Core structure of glycyrrhizan GA, the main polysaccharide from the stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera; anti-complementary and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities of the polysaccharide and its degradation products.

The controlled Smith degradation and limited hydrolysis of glycyrrhizan GA, a representative polysaccharide with remarkable phagocytosis-enhancing activity isolated from the stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. var. glandulifera Reg. et Herd. were carried out. Methylation analyses of the primary and the secondary Smith degradation products and of the limited hydrolysis product indicated that the core structural features of glycyrrhizan GA include a backbone chain composed of beta-1,3-linked D-galactose residues. Three-fifths of the galactose units in the backbone carry side chains composed of beta-1,3- and beta-1,6-linked D-galactosyl residues at position 6. Anti-complementary and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities of the polysaccharide, periodate oxidation-reduction and the controlled Smith degradation products were investigated, and the controlled Smith degradation product showed significant activity.     

Constituents of the seed of Malva verticillata. VIII. Smith degradation of MVS-VI, the major acidic polysaccharide, and anti-complementary activity of products.

The controlled Smith degradation of MVS-VI, the major acidic polysaccharide having remarkable anti-complementary activity isolated from the seeds of Malva verticillata L., was performed. Methylation analysis of both the primary and the secondary Smith degradation products indicated that the core structural features of MVS-VI include a backbone chain composed of beta-1,3-linked D-galactose residues. The majority of galactose units in the backbone carry side chains composed of beta-1,3- and beta-1,6-linked D-galactosyl residues at position 6. The controlled Smith degradation products showed considerable anti-complementary activity.     

The core structure and immunological activities of glycyrrhizan UA, the main polysaccharide from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis.

The controlled Smith degradation and limited hydrolysis of glycyrrhizan UA, the main phagocytosis-activating polysaccharide isolated from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis FISCHER, was performed. The reticuloendothelial system-potentiating, anti-complementary and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities of glycyrrhizan UA and its degradation products were investigated. Methylation analyses of primary, secondary and tertiary Smith degradation products and of the limited hydrolysis product indicated that the core structural features of glycyrrhizan UA include a backbone chain composed of beta-1,3-linked D-galactose. All of the galactose units in the backbone carry side chains composed of mainly alpha-1,5-linked L-arabino-beta-1,6- or 1,3-linked D-galactose residues at position 6. Removal of the arabinosyl side chains caused a pronounced decrease in immunological activity.     

Constituents of seed of Malva verticillata. VII. Structural features and reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity of MVS-I, the major neutral polysaccharide.

The structural features of MVS-I, the major neutral polysaccharide isolated from the seeds of Malva verticillata L., were elucidated by controlled Smith degradation, methylation analysis, partial acid hydrolysis and enzymic degradation studies. It has a backbone chain composed of beta-1,3-linked D-glucose and D-galactose residues having branches composed of alpha-1,5-linked L-arabinosyl beta-1,4-linked D-galactose and of beta-1,4-linked D-galactosyl beta-1,3-linked D-glucose residues at position 6 of a part of D-galactose units as side chains. MVS-I showed remarkable reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity in a carbon clearance test.     

An acidic polysaccharide having immunological activities from the rhizome of Cnidium officinale.

An acidic polysaccharide, designated as cnidirhan AG, was isolated from the rhizomes of Cnidium officinale Makino. It was homogeneous on electrophoresis and gel chromatography, and its molecular mass was estimated to be 5.1 x 10(4). It showed pronounced reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity in a carbon clearance test, and had a remarkable effect on both anti-complementary and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities. It is composed of L-arabinose: D-galactose: D-glucuronic acid in the molar ratio of 2:6:1, in addition to small amounts of O-acetyl groups. Methylation analysis, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, controlled Smith degradation and limited acid hydrolysis indicated that the core structural features of cnidirhan AG include a backbone chain composed of beta-1,3-linked D-galactose residues. Some of the galactose units in the backbone carry beta-D-galactosyl side chains at position 6. Both alpha-L-arabinosyl arabinose side chains and terminal beta-D-glucuronic acid residues are linked to the core galactan units.     

