基于自适应UKF算法的MEMS陀螺空中在线标定技术

为保证微型卫星定位应用中系统精度与稳定性,需要对姿态传感器进行实时在线标定.在无外界姿态参考时,提出一种用三轴磁强计测量值来实时估计MEMs陀螺的零漂误差的方法,采用UKF滤波算法,将陀螺漂移作为滤波状态向量,通过建立三轴磁强计测量微分方程,作为系统量测方程实现陀螺漂移的最优估计.针对磁强计测量信息易受干扰导致滤波量测模型不准确的问题,将自适应因子引入到UKF中,通过在线监控和调整测量误差,减少陀螺标定的估计误差,增强系统性能.实验结果表明,经过标定,MEMS陀螺精度提高约30%,并且在磁强计有外界干扰时,陀螺的标定结果收敛.将标定后的MEMS陀螺进行姿态解算,其动态误差小于2°.     

激光陀螺捷联惯导系统参数稳定性与外场自标定

惯导系统参数稳定性是决定系统精度的重要因素。基于激光陀螺捷联惯导系统参数稳定性统计分析,建立了适合激光陀螺捷联惯导系统外场自标定的加速度计组件误差参数模型。以惯性组合转动后重新调平的水平姿态修正量以及静态下重力测量误差为观测量,不依赖外界方向姿态转角等基准信息,实现了加速度计组件主要误差参数在外场条件下的自标定,并给出了标定参数的修正方法。实验表明,常温下加速度计组件的标定参数发生明显变化,采用外场标定方法可对其进行修正,相应的水平姿态最大误差由65″减小到10″。该方法标定精度好,标定时间短,操作简便,且对基座不稳造成的瞬时姿态小扰动影响有抑制能力。     

基于转台误差分析的高精度惯测组合标定编排改进

转台误差影响高精度惯测组合标定精度。利用姿态转换四元数建立了转台误差模型,分析了转台误差对一种典型惯测组合标定编排方案的影响。在分析转台误差影响规律的基础上,提出了一种标定编排改进方案,可以有效抑制转台误差,提高标定精度。仿真和试验对标定编排改进前后的标定精度和导航性能进行了对比,表明改进编排方案可以提高陀螺和加速度计安装误差角标定精度,改善系统导航性能。     

平台陀螺漂移误差测试与模型辨识

本文提出了一种新的平台陀螺漂移误差测试方案,并采用组合时序模型辨识的方法对测漂数据进行处理,以提高漂移误差系数的估计精度。该方案与通常的多位置试验法相比,能够大大缩短平台测漂时间,简化测试操作,有利于测试的自动化。     

基于导航误差的系统级标定方法中时间参数选取原则分析

介绍了捷联惯导系统基于导航参数的标定方法,给出了惯导系统绕三个轴翻滚过程中等效加速度计误差和等效陀螺误差与惯导系统速度误差变化率之间的关系,分析表明,只要精心设计转动顺序,通过观测不同位置、姿态下惯导系统的速度误差变化率,就可以分离出惯性器件各项误差。从实际工程应用出发,分析了标定过程中各位置之间的旋转时间、每个位置上的停止时间对速度误差变化率观测值的影响,在实际应用中,必须将这种不利于惯性器件误差参数估计的影响控制到最小。最后结合实际惯导系统的器件水平,给出了实际标定过程中相邻两位置间的旋转时间的选择范围,以及每个位置上停止时间的一种最优设计方法。     

光纤陀螺标度因数分段标定的工程实现

基于光纤陀螺标度因数存在非线性和不对称性,从工程实用角度出发,介绍了光纤陀螺速率标定方法,给出了光纤陀螺标度因数分段标定的工程实现方案,阐述了速率标定测试数据最优分段原则,找出了使分段标定后不连续光纤陀螺模型变成连续模型的解决措施.多个光纤陀螺速率标定的研究结果显示:分段标定能较大程度上减小光纤陀螺标度因数非线性度;利用实测数据进行离线导航计算的结果表明:对光纤陀螺标度因数分段标定能减小标度因数误差对导航精度的影响,文中分段标定方法切实可行.     

