计算动态系统网格通量场的驿站重要抽样方法

对与时间有关输运问题计算条件下,全系统不同网格体通量计算统计涨落较大,甚至个别网格很难得到计数的现象,提出驿站重要抽样方法.研究可以选择的重要性函数,给出抽样方法,推导重要性偏倚抽样的源粒子纠偏权重公式.经过推导证明连续多时间步抽样计算不存在粒子纠偏权发散问题.数值模拟结果表明,采用驿站重要抽样方法,全系统精细网格通量场计算精度基本一致,整体计算结果得到明显改善.     

高温热辐射输运模拟的蒙特卡罗全局降方差方法

针对隐式蒙特卡罗方法模拟高温热辐射输运问题时存在的“辐射强度计算误差时间空间分布严重不均匀”现象,通过理论分析和数值模拟手段,找到决定误差大小的主要因素为“网格内的辐射径迹长度记录数”.据此提出“隐式蒙特卡罗全局降方差方法”并推导相应的计算公式.该方法主要包含如下3个关键技术:1)针对辐射输运蒙特卡罗模拟的自适应动态分配源粒子方法; 2)与自适应动态分配源粒子相匹配的动态权窗设计技术及粒子权无偏估计算法; 3)辐射强度的解析估计降方差方法.针对这3个关键技术,设计蒙特卡罗数值模拟方案,编写相应的数值模拟程序模块.典型辐射输运问题模拟结果显示:隐式蒙特卡罗全局降方差方法能够使网格辐射强度计算误差在整个时空范围内分布相对比较均匀,最大误差可控,计算效率提升10倍左右.新方法在激光惯性约束聚变的黑腔辐射输运模拟应用中取得了显著效果.     

基于蒙特卡罗正算输运的全局减方差方法

蒙特卡罗方法是当前形势下辐射屏蔽计算的首选分析工具。小概率深穿透问题则是屏蔽计算的关键与亟待解决的核心问题,需要使用有效的减方差技巧。针对全局问题,利用蒙特卡罗正算输运得到的粒子通量或探测响应来构建权重窗参数,将现有的粒子位置偏移拓展到位置和能量偏倚。利用国际屏蔽基准题进行测试验证,通过使用该方法,粒子被引导到模型的所有位置。平均相对误差降低到10%以下,几乎所有网格区域都有粒子统计。结果表明,基于蒙特卡罗正算输运的输运偏倚参数构建方法能够实现全局减方差。     

基于共轭离散纵标的减方差方法

对于深穿透类型的屏蔽计算,为了得到较为可信的统计结果,蒙特卡罗方法(MC方法)需要模拟大量的粒子,巨大的计算时间是其存在的主要问题。源偏倚和权窗技巧能够有效降低深穿透问题的计数误差。开展了基于共轭离散纵标(SN)的MC减方差方法研究,根据SN方法的共轭注量率计算并生成了源偏倚和权窗参数,编写了JMCT程序的源抽样子程序,并且在秦山一期测量值基础上进行了验证,成功应用到CAP1400压力容器快中子注量率和堆腔中子和光子剂量率计算中。数值结果表明,对于深穿透屏蔽计算问题,和无偏的MC方法相比,基于共轭SN的MC减方差方法能够在保证结果精度的前提下,提高计算效率1~2个量级。     

JMCT软件的自动源偏倚抽样功能及其应用

介绍JMCT（J Monte Carlo Transport）软件的多群中子伴随输运功能以及基于伴随通量的自动源偏倚抽样功能.对某商用压水堆屏蔽模型的模拟计算表明,采用自动源偏倚后,JMCT的模拟结果与实验值符合较好,比MCNP程序采用几何重要性方法的计算效率大幅提高.     

