Regular Electric Field in Electromagnetic Coupled to a Scalar Field

In the framework of an electromagnetic field coupled nonminimally with a scalar field in flat spacetime, the existence of a non-singular electric field is proved for a point electric charge or electric monopole. In analogy with the Maxwell-dilaton system introduced by Gibbons and Wells, first, a Maxwell-anti-dilaton system is constructed where the radial electric field of a static electric monopole is coupled to an anti-dilaton. The field equations are solved analytically for the electric and dilaton fields and observe the nonsingular electric field. Also, the self-energy of the electric monopole is found to be finite. Furthermore, the formalism to a Maxwell-scalar field is generalized where a mechanism is introduced upon which the coupled regular-electric field and scalar field is obtained. The formalism shows that for a given regular electric field there are two supersymmetric coupling functions corresponding to a scalar and a phantom field.     

An ampere-like law for displacement vector field and near-field optical microscopy

We make up a novel and simple theory for near field and near-field optical microscopy (NOM). Our theory is composed of two parts. The first is a formulation to calculate the scattered near field of light by a small dielectric. We state that a wavenumber-vector-independent picture appears in the theory of the near field, and we find that this is expressed by an Ampere-like law for the displacement vector field. The second part is a formulation of field intensity for far field observation and near field observation from a unified point of view. We suggest a theoretical formula for the field intensity corresponding to the NOM image and demonstrate how to understand the relation between the near field and this image.     

耦合双原子Jaynes-Cummings模型的腔场谱H

研究了处于激发态的两原子与高Q腔场相互作用单光子过程的腔场谱,给出了初始光场为光子数态、相干态、压缩真空态时的腔场谱数值计算结果,分析了原子间偶极-偶极相互作用强度gα对腔场谱结构的影响.发现真空场Rabi峰,当gα较弱时为4峰,gα较强时为3峰结构;弱场数态(n＞0)时为5峰,强场时为3峰结构.相干态和压缩真空态时,谱结构与光子数分布有关,一般为复杂的多峰结构.结果表明,gα对峰位峰高都有影响,破坏了谱结构的对称性,但这种影响只在真空场和弱场时才较明显.     

Continuous-variable Entanglement in a Correlated Spontaneous Emission Laser

We discuss the generation and evolution of entangled light in a correlated spontaneous emission laser in the linear regime. The master equation for the two-mode cavity field is derived and solved analytically in phase space. The time-dependent characteristic function in the Wigner representation for the two-mode field is obtained. It shows that the two-mode field in the cavity evolves in a two-mode Gaussian state. The entanglement degree of the two- mode field in the cavity increases initially, then decreases, and finally vanishes as the field evolves from an initial vacuum. The period of the entanglement is extended as the intensity of the driving field is increased. It is found that the entanglement still exists even when the two-mode squeezing disappears. During the entanglement period, the intensity of the field is amplified. The entanglement for the initial field being a two-mode squeezed vacuum and the entanglement of the output field are also discussed.     

直线感应加速器加速间隙对发射度的影响

文中用解析方法计算了直线感应加速器加速间隙对发射度的影响。考虑了存在轴向引导磁场,加速电场,束流分裂以及多个加速间隙的作用。这种解析方法也适用于射频直线加速器的情形。     

Zur Theorie der Bewegung geladener Teilchen in richtungskonstanten Magnetfeldern exponentieller Zeitabhängigkeit. I. Allgemeine Theorie und Einschaltvorgang

The general solution of the equations of motion for a charged particle in a magnetic field is given for the following case: the spatially homogeneous magnetic field having a constant direction is a superposition of a field constant in time and one decreasing exponentially in time; taken into account is the influence of the electric field induced by the time dependent magnetic field and a friction force proportional to the particle velocity. The higher transcendental functions appearing in the exact solution are approximated in various ways in dependence on the values of the argument and parameters. The important case of a switching process without a friction force is investigated in detail. The higher transcendential functions can be approximated by simplier functions in such a way, that the solutions for the switching process, valid for all times, differ from the solutions in the case of a linear increasing magnetic field only by factors consisting of elementary functions. Approximated formulae of a very simple form are obtained for position, velocity, kinetic energy and magnetic moment of the particle. The particle orbits are classified and their dependence on the initial values and parameters of the magnetic fields is studied. A comparison between our results and a rectangular variation of the field shows that the latter is not a good approximation for a really exponential increasing field. Finally a detailed investigation shows that the electric field induced by the time dependent magnetic field has an important influence on the particle motion.     

Microscopic derivation of fluctuation formulas for calculating dielectric constants by simulation

A microscopic derivation using the average Maxwell electric field is given for fluctuation formulas for the dielectric constant of a simulation sample for both periodic and reaction field boundary conditions. The reaction field case is for a spherical cavity reaction field. The derivations put both boundary conditions on an equal footing of microscopic theory and the only nonrigorous part of the derivation is the assumption that the region used to average the electric field is large enough. The fluctuation formula for reaction field boundary conditions is rather different from that used heretofore. The method is applied to a subregion of an isolated spherical system.     

