城市部分环境监测因子中铅含量的测定及与人体健康潜在关系的探讨

应用石墨炉原子吸收法测定了饮用水、地表水、酸雨、总悬浮颗粒物中铅的含量,并比较了饮用水源中可溶性铅与总铅的含量差别,探讨了以上各环境监因子中不同浓度水平的铅与人体健康的潜在关系。     

车间空气中铅测定的质量控制方法

空气铅是评价铅作业环境中铅接触和吸收程度的常用指标.目前测定铅烟、铅尘的方法,有火焰原子吸收光谱法、双硫腙分光光度法、氢化物-原子吸收光谱法以及微分电位溶出法等[1].     

RP-HPLC在线衍生法测定红景天中痕量铅的研究

铅在人体和动植物组织中能够蓄积,人若每天摄入1mg铅,长此则有中毒危险;过量摄入铅可以引起贫血症、神经功能失调及肾损伤,因此对食品中铅的含量必须严格控制。在环境、食品、化妆品的检测中,铅都是必须检测的指标。在铅矿的开采、冶炼和使用过程中,不可避免地会造成对环境的污染,影响人类和动植物的生命安全。因此,研究样品中铅含量的分析方法,对指导工农业生产和保护环境都有重要意义。目前常用铅的分析方法有原子吸收光谱法、极谱法哺、电感耦合等离子体-质谱法等。     

发铅检测法的临床应用价值评估

从铅中毒发铅诊断标准、发铅诊断试验及发铅诊断临床应用3个方面论述了发铅检测法在铅中毒诊断、筛查和监督中的实际应用问题。根据临床经验和发铅-血铅比值确定了居民发铅正常值上限及铅中毒发铅诊断分级标准;即使以血铅测定值为"金标准",诊断试验表明,发铅测定在铅中毒诊断中仍有实际应用价值;发铅检测法自上世纪60年代以来一直沿用至今,绝大多数研究者认为,发铅测定是诊断、筛查铅中毒和监督环境铅污染最简单、有效的工具。     

环境铅接触对健康的影响

环境中的铅污染已成为严重的问题。从铅的性质和存在。环境铅的接触，铅对人体健康的影响，铅中毒的治疗和预防进行了综述。并提出今后仍需进一步加强环境中的铅研究工作。寻求解决铅污染的新途径和新方法。     

铅暴露的易感人群

铅暴露被认为对许多特殊人群有较大的危险性 ,除铅作业工人、汽车司机、交通警察等经常暴露于铅环境的人群外 ,要特别注意下列人群 :(1 )儿童。儿童中许多人有嗜土癖和手 口活动 ,胃肠道对铅的吸收率和滞留率较高 ,密质骨比例比成年人小 ,不能将吸收的铅更多地转移到骨中。这样就有较多的铅滞留在易产生毒性的软组织中。血液、神经和肾脏三大系统最易蒙受铅的毒害。(2 )妊娠妇女及发育中的胎儿。铅可通过母体胎盘转运到胎儿循环系统中 ,对胎儿产生不利的影响 ;在胎儿发育期 ,铅对代谢过程和生理过程最为灵敏 ;妊娠时由于激素平衡发生变更 ,…     

罗马帝国的衰亡与铅

铅是人们很熟悉的金属 ,但它已成为当前污染环境、损害人体健康的危害性最大的元素。甚至有人把古罗马帝国的衰亡归罪于铅。自古以来 ,铅便广泛用来制作食具、酒壶、写字笔等 ,古代罗马人还爱用铅作水管。而且还经常大量使用铅的化合物 ,如用铅白 (酸式碳酸铅 )作擦脸粉 ,甚至在贵族和帝王吃的葡萄酱中 ,也常加入不少铅丹(Ｐｂ3Ｏ4 )以除酸味并染色。在那个充满铅的世界中 ,特别是充分享受铅文明的王公贵族中 ,铅中毒尤为严重 ,妇女普遍流产、不孕和死胎 ,即使幸运出生的婴儿 ,长大以后也非傻即呆。因此 ,著名历史学家吉尔菲兰哀叹说 :“罗…     

热喷雾进样火焰原子吸收光谱法测定河水中的铅

铅被广泛应用于蓄电池、建筑材料、电缆外套等工业生产中,是造成河水污染的主要原因。铅为生物体有害元素,当其被人体组织吸收后,分布予肝、肾、肺、脑中,损害骨髓造血系统和神经系统。在环境检测中铅是必须检测的元素之一。火焰原子吸收光谱法具有仪器简单、操作方便、抗干扰能力强、稳定性好等特点,但由于雾化效率低和灵敏度低,不能直接用于测定样品中的低含量铅。     