光电积分式陀螺经纬仪用于发射阵地定向误差分析

为实现导弹快速精确的发射,必须准确标定导弹发射阵地基准射向。陀螺经纬仪的使用可有效标定阵地射向,同时陀螺经纬仪系统误差又使阵地基准方向产生偏差。在确定各种系统误差的基础上,对陀螺经纬仪系统误差中的第一项进行了分析,推导出其后三项引起导弹发射阵地定向的方位误差模型,定量分析了其对导弹落点横向偏差的影响,并进行了仿真。仿真数据为不同射程导弹对系统误差的具体指标要求提供了依据,为下一步研究光电积分式陀螺经纬仪在导弹发射阵地快速、精确定向奠定一定的基础。     

基于ASYM的激光陀螺捷联惯性系统温度误差模型辨识

为减小温度对导航精度的影响,实现系统级的温度补偿,在实验中采用静态条件下的标定方法;基于激光陀螺捷联惯性系统的误差模型方程,用广义逆算法顺利分离求得陀螺各零偏及标度因数值;根据以往温度误差模型的结构特点,运用渐近辨识方法(ASYM)中的最终输出误差准则(FOE)对温度误差模型中非线性部分的阶次进行准确的计算,确定了合理的温度误差模型结构。为了解决用最小二乘法辨识模型结构的系数时,信息矩阵求逆容易溢出的问题,采用了自适应的岭估计算法确定陀螺零偏温度误差模型的系数,实现了系统级的温度误差建模。所得到的温度误差模型补偿效果比定阶前明显提高。     

一种提升三浮陀螺标定快速性的磁悬浮结构优化设计

针对三浮陀螺在单表测试和惯性平台标定过程中陀螺姿态变化时浮子跑动距离远、等待恢复时间长而影响平台标定快速性的问题,提出了一种提升三浮陀螺标定快速性的磁悬浮结构优化设计。在分析浮子的运动规律的基础上建立了浮子动力学模型和径向磁悬浮最小电磁力设计模型,并在现有约束条件下对径向磁悬浮进行电磁结构优化,提升其力能特性。实验结果表明,优化后浮子跑动距离由5μm减小到0.2μm以内,浮子回中等待时间由60 s缩短至10 s以内。在相同的标定环境下,陀螺姿态变换到位置后120 s开始采数,标定精度同比提高了约1个数量级,预计可以节约平台标定等待时间6～8 min,有效提高了三浮陀螺仪的标定快速性。     

捷联陀螺角加速度误差系数在三轴转台上的实验标定

本文提出了在三轴转台上用双轴和三轴速率输入法来标定捷联陀螺的角加速度误差系数。该方法充分利用了三轴转台的速率功能来激励陀螺的角加速度误差项，从而标定出相应的角加速度误差系数，为解决在缺乏角振动台的实验条件下陀螺的动态误差模型标定问题提供了一条有效途径。     

安装误差角引起的加速度计旋转误差建模

在导航过程中惯性平台绕方位轴旋转能够有效地调制陀螺的常值漂移,但加速度计安装坐标系和陀螺安装坐标系的不重合会导致加速度计零偏也被调制为一个变化量,因此需要建立其旋转误差模型进行补偿。针对平台惯导台体绕方位轴旋转时加速度计误差补偿的实际需要,建立加速度计由初始安装误差角引起的旋转误差模型。模型主要针对旋转过程中由初始安装误差角导致的加速度计和水平面之间的不重合度,模型包括角度叠加模型和单位矢量旋转模型。通过对两种模型仿真分析,表明角度叠加模型计算量小,并且能够满足实际误差补偿需要。     

