/ZrO~2上正丁烷250℃异构化活性是SO~4^2^-/ZrO~2的2倍,可能是由于它具有较多的中强酸位并具有与SO~4^2^-/ZrO~2不同的活性位结构。     

纳米复合固体超强酸催化α-蒎烯异构活性

用浸渍法以S_2O_8~(2-)为促进剂,制备得到尺寸为15～20nm的复合固体超强酸S_2O_8~(2-)/SnO_2-TiO_2,将其用于催化α-蒎烯异构化反应.考察了制备条件对其催化性能的影响,发现在Sn/Ti比2:1、S_2O_8~(2-)的浸渍浓度1.0mol/L和焙烧温度500℃条件下,所得纳米S_2O_8~(2-)/SnO_2-TiO_2具有最高的催化活性和选择性,α-蒎烯的转化率达98%,莰烯得率为62%.     

γ-Al_2O_3负载Cr促进SO_4~(-2)/ZrO_2固体超强酸研究

将 Cr促进的 SO2 - 4 /Zr O2 ( SZ)固体超强酸 Cr-SZ负载于 γ-Al2 O3载体上 ,制成 Cr-SZ/Al2 O3系列固体超强酸 ,利用探针反应考察了其超强酸性、中强酸性和弱酸性的变化情况 .详细研究了样品的比表面、硫含量、 Zr O2 晶化情况及正丁烷低温异构化反应活性 .结果发现 ,负载后部分 Cr-SZ的正丁烷低温异构化反应活性显著提高 .含铬样品酸强度和脱氢性能的增强对其正丁烷异构化反应活性的提高均有贡献 .样品酸性和脱氢性之间的合适匹配使 Cr-SZ/Al2 O3显示出很高的正丁烷异构化反应活性 .     

S_2O_8~(2-)/TiO_2催化合成乙酸正丁酯

通过浸渍—焙烧法制备了固体超强酸S_2O_8~(2-)/TiO_2催化剂,并以醋酸和正丁醇为原料合成了乙酸正丁酯.考察了催化剂的焙烧温度、酸/醇比、反应时间等因素对反应的影响.结果表明S_2O_8~(2-)/TiO_2的最佳制备条件为:过硫酸铵浸渍浓度0.5mol/L,焙烧温度500℃,焙烧时间3h,在最佳反应条件下,乙酸正丁酯的酯化率可达97.8%,催化剂重复使用3次后,对醋酸的转化率仍可达90.8%.     

SO_4/ZrO_2固体超强酸催化剂上的正构烷烃反应

本文考察了SO_4~(2-)ZrO_2固体超强酸催化剂上正构烷烃的反应及影响催化剂活性和选择性的各种因素.结果表明:烷烃的骨架异构化和裂解反应在催化剂上同时进行,烷烃的碳原子数增加,催化剂活性提高,裂解反应比例增加,降低反应温度有利于骨架异构化反应;同时催化剂的反应性能与含水量关系十分密切,完全脱水的催化剂活性很低,少量水的存在有利于提高催化活性,过量的水又可使催化剂失活.根据催化剂的热重分析、红外光谱和反应数据,提出低温时正戊烷反应主要在催化剂表面B酸位上进行,随着反应温度升高和烷烃碳原子数增加,催化剂表面的L酸位才显示一定的活性.     

SO_4~(2-)促进多元氧化物固体超强酸研究

制备了多种SO_4~(2-)促进的二元和三元氧化物固体超强酸,在低温下测定了它们的正丁烷异构化催化活性.发现ZrO_2中添加不同的金属组分可产生正和负两种效果.So_4~(2-)促进的Cr-Zr,Fe-Cr-Zr和Fe-V-Zr多元氧化物的超强酸性和催化活性是文献已报道的最强的SFMZ固体超强酸的2～3倍.对合成的新超强酸体系进行了较全面的表征,在此基础上讨论了添加金属组分提高酸性和催化活性的原因.     

用晶型超细粒子ZrO2制备SO4^2^—／ZrO2超强酸催化剂的研究

用超临界流体干燥法制备了超细粒子晶型ZrO_2,并用稀H_2SO_4溶液对其进行处理,制得了对甲醇转化反应具有高活性的SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2超强酸催化剂.首次发现,晶型金属氧化物ZrO_2,当它是超细粒子(粒径<0.1μm)时,同样可以用H_2SO_4溶液浸渍的方法制得SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2固体超强酸.这一事实同时还说明,超细粒子与非超细粒子不仅在某些物理性质上有较大区别,而且在化学性质上也有差别.     