铅(Ⅱ)-碘化物-结晶紫萃取光度法测定污水中的铅

双硫腙光度法测定污水中微量铅方法简单快速,但需使用剧毒试剂氰化钾,且条件较严,不利于生产,并污染环境。我们研究共沉淀富集分离、二甲酚橙-溴化十六烷基三甲基胺水相光度法测定污水中微量铅,不用氰化钾和有机溶剂,方法准确,但流程比双硫腙法稍繁。文献[2]提出铅-碘化钾-甲基紫共沉淀富集铅。我们在研究镉-碘化钾-结晶紫萃取光度法测定污水中镉时。发现铅能生成有色离子缔合物,     

清洁工艺生产铅

一种新的湿法炼铅方法——碳酸化转化法，铅转化率达９０％以上，元素硫生成率为８０％以上。ＰｂＣＯ３可电解成金属铅或制成１０种铅化工产品。元素硫便于储存和运输。矿石中的ＦｅｘＳｙ对转化有催化作用。该方法彻底消除了火法炼铅过程中铅蒸气和二氧化硫对环境的污染，实现了清洁生产。     

发铅与血铅的相关关系

头发中的铅除直接来源于血液外,体内和环境中的铅还通过纵向和横向多种通道渗入到头发结构中,头发和血液的铅动力学行为也不相同。发铅和血铅之间存在复杂的相关关系,铅摄入量的重大变化可削弱两者的关联强度,高铅暴露则加强两者的关联强度。骨铅的动员和释放,以及发样采集或预处理不当,均可使血铅或发铅值偏离真实,导致两者关联的不确定。血铅是近期铅暴露的量度指标,发铅可给出从前铅暴露或铅负荷的信息,后者更适合于人群铅中毒筛查或监测。     

接触不同浓度铅工人的职业危害调查研究

探讨了空气中不同浓度铅对作业工人健康的影响。选择本地区不同铅浓度的两个厂矿的１７７名接触铅工厂为调查对象,并以不接触铅而其它条件相同的行政人员为对照组。对接触不同浓度铅和对照组的人员作全面休查体并结合实验室作有关生物指标检测。结果表明,接触较高铅浓度的某蓄电池厂９８名工厂,受铅职业危害较严重,检出慢性铅中毒１４人（占１４．２％）,铅吸收１０人（占１０．２％）,且发生症状和体征之阳性率亦比铅锌矿和对     

Kinetics of oil saponification by lead salts in ancient preparations of pharmaceutical lead plasters and painting lead mediums

Lead soaps can be found in archaeological cosmetics as well as in oil paintings, as product of interactions of lead salts with oil. In this context, a better understanding of the formation of lead soaps allows a follow-up of the historical evolution of preparation recipes and provides new insights into conservation conditions. First, ancient recipes of both pharmaceutical lead plasters and painting lead mediums, mixtures of oil and lead salts, were reconstructed. The ester saponification by lead salts is determined by the preparation parameters which were quantified by FT-IR spectrometry. In particular, ATR/FT-IR spectrometer was calibrated by the standard addition method to quantitatively follow the kinetics of this reaction. The influence of different parameters such as temperature, presence of water and choice of lead salts was assessed: the saponification is clearly accelerated by water and heating. This analysis provides chemical explanations to the historical evolution of cosmetic and painting preparation recipes.     

炼焦过程氧化铅高温焦炉煤气均相脱硫的研究

考察了焦煤中少量氧化铅添加剂对炼焦过程高温焦炉煤气硫化氢浓度以及对焦炭质量的影响。实验表明，煤中添加少量的氧化铅，可以达到焦炉粗煤气脱硫的目的，并且对焦炭的质量影响很小。针对实验所用的煤种，相当于焦煤质量的0.6％的氧化铅添加量在炼焦前期具有最佳的抑制硫释放的效果。炼焦后期，半焦中的硫化铅分解或铅转变为气态铅。气态铅和硫化氢在离开炼焦室时，由于煤气降低温度，又生成硫化铅。从而实现均相脱硫。焦炭中超过一半的铅可以挥发出去。在炼焦收缩阶段，半焦中过多的铅的存在不利于硫化铅的分解。     