单轴旋转惯导系统旋转性误差分析及补偿

对单轴旋转惯导系统因旋转而引入的各项误差进行分析,研究其误差特性及补偿方法。针对单轴正反连续旋转方案,在假定惯性测试组件的器件误差和其他非旋转性的误差在精确标定的情况下,推导了因旋转轴安装不正交引起的涡动、轴系间隙引起的晃动、测角器件误差、旋转控制引起的换向超调误差、角位置、角速度不准确等因素而引起的误差的表现形式,定性和定量地分析了各误差对于系统精度的影响。针对对系统影响显著的旋转轴不正交误差,提出了一种基于系统自身旋转轴正反旋转的误差标定及补偿方法并进行了仿真实验。在给定条件下的仿真结果表明,该方法能够准确标定出旋转轴的不正交误差,标定精度达到角秒级。     

双轴旋转式SINS自主标定技术

在双轴旋转式SINS中,惯性元件常值漂移误差对系统的影响可以得到调制,但安装误差和标度因数误差对系统的影响无法得到调制,同时这些误差会与旋转角速率耦合,引起速度锯齿波等误差从而降低了系统的各项性能指标。为了减少这种影响,分析了光学陀螺双轴旋转式SINS误差传播特性,利用奇异值分解法对系统的可观测程度进行了分析,经分析,与转动轴相关的安装误差和标度因数误差的可观测度较好,据此设计了系统的自主标定方案及滤波算法,进行了数字仿真和半实物仿真验证试验。试验结果表明,利用设计的自主标定方案,在1 h内能估计出转轴上两个陀螺的标度因数误差及与转轴相关的四个安装误差,估计精度能达到95%以上。导航试验验证表明,利用自主标定的参数,相对于传统标定方法,使系统定位精度提高了20%。     

陀螺仪漂移测试小角度伺服法实验方案的改进

为了提高陀螺仪的使用精度,研究了陀螺仪漂移测试的伺服法实验技术.依托973项目,在国内首次完成了高精度单自由度静压液浮陀螺仪的伺服法实验.找到了影响小角度伺服法实验测试精度的主要误差源,即小角度伺服法实验的方法误差,通过对该误差的分析,提出了改进的小角度伺服实验方案.建立了小角度伺服法实验方法误差的仿真模型,用改进方案和原始方案分别进行了仿真和实验,结果表明改进方案同原始方案相比,陀螺仪漂移误差模型中的三项系数辨识精度均有提高.     

两级解耦卡尔曼滤波在平台惯导系统自主标定和对准中的应用

本文结合实际工程背景，采用两级卡尔曼滤波方法对平台惯导系统进行对准和标定，分别构造陀螺滤波器和加速度计滤波器，前者用于估计平台失调角和陀螺误差系数，后者用于估计加速度计误差系数，然后利用分离偏差滤波理论，将陀螺滤波器分解成状态滤波器和偏差滤波器，使滤波计算进一步得到简化。与一般卡尔曼滤波器相比，此滤波器的计算量以及计算机内存占用量都大为减小，而且估计精度很高     

MEMS-IMU构型设计及惯性器件安装误差标定方法

提出一种由三只单轴MEMS陀螺仪和三只单芯片双轴6个加速度计构成的MEMS-IMU配置方案。针对该方案的特点,研究了基于重力参考矢量对MEMS惯性器件安装误差的标定方法。该方法的关键是利用同一安装平面内的两个加速度计测量矢量的叉乘矢量的方向代替MEMS陀螺敏感轴方向,利用两轴或三轴角位置转台标定MEMS-IMU中惯性器件的安装误差。分析了标定矩阵的求逆条件数,提出了3位置和6位置的标定,指出了多位置标定中转台姿态角度的选择范围。新型MEMS-IMU配置方案及安装误差标定方法可有效解决MEMS-IMU惯性器件安装误差的标定与补偿问题。     

Sensitivity of in-Plane Strain Measurement to Calibration Parameter for out-of-Plane Specimen Rotations