Tachyonization of the ΛCDM cosmological model

In this work a tachyonization of the ΛCDM model for a spatially flat Friedmann–Robertson–Walker space–time is proposed. A tachyon field and a cosmological constant are considered as the sources of the gravitational field. Starting from a stability analysis and from the exact solutions for a standard tachyon field driven by a given potential, the search for a large set of cosmological models which contain the ΛCDM model is investigated. By the use of internal transformations two new kinds of tachyon fields are derived from the standard tachyon field, namely, a complementary and a phantom tachyon fields. Numerical solutions for the three kinds of tachyon fields are determined and it is shown that the standard and complementary tachyon fields reproduces the ΛCDM model as a limiting case. The standard tachyon field can also describe a transition from an accelerated to a decelerated regime, behaving as an inflationary field at early times and as a matter field at late times. The complementary tachyon field always behaves as a matter field. The phantom tachyon field is characterized by a rapid expansion where its energy density increases with time.     

Zur Theorie der Bewegung geladener Teilchen in richtungskonstanten Magnetfeldern exponentieller Zeitabhängigkeit. III. Allgemeine Schaltprozesse

The motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field is calculated for the following case: the spatially homogeneous magnetic field having a constant direction is a superposition of a field constant in time and one decreasing exponentially in time; taken into account is the influence of the electric field induced by the time dependent magnetic field and a friction force proportional to the particle velocity. The higher transcendental functions appearing in the exact solutions are approximated in various ways in dependence on the values of argument and parameters. In this manner approximated formulae of a very simple form are obtained for position, velocity, kinetic energy and magnetic moment of the particle, and the domain of validity of these formulae is determined. The particle orbits are classified, and their dependence on the initial values, parameters of the magnetic field and on the magnitude of the friction force is studied. A comparison between our results and a rectangular variation of the field is given. It is shown that the electric field induced by the time dependent magnetic field has an important influence on the particle motion.     

爆炸电子发射初期阴极表面电场的研究

为了研究二极管爆炸电子发射初始阶段阴极表面复杂的物理现象及规律, 建立了由场致电子发射阴极构成的一维平板真空二极管物理模型,通过自行编程数值求解泊松方程, 考虑了发射出的电子对阴极表面电场的非线性影响,自洽模拟得到了阴极表面电场随时间的变化情况. 模拟结果表明,爆炸电子发射初期,阴极表面电场随时间的增加而呈现出不断振荡的规律, 且振荡幅度越来越小,最终到达一个稳态的值,二极管两极板之间的外加电场越大, 阴极表面稳态电场的绝对值越大;电场增强系数越大,阴极表面稳态电场的绝对值越大. 在整个时间演变过程中,阴极表面的实际电场强度决定着阴极发射的电流密度大小, 反过来阴极发射的电流密度又会影响到阴极表面的电场.     

Avoiding Haag’s Theorem with Parameterized Quantum Field Theory

Under the normal assumptions of quantum field theory, Haag’s theorem states that any field unitarily equivalent to a free field must itself be a free field. Unfortunately, the derivation of the Dyson series perturbation expansion relies on the use of the interaction picture, in which the interacting field is unitarily equivalent to the free field but must still account for interactions. Thus, the traditional perturbative derivation of the scattering matrix in quantum field theory is mathematically ill defined. Nevertheless, perturbative quantum field theory is currently the only practical approach for addressing scattering for realistic interactions, and it has been spectacularly successful in making empirical predictions. This paper explains this success by showing that Haag’s Theorem can be avoided when quantum field theory is formulated using an invariant, fifth path parameter in addition to the usual four position parameters, such that the Dyson perturbation expansion for the scattering matrix can still be reproduced. As a result, the parameterized formalism provides a consistent foundation for the interpretation of quantum field theory as used in practice and, perhaps, for better dealing with other mathematical issues.     

Calculation of critical states of superconducting multilayers based on numerical solution of the Ginzburg-Landau equations for superconducting plates

Numerical methods are used to analyze the Ginzburg-Landau equations for a superconducting plate carrying transport current in a magnetic field. Critical current is calculated as a function of the applied magnetic field strength for superconducting plates with different thicknesses. The relations between the field dependence of critical current and the distributions of order parameter, magnetic field, and supercurrent in a plate are analyzed. The field-dependent critical currents computed for plates are used to determine the critical current as a function of the applied magnetic field strength and local magnetic field and current distributions for multilayers in parallel magnetic fields. The constituent superconducting layers are assumed to interact only via magnetic field. A simple method is proposed for analyzing the critical states of multilayers in magnetic fields of arbitrary strength, based on elementary transformations of the critical current-density distribution over individual layers in zero applied magnetic field. The method can be used to analyze experimental results.     