The major pectic arabinogalactan having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the roots and rhizomes of Saposhnikovia divaricata

The major acidic polysaccharide, named saposhnikovan A, was isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Saposhnikovia divaricata. It showed remarkable reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity in a carbon clearance test. It is composed of L-arabinose: D-galactose: D-galacturonic acid in the molar ratio of 6:15:10, and its molecular weight was estimated to be 54000. About 35% of the D-galacturonic acid residues exist as the methyl esters. Methylation analysis, 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance, and controlled Smith degradation studies indicated that the polysaccharide has the alpha-1----4-linked D-galacturonan backbone bearing alpha-1----5-linked L-arabino-beta-3,6-branched D-galactan side chains.     

Structural features of an anti-diabetic polysaccharide (TAP) from Tremella aurantia

The structure of an anti-diabetic polysaccharide (TAP) obtained from the fruiting bodies of Tremella aurantia was investigated by methylation analysis, Smith degradation, partial acid hydrolysis, 13C-NMR spectrometry, and enzymatic digestion. The results suggested that TAP was composed of (1-->3)-linked alpha-D-mannopyranosyl residues as a backbone, some of which were substituted at position 2 with (1-->3)-linked beta-D-xylopyranose side chains and with beta-D-glucopyransyluronic acid at position 4 linked to terminal alpha-D-mannopyranose.     

Polysaccharides in fungi. XXIX. Structural features of two antitumor polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of Armillariella tabescens.

An antitumor polysaccharide containing peptide moieties AT-HW ([alpha]D + 31 degrees in water) and an antitumor polysaccharide AT-AL ([alpha]D + 209 degrees in 1 M sodium hydroxide) were isolated from hot-water extract and the alkaline extract of the fruiting bodies of Armillariella tabescens, respectively. Chemical structures of AT-HW and AT-AL were investigated by a combination of chemical and spectroscopic methods. The results indicate that the major constituent of AT-HW (molecular weight, 105000), a heteroglycan, is composed primarily of beta-(1----6)-linked D-glucopyranosyl and D-galactopyranosyl residues, and contains their branched residues and terminal sugar (gluco-, manno-, and fucopyranose) residues, in addition to beta-(1----3)-linked D-glucopyranosyl residues, while AT-AL (molecular weight, 93000) is chiefly composed of alpha-(1----3)-linked D-glucopyranosyl residues.     

Characterization of a neutral polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the rhizome of Curcuma longa.

A neutral polysaccharide, named ukonan D, was isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma longa L. It produced a single band on electrophoresis and a single peak on gel chromatography, and its molecular mass was estimated to be 28,000. It showed remarkable reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity in a carbon clearance test. Ukonan D is composed of L-arabinose: D-galactose: D-glucose: D-mannose in the molar ratio of 1:1:12:0.2, in addition to small amounts of peptide moiety. Methylation analysis, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and enzymic degradation studies indicated that its structural features include mainly both alpha-1,5-linked L-arabino-beta-3,6-branched D-galactan type and alpha-4,6-branched D-glucan type structural units. The influence of degradation with alpha-amylase followed by the elimination of glucan side chains on its immunological activity was discussed.     

Reticuloendothelial system-potentiating and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities of Plantago-mucilage A, the main mucilage from the seed of Plantago asiatica, and its five modification products.

Five kinds of chemically modified products were prepared from Plantago-mucilage A, the representative mucous polysaccharide isolated from the seed of Plantago asiatica L., and their reticuloendothelial system-potentiating and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities have been investigated. Both activities were markedly enhanced when the mucilage was de-O-acetylated. The products obtained by periodate oxidation, controlled Smith degradation, and partial acid hydrolysis under the two conditions were not effective. Structural features of the partial hydrolyzates were elucidated, and it was shown that these products lost all O-acetyl groups, all xylose branches and many hexuronosyl arabinose side chains.     

An acidic polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the roots and rhizomes of Saposhnikovia divaricata

An acidic polysaccharide, named saposhnikovan C, was isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Saposhnikovia divaricata Schischk. It was homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis and gel chromatography, and showed remarkable reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity in a carbon clearance test. It is composed of D-galacturonic acid:L-rhamnose:L-arabinose:D-galactose in a molar ratio of 27:7:8:8, and its molecular mass was estimated to be 132000. About 30% of the D-galacturonic acid residues exist as the methyl esters. O-Acetyl groups were identified, and the content amounted to 3.3%. Methylation analysis, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, and controlled Smith degradation studies indicated the structural features. It has a pectin-like rhamnogalacturonan backbone with branched arabinan and galactan side chains.     