In practice, out-of-plane motions usually are not avoidable during experiments. Since 2D–DIC measurements are vulnerable to parasitic deformations due to out-of-plane specimen motions, three-dimensional digital image correlation (StereoDIC or 3D–DIC) oftentimes is employed. The StereoDIC method is known to be capable of accurate deformation measurements for specimens subjected to general three-dimensional motions, including out-of-plane rotations and displacements. As a result, there has been limited study of the deformation measurements obtained when using StereoDIC to measure the displacement and strain fields for a specimen subjected only to out-of-plane rotation. To assess the accuracy of strain measurements obtained using stereovision systems and StereoDIC when a specimen undergoes appreciable out of plane rotation, rigid body out-of-plane rotation experiments are performed in the range ?40⁰?≤?θ?≤?40⁰ using a two-camera stereovision system. Results indicate that (a) for what would normally be considered “small angle” calibration processes, the measured normal strain in the foreshortened specimen direction due to specimen rotation increases in a non-linear manner with rotation angle, with measurement errors exceeding ±1400με and (b) for what would normally be considered “large angle” calibration processes, the magnitude of the errors in the strain are reduced to ±300με. To theoretically assess the effect of calibration parameters on the measurements, two separate analyses are performed. First, theoretical strains due to out-of-plane rigid body rotation are determined using a pinhole camera model to project a series of three-dimensional object points into the image plane using large angle calibration parameters and then re-project the corresponding sensor plane coordinates back into the plane using small angle calibration parameters. Secondly, the entire imaging process is also simulated in order to remove experimental error sources and to further validate the theory. Results from both approaches confirmed the same strain error trends as the experimental strain measurements, providing confidence that the source of the errors is the calibration process. Finally, variance based sensitivity analyses show that inaccuracy in the calibrated stereo angle parameter is the most significant factor affecting the accuracy of the measured strain.     

Finite Element Model Calibration for Ares I-X Flight Vehicle

Ares I-X is a flight test vehicle developed by NASA to demonstrate a new class of crew launch vehicle. For this first flight test, the first stage was a four segment solid rocket booster with mass simulators used to represent the other sections of the Ares I vehicle. Although this vehicle is significantly simpler than the Ares I, model calibration was required for the finite element model used in loads analysis and flight control evaluations before its maiden flight. The process of calibrating models involves updating parameters and reconciling predictions with test data. This work presents a probabilistic approach to the calibration process. The approach uses Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for parameter sensitivity, nonlinear optimization to minimize the error between test and analysis, and multiple FEM models to bound the system response and to assess the probability of finding a reconciling solution. To reduce the computational burden associated with ANOVA, response surface models are used in lieu of computationally intensive finite element solutions. Uncertainty in the parameters and their effect on the frequency response function is studied in terms of Principal Values of the frequency response functions. Uncertainty bounds of the principal values are established across multiple models to allow one to determine the probability of finding a solution that reconciles analysis with test results. Results from applying this model calibration process to the Ares I-X project are described. Findings presented in the paper confirmed that the baseline model used for pre-flight assessments was within the acceptable range established for guidance and control.     

Kinematic design of 3-URU pure rotational parallel mechanism to perform precise motion within a large workspace

We present an optimum design of lower-dof parallel mechanism, a 3-URU pure rotational parallel mechanism that reflects issues of workspace and the position error of the center of rotation of the platform. The uncompensatable error determined by position error of center of rotation was used as an evaluation index for the design. The uncompensatable error index, an index used in the optimum design, was proposed taking into account four sources of errors, representing errors between adjacent joints. Based on the application of the mechanism and the error index, the effect of the redundant platform orientation parameter was numerically investigated and the design flow of the mechanism was proposed. We made a kinematic design of a mechanism with a large workspace subject to minimization of platform’s position error of the center of rotation. A prototype of mechanism with a large inclination angle of the platform up to 1.3 rad was shown, and its characteristics are also discussed.