Electric field and the charge distribution on the surface of an insulator in a vacuum

The free charge steady-state distribution over the insulator surface that arises in a strong electric field in a vacuum can be found by solving the boundary-value problem for the electrostatic field strength if the angle between the field vector and vacuum-insulator interface is given. A general solution to this boundary-value problem is derived for the case of an in-plane field and rectilinear interfaces. Laws of charge and field formation that follow from the solution obtained are considered. Formulas for the electric field strength and charge density in terms of elementary functions are obtained for a number of particular cases. Power-type expressions for the electric field and a critical angle between the electrode and insulator surface that describe the field behavior and charge distribution near the vacuum-insulator-electrode contact are derived.     

Magnitude and direction of hyperfine fields for a Cd impurity in Ni at low and high magnetizing fields

Using DPAC the magnitude and spatial distribution of the hyperfine field for Cd-impurities in Ni metal is studied as a function of magnetizing field up to 5.5 T for polycrystal and single crystal samples. Above 0.07 T magnetizing field, no indication is found of any deviation of the hyperfine field direction with respect to the applied field. The local field is found to be constant (?6.69 (3) T) below saturation and then decrease linearly with applied field.     

利用轴向磁化的永磁环制造轴向梯度磁场

首先叙述了由单个轴向磁化环所产生的磁场,并就两个永磁环所产生的纵向磁场进行了分析.对于两个沿同一方向磁化的永磁体环,沿磁环中心线将会产生一个强度较为均匀的轴向磁场.如果两者的磁化方向相反,则在两磁铁间的区域将产生一个纵向的梯度磁场,其磁场强度介于-B₀到+B₀之间.设计制造了一个高梯度的轴向磁场,其磁场梯度为47.2Tm,测量结果与计算结果非常一致.文中还讨论了产生变梯度磁场的方法.由于永磁环所产生的磁场和螺线管的磁场较为相似,磁铁外部空间将有较大的漏场,最后还讨论了屏蔽漏场的问题.     

Symmetry breaking and gravitational interaction

A scalar field Lagrangian is considered in the curved space-time to which a Hamiltonian determining nonzero vacuum field value is added. The initial Lagrangian can be expressed as a sum of Lagrangians for the constant scalar field component and perturbation. The first Lagrangian can be considered as a Lagrangian for the Einstein gravitational field in vacuum. The problem of renormalization of the constant scalar field component is investigated. It is demonstrated that in the case of conformal relation of the scalar field to the space-time curvature, there exists a unique value of the scalar space curvature for which the field can be considered constant (field perturbations do not result in renormalization of the constant component). This curvature value determines the unique value of the equilibrium nuclide density. A correlation of the examined Lagrangian parameters with the integral parameters of the Solar system is discussed. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 18–34, July, 2006.     

Nonlinear Jaynes–Cummings Model of Atom–Field Interaction

Interaction of a two-level atom with a single mode of electromagnetic field including Kerr nonlinearity for the field and intensity-dependent atom-field coupling is discussed. The Hamiltonian for the atom-field system is written in terms of the generatorsof a closed algebra, which has SU(1,1) and Heisenberg–Weyl algebras as limitingcases. Eigenstates and eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian are constructed. With the field being in a coherent state initially, the dynamical behavior of atomic inversion, field statistics, and uncertainties in the field quadratures are studied. Appearance of nonclassical features during the evolution of the field is shown. Further, we explore the overlap of initial and time-evolved field states.     

Explicit solutions to phenomenological models of magnetization reversal of thin ferromagnetic films in the presence of a sawtooth magnetic field

Explicit solutions are derived for several phenomenological models of magnetization reversal in thin ferromagnetic films driven by a sawtooth magnetic field. For a domain wall velocity that is linear in the magnetic field, it is found that the dynamic coercive field follows a square-root power-law in the slope of the magnetic field, shifted by the depinning field. For a more general domain wall velocity different power-law exponents are found, yet the overall form for the scaling of the area of the hysteresis loop remains a power-law shifted by the depinning field. This shifted power-law could be interpreted to be a crossover between adiabatic and dynamic regimes.     

Electric-field-induced front deformation of Belousov-Zhabotinsky waves

Experimental evidence is given of deformations in the vertical profiles of ferroin-catalyzed Belousov-Zhabotinsky waves propagating in thin horizontal cuvettes under an imposed dc electric field. While no deformations are seen in a zero field, for low negative field, or for any positive field, a pronounced S-shaped deformation does occur when a wave is exposed to a negative field above some critical magnitude. The observed phenomena are discussed on the basis of the convective flows that are assumed to increase in the negative field resulting from changes in the longitudinal profile of the wave.