Cation-exchange separation of metals in dimethyl sulphoxide-aqueous hydrochloric acid media

The behaviour of bismuth, cadmium, copper, lead, silver, tin and zinc on a cation-exchange resin in a solvent system consisting of dimethyl sulphoxide, hydrochloric acid and water was studied. The distribution coefficients of these metal ions between liquid and resin were determined as functions of the concentration of dimethyl sulphoxide and of hydrochloric acid. On the basis of the distribution coefficients found, predictions were made as to the possibilities of separating these metals from mixtures. Such separations were confirmed experimentally for bismuth from lead, bismuth from copper, zinc from lead, lead from cadmium, silver from copper, silver from lead, lead from cadmium from zinc, bismuth from lead from zinc, and bismuth from zinc from copper.     

The impact of lead pollution on the environment of Rabat-Sale' (Morocco)

There are numerous possible vectors of industrial lead poisoning in unprotected work environments and the areas surrounding industrial sites. In the Rabat-Salé region, ceramics is the industry which uses most lead. Galena (PbS) is used in the fabrication of some types of pottery, and other lead-based compounds are used as glaze. A second source of lead pollution is the production of some fuels, in which lead is used as an anti detonator. In order to evaluate the impact of lead contamination on the environment, our investigation is focused on the lead concentration in the atmosphere, soil and vegetation at five stations in the Rabat-Salé region. We found concentrations of lead higher than those published for any other country in the atmosphere and vegetation near the ceramics factories of Rabat-Salé. These concentrations decreased significantly as we moved away from urban areas.     

铅分子印迹聚合物合成及在痕量测量中的应用

以对乙烯基苯甲酸钠(VBA-Na)为功能单体,铅离子为模板分子,对乙烯基苯(DVB)为交联剂,采用预组装方法结合表面印迹技术合成得到铅的分子印迹聚合物(Pb-MIPS)。研究了该聚合物对铅的吸附和选择识别能力,并对其进行了结构表征。结果表明,所合成的Pb-MIPS对铅离子具有良好的吸附和选择识别能力,最大吸附量为725μg/g。Pb-MIPS应用于地表水样中痕量铅的测定,显著地提高了石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪对铅的检出能力。     

多胺螯合纤维预富集-FAAS对水体中铅的形态分析

用棉纤维为原料, 以对均苯四甲酸酐为交联剂, 合成新型多胺螯合纤维(CC-BA-TETA), 并用该材料为分离柱的填充相, 优化其分离条件. 采用CC-BA-TETA分离富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定天然水体中痕量Pb的方法, 可分离出天然水体中铅的5种形态: 总铅、颗粒态铅、离子态铅、非离子态铅和总溶态铅.     

铅对人体健康危害及其预防措施

着重阐述了铅的污染与对人体健康危害情况及应采取的预防措施。这些预防措施都是简单可行的,对于减少铅的污染,免受它的危害,增进人体健康都有十分重要意义。     

Influence of pH and counteranion on the structure of tropolonato-lead(II) complexes: structural and infrared characterization of formed lead compounds

Reactions of tropolone with lead(II) trifluoromethanesulfonate, perchlorate, and nitrate in water/methanol mixtures at pH below 1.0 lead to the formation of three different polymeric lead(II) complexes, [Pb(trop)(CF3SO3)(H2O)]n (1), [Pb3(trop)4(ClO4)2]n (2), and [Pb2(trop)2(NO3)2(CH3OH)]n (3), respectively. On the other hand, if the reactions are performed at pH above 2.0, the dimeric compound [Pb(trop)2]2 (4) is obtained independently of the lead(II) salt used, as long as lead(II) does not form any strong complexes with the counterion. The crystal structures of these compounds have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure of solid tetrakis(tropolonato)lead(IV), Pb(trop)4 (5), has been studied by means of the EXAFS technique because it was not possible to obtain sufficiently large single crystals. In the polymeric structures, the counterions are coordinated to the lead(II) ions and act as bridges. The tropolonato ligand behaves as a chelating agent and a tri- or tetraconnective bridge. The total coordination number of the lead(II) ion is five in compound 4, seven in 1 and 3, and eight in 2, and the lead(IV) ion in 5 is eight-coordinated. The 6s2 lone electron pair on the lead(II) ion seems to be stereochemically active in all lead(II) complexes studied. All compounds have been characterized by IR spectroscopy as well.