新型固体酸SO_4~(2-)/B_2O_3/ZrO_2的制备及其催化酯化反应性能研究

通过加载B_2O_3改性制备了新型固体酸SO_4~(2-)/B_2O_3/ZrO_2,利用XRD、FT-IR、BET和XPS对其进行了表征,并研究了它们对丙酸酯化反应的催化性能。系统考察了反应时间,催化剂用量和甲醇-丙酸的摩尔比对催化效果的影响,并对催化剂的重复使用性进行了研究。在较佳工艺条件:甲醇/丙酸摩尔比为20∶1、催化剂与反应物的质量比为2.8wt%、反应温度60℃、反应时间4h,丙酸转化率达94.99%。通过与未改性的SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2比较,发现SO_4~(2-)/B_2O_3/ZrO_2具有比SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2更大的比表面积、孔容,更高的活性,更好的重复利用性和更高的TOF值。     

Dehydration and crystallization process in sol-gel zirconia

Sol-gel zirconia was characterized using high-resolution thermogravimetry (Hi-Res TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and compared with X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. ZrO_2-x(OH)_2x·yH₂O annealed below 400°C show typical behavior of amorphous material. As the annealing temperature is increased, the tetragonal and monoclinic phases crystallize. Typical Hi-Res TG curve shows that the samples are continuously dehydrated in a long temperature range, between room temperature and 600°C. The total mass loss relative to the initial mass is of about 29%. The DSC analysis coupled with TG and structural information, indicate that the exothermic processes about 355 and 447°C can be related to the nucleation process of the formation of tetragonal zirconia, with bulk crystallization at 447°C. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Zirconia Nanocrystallites by Cationic Surfactant and Anionic Surfactant

1 INTRODUCTION Zirconia is a kind of metallic oxide with high mel- ting point. It is highly corrosion-resistant for acid fu- sant and neutral fusant, thus it can be used as refrac- tory material, and it can also be utilized as acid acy- loxy bi-functional catalystic material owing to hav- ing both acid and alkali surface centers[1]. Moreover, zirconia has superior ion-exchange capacity as well as chemical and mechanical stability, therefore, it can also be applied as a catalyst carrier. …     

水合氧化锆的晶化方式对Pt/WO3-ZrO2异构化活性的影响

 采用不同方法制备了一系列具有一定晶相结构的水合 ZrO2, 考察了制备方法对水合 ZrO2 晶化方式及 Pt/WO3-ZrO2 催化剂催化正己烷异构化活性的影响. 采用 X射线衍射, Raman 光谱和 NH3-程序升温脱附对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 水合 ZrO2 的晶化方式与制备时氧气的存在与否有关, 也大大影响了催化剂的异构化活性. 以无氧条件下制备的水合 ZrO2 为载体时, Pt/WO3-ZrO2 催化剂具有较高的异构化活性, 而以在空气气氛中制得的水合 ZrO2 为载体时, Pt/WO3-ZrO2 几乎无异构化活性.     

Obtaining and sintering yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) powders from alkoxides

Amorphous zirconia ceramics powders containing 3 and 6 mol% yttria were prepared by controlled hydrolysis of alkoxides. Characterization of these powders was carried away by Thermal Analysis, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX). The calcination temperature was optimized for compaction at a temperature ranging from 500–800°C. 3% molar YSZ powders from alkoxide, that attained 98% of the theoretical bulk density, showed the best behaviour.     

纯四方相硫化氧化锆催化剂的制备及其生物柴油合成应用研究

将过硫酸铵浸渍于直接合成的纳米氧化锆晶体表面,经300-500℃高温焙烧处理获得硫化氧化锆催化剂。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、氮气吸附-脱附、氨气程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电镜（SEM）和能谱仪（EDS）等分析手段对催化剂的结构性能进行了表征。结果表明,所有的催化剂均展现出纯四方相结构和高的结晶度。其中,经500℃热处理获得的催化剂拥有最高的硫含量和酸性位,将其应用于大豆油与甲醇酯交换反应合成生物柴油,获得了脂肪酸甲酯收率高达84.6%的催化效果,进一步表明该催化剂表面存在优越的超强酸位。     

Preparation of high surface area ZrO2 and ZrO2-Y2O3 from the alkoxide

In order to obtain a catalyst support with a high surface area, ZrO₂ and ZrO₂-Y₂O₃ were prepared by the hydrolytic decomposition of the corresponding isopropoxide dissolved in benzene. The hydrolysis was carried out at 80°C using an excess amount of distilled water in flowing dry nitrogen. The precipitates thus obtained were dried at 100°C followed by calcination at 500°C in air or nitrogen for 1 h. The specific surface areas for both of the ZrO₂ and ZrO₂-Y₂O₃ increased with increasing amount of water added for hydrolysis, and the surface areas for ZrO₂-Y₂O₃ increased with increasing yttrium content. A ZrO₂ having a surface area of 130 m²/g was produced, and a stabilized tetragonal ZrO₂ with 15 mol% Y³⁺ having a surface area of 200 m²/g was produced. Furthermore, despite the difference in the ZrO₂ and ZrO₂-Y₂O₃ crystal structures, the lattice-strain of ZrO₂ has been unequivocally related to the surface area.     