Structural Features of a Polysaccharide from Centella asiatica

Centella asiatica has been used as remedy for sodation, stabilization and against lepra, anabrosis1 in the oriental countries. The low-molecular-weight constituents in Centella asiatica have been investigated1. However, no polysaccharides have been reported. 1BI was the first polysaccharide isolated from C. asiatica, which had immunostimulating activity in vitro. In present study, we report the structural features of 1BI. Experimental Extraction, isolation and purification Dried C.…     

山茱萸酸性多糖FCP5-A的分离纯化与结构表征

从山茱萸中提取出水溶性粗多糖, 经柱色谱分离纯化得到一种酸性多糖组分FCP5-A. 采用高效凝胶渗透色谱法(HPGPC)测定其为均一性多糖, 平均分子量为8.7×104. 经IR、GC、部分酸水解、13C NMR及甲基化分析等方法对该多糖的化学结构进行了表征. 结果表明, 该多糖由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖及半乳糖醛酸组成, 其摩尔比为1∶5.7∶0.6∶1.2. FCP5-A为多分支结构, 由-2)Rha(1-及-4)GalA(1-构成主链, 在鼠李糖的4位存在分支; 支链主要由高度分支的阿拉伯糖构成, 此外还存在-3)Gal(1-; 末端残基为Ara(1-及Gal(1-. 结果提示, FCP5-A为一种新的山茱萸酸性分支多糖.     

Purification,characterization, and modification of T lymphocyte-stimulating polysaccharide from spores of Ganoderma lucidum

The hot-water extract of the spores of Ganoderma lucidum was shown to have a stimulating effect on concanavalin A-induced mitogenic activity of T lymphocytes. Bioassay-guided separation led to the isolation of a polysaccharide with potent T lymphocyte-stimulating activity by ethanol fractionation, anion-exchange, and size-exclusion chromatography. Based on the composition and methylation analyses, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and NMR spectroscopy, the native polysaccharide was shown to be a beta-D-(1-->3)-glucan with branches of terminal glucosyl residues substituted at C-6 of the glucose residues in the main chain. The branching ratio is approximately 20%. A series of sulfated or carboxymethylated derivatives were prepared and their structural features were elucidated by chemical and spectral analyses. The solution conformation and T lymphocyte proliferation effect of the glucans before and after derivatization were compared and discussed. The data obtained indicate that the introduction of ionic groups would significantly affect the original conformation of the native glucan in aqueous solution and further affect T lymphocyte-stimulating activity. The triple-helical structure of the glucans, the nature of the ionic groups, and the density of negative charge were considered to be closely related to this activity.     

肉苁蓉茎水溶性多糖SPA的结构分析

肉苁蓉为稀有的名贵中药材 ,具有补肾、益精、润肠及抗衰老等功效 [1] .研究表明 ,肉苁蓉多糖具有延缓皮肤衰老、增强机体免疫功能、促进人体外成纤维细胞的生长及促进创伤愈合 [2 ] 等生理活性作用 .对于肉苁蓉多糖的深入研究尚未见报道 ,为探讨多糖的生物活性与结构的关系 ,本文对肉苁蓉茎水溶性多糖 SPA组分进行结构分析 .有关肉苁蓉茎水溶性多糖 SPA组分的分离纯化过程见文献 [3].1　实验部分1 .1　试剂与仪器　 Sephadex G- 75 ( Pharmacia公司 ) ;二甲基亚砜 (江苏洪声化工厂 ) ;Shimadzu高压液相色谱 (日本岛津 ) ;Vavian 340 0…     