Analysis of silica fume produced by zircon desilication

Novel chemical methods have been developed to allow for the determination of the components of silica fume produced by zircon desilication. Hitherto, no methods have been described for the analysis of this material. The amorphous silica is first removed by treatment with sodium hydroxide. The residue from the hydroxide treatment may then be subjected to a suite of reagents to determine the zircon, the total zirconia, the monoclinic zirconia and the tetragonal zirconia content of the fume. The zircon content of the fume is determined by treatment of the hydroxide residue with concentrated hydrofluoric acid (HF). The total zirconia content of the fume is determined by digestion of the hydroxide residue with fuming sulphuric acid (oleum), while the relative amounts of monoclinic and tetragonal zirconia may be found by treatment of the hydroxide residue with 10%w/v HF, which attacks the less stable tetragonal phase. Both X-ray diffraction and particle size analysis were used to validate the steps in the analytical procedure. An explanation of the presence of tetragonal zirconia in the fume is proposed. A greater understanding of the composition of the fume led to the installation of a separator in the company's production line to remove the zircon. Australian Fused Materials (AFM) now produces a vastly superior grade of fume marketed under the code SF-98.     

C掺杂ZrO_2四方纯相粉体的甲醇溶剂热制备及热稳定性研究

在ZrO(NO_3)_2·2H_2O-CO(NH_2)_2-CH_3OH溶剂热过程中,水的缺乏使得甲醇通过其甲氧基与Zr~(4+)发生亲核取代或以分子配位,直接参与锆盐的水解-缩聚反应,形成具有[ZrO_z(OH)_p(OCH_3)_q·rCH_3OH]_n结构的无机聚合物;同时,甲醇对聚合物低的溶解能力强烈抑制了Ostwald熟化过程,阻碍了溶剂热产物的晶化与热力学支持的结构重排。尿素通过其水解作用与锆盐竞争体系中的水及锆物种骨架上的羟基,这不仅导致无机聚合物中Zr-O-Zr键合相对Zr-OH键合的比例增加,使得溶剂热产物发生结构重排的几率进一步下降;而且也一定程度上增加了溶剂热产物中甲氧基的含量。含有大量甲氧基团的溶剂热产物经400℃焙烧后,形成C掺杂ZrO_2。C掺杂与溶剂效应共同稳定了ZrO_2的四方相。在500-600℃中等温度、空气气氛焙烧过程中,C掺杂ZrO_2四方相结构显示了良好的热稳定性;提高焙烧温度至700℃,游离于颗粒表面的C被完全氧化去除,固溶于晶格中的C也部分脱溶,导致了部分四方相失稳转变成单斜相。     

均匀球形锆基色谱柱填料的制备方法研究

利用油乳液法（Oil Emulsion Method，OEM）、改进油乳液法（Modified oil emulsion methods，MOEM）和层层纳米自组装方法（layer-by-layer self-assembly，LbLSA）制备锫基HPLC填料。比较了3种制备方法对填料颗粒分布的影响：OEM法和MOEM法制备的ZrO2微米球粒径分别为2—30μm和6-15μm,粒径均匀性取决于搅拌速度和液珠的液膜强度；用LbLSA方法制备的核-壳形复合物ZrO2／SiO2粒径为3—5μm，颗粒的粒径分布取决于作为内核的SiO2微球的均匀性。实验结果表明：LbL SA方法制备的填料比用OEM法和MOEM法制备的氧化锫填料的粒径分布更均匀。     

Segregation in zirconia: equilibrium versus non‐equilibrium segregation

The present work considers the differences between the following two phenomena: equilibrium segregation, which is a thermodynamic phenomenon where the driving force is excess interfacial energy; and non‐equilibrium segregation, which can be produced by phenomenological shocks applied to the solid surface. Fully stabilized cubic yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is used as the exemplar for these considerations. Equilibrium segregation in YSZ results in enrichment of the surface and near‐surface layers in constituent elements, typically yttria and impurities. This segregation is an intrinsic material property and has an impact on the performance of zirconia at elevated temperatures. On the other hand, non‐equilibrium segregation leads to a complex distribution of properties (structure and concentration gradients) that are determined by the experimental procedures used rather than being a material property. However, such non‐equilibrium segregation can result in localized structural changes. The present paper also considers the effect of the gas phase on surface properties of metal oxides, including YSZ, and the surface dynamics of YSZ at temperatures below that required to reach equilibrium. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.