黑果枸杞叶多糖LRLP3的结构、抗氧化活性及免疫活性

黑果枸杞叶经水提醇沉, 离子交换柱层析和凝胶柱层析分离纯化, 得到平均分子量为79400的均一多糖组分LRLP3. 对该多糖的理化性质、 结构、 抗氧化活性及免疫活性的研究结果表明, LRLP3为多分支结构, 主链为(1→3)βGalp, 大部分半乳糖6位存在分支; 支链由(1→6)βGalp, (1→4)βGalp, (1→3)βAraf, (1→3)αArap, (1→5)βAraf和(1→2,4)αRhap组成, 非还原末端由αAraf, βGalp和βGlcp组成. LRLP3具有较强的还原能力, 可显著清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基、 羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基, 有效抑制Cu²⁺/H₂O₂诱导的蛋白氧化损伤和H₂O₂诱导的细胞氧化损伤. LRLP3在体外对未经诱导和经刀豆蛋白(ConA)或脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠脾细胞增殖均有促进作用.     

柘树根多糖的分离纯化及结构表征

以柘树[Cudrania tricuspidata(Carr.) Bur.]的根为材料, 经热水抽提、木瓜蛋白酶-Sevag法除蛋白、乙醇沉淀和DEAE-Sephadex A-50凝胶柱层析分离纯化, 得到一种水溶性的柘树根多糖(CPS-0). 采用HPLC、糖基组成分析、甲基化分析、GC、GC-MS、NMR(1H NMR, 13C NMR及HMQC)、元素分析、UV和IR等技术对CPS-0的纯度、性质、组成和结构进行表征. 结果表明, CPS-0仅含葡萄糖, 分子量为4.6×103, 主链由1,4-连接的α-D-葡萄糖残基组成, 其侧链由末端及1,4-连接的葡萄糖残基构成, 取代于主链分支点葡萄糖的6位, 平均每10个葡萄糖残基组成的重复单元中含有1个分支.     

Effect of the molecular mass of tremella polysaccharides on accelerated recovery from cyclophosphamide-induced leucopenia in rats

The body of tremella were decocted with water, and hydrolyzed with 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid for different times, giving tremella polysaccharides with six molecular mass values. The structures of all the tremella polysaccharides had non-reducing terminals of β-D-pyranglucuronide, the backbone was composed of (1 → 3)-linked β-D-manno-pyranoside, and the side chain composed of (1 → 6)-linked β-D-xylopyranoside was attached to the C(2) of the backbone mannopyranoside. Immunomodulatory effect studies indicated that tremella polysaccharides increased the counts of leukocytes in the peripheral blood which were significantly lowered by cyclophosphamide, and the lower the molecular mass of the tremella polysaccharide, the better this effect was.     

大粒车前子多糖组分PLP-1的结构表征

研究了由大粒车前子多糖分离纯化所得组分PLP-1的一级精细结构特征. 通过单糖组成分析、部分酸水解及甲基化分析,并结合NMR,GC和GC-MS等技术测定了PLP-1的一级结构. 结果表明,PLP-1由Ara（33.98%）,Xyl（58.23%）,Rha（2.36%）,Glc（2.23%）,Gal（2.36%）和Man（0.83%）组成,糖醛酸以GlcA形式存在. PLP-1中主要糖残基有α-T-linked Araf（9.58%）,β-T-linked Xylp（8.71%）,α-1,3-linked Araf（18.22%）,β-1,3-linked Xylp（8.05%）,β-1,4-linked Xylp（5.85%）,β-1,2,4-linked Xylp（16.98%）和β-1,3,4-linked Xylp（27.52%）,GlcA以α-T-linked GlcAp形式存在;此外还有1,2-linked Rhap,T-linked Glcp,1,6-linked Glcp,T-linked Galp,1,3-linked Galp和1,3,6-linked Galp等少量其它残基. 根据所得结果推断出PLP-1可能的一级结构.     

A reticuloendothelial system-activating arabinoxylan from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia

A neutral polysaccharide, named cinnaman AX, was isolated from the dried bark of Cinnamomum cassia Blume. It was homogeneous on electrophoresis and gel chromatography. It is composed of L-arabinose: D-xylose in the molar ratio of 4:3, and its molecular weight was estimated to be about 1.0 x 10(6). Methylation analysis, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and controlled Smith degradation studies enabled elucidation of its structural features. It showed remarkable reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity in a carbon clearance test.