非定常粒子输运蒙特卡罗并行算法研究

蒙特卡罗方法应用于粒子输运求解已是众所周知的事，然而由于MC的误差与跟踪的样本数的平方根成反比，通常要达到误差要求，需要模拟大量粒子历史，从而花费大量的计算时间。特别对非定常粒子输运问题的MC模拟，需要模拟上万个时间步，每步需要跟踪上百万个粒子。由于粒子寿命远超过时间步步长，因此，上个时间步剩余粒子的广播和本时间步剩余粒子状态量的汇总，I/O需求量大，成为制约并行的瓶颈。     

蒙特卡罗与离散纵标耦合方法在压水堆堆腔漏束计算中的应用

为克服蒙特卡罗(MC)方法计算时间长和离散纵标(SN)方法复杂几何描述不精确的困难,采用SN-MC耦合计算流程,研究了基于蒙特卡罗方法和离散纵标方法的耦合方法。耦合方法的主要思想是根据离散纵标程序提供的中子角通量,利用接口程序计算出面源的分布概率,然后由修改后的源抽样子程序生成包括上下圆面源和圆柱面源的组合源,提供给蒙特卡罗程序进行计算分析。初步计算结果表明,该耦合方法是正确的,可用于压水堆堆腔漏束的计算分析。     

基于能量密度分布的辐射源粒子空间抽样方法研究

利用隐式蒙特卡罗方法模拟热辐射光子在物质中的输运过程时,物质辐射源粒子是需要细致处理的物理量.传统的物质辐射源粒子抽样方法是体平均抽样方法,对于大多数问题,这样处理不会带来大的偏差.但是对于一些辐射吸收截面大、单一网格内温差显著的问题,体平均抽样方法的计算结果偏差较大.分析了产生偏差原因,提出一种基于辐射能量密度分布的辐射源粒子空间位置抽样方法,并推导了相应的抽样公式以解决此类问题.数值实验表明,新方法计算结果明显优于原方法且与解析结果基本一致.     

非定常输运模拟中基于粒子标识分类的源偏倚算法

在非定常输运问题的多步蒙特卡罗模拟中,根据粒子的不同属性进行标识分类可以得到非常细致的系统相关标识物理量.对于某些目标标识物理量,模拟的样本中造成有效贡献的样本相对较少,导致这些物理量模拟结果的涨落较大,而单靠增加总样本数不能高效地使有效样本达到一个合理的水平.本文提出一种基于标识分类的源偏倚算法,将增加的所有样本定向赋予目标类粒子,从而高效地降低目标标识物理量的统计误差且不影响非目标标识物理量的计算.以一维多层介质非定常输运模型验证上述结论.     

非定常粒子输运蒙特卡罗散射源分层抽样方法

定常粒子输运蒙特卡罗并行计算是成功的,因为粒子游动是独立的,可以把模拟的粒子数等分到每个处理器去.然而,对非定常问题,由于每个时间步涉及散射源和几何网格的通讯,它严重的制约了并行规模,导致并行不可扩展.研究了两种算法,采用自适应分配处理器,提高了加速比和处理器的利用率;采用蒙特卡罗分层抽样大大降低了处理器之间散射源的通讯量,并行可扩展性显著改善,取得了理想的加速比.     

Sheath and plasma parameters in a magnetized plasma system

The variation of electron temperature and plasma density in a magnetized N₂ plasma is studied experimentally in presence of a grid placed at the middle of the system. Plasma leaks through the negatively biased grid from the source region into the diffused region. It is observed that the electron temperature increases with the magnetic field in the diffused region whereas it decreases in the source region of the system for a constant grid biasing voltage. Also, investigation is done to see the change of electron temperature with grid biasing voltage for a constant magnetic field. This is accompanied by the study of the variation of sheath structure across the grid for different magnetic field and grid biasing voltage as well. It reveals that with increasing magnetic field and negative grid biasing voltage, the sheath thickness expands.     

利用离子声波朗道阻尼测量氧化物阴极放电中的离子温度

作为等离子体重要参数之一, 特别是在低温等离子体中离子温度的测量一直较为困难. 在磁化线性等离子体装置氧化物阴极脉冲放电条件下, 利用栅网激发离子声波, 通过测量波幅在朗道阻尼作用下随空间的演化, 利用阻尼长度是离子温度和电子温度的函数, 计算得到离子温度为0.3 eV. 测量值与国外类似装置利用光谱诊断所得结果基本相同.     

复合材料板声发射源定位的时间差映射方法

针对复合材料板内可能出现的纤维断裂、基体开裂等缺陷以及声波在不同传播方向的传播速度不一致且波速差异较大等问题,提出一种改进的时间差映射方法实现对复合材料板的声发射源定位。该方法采用的是预构建数据库方法,不需考虑波在板中的传播速度不一致以及波的传播模态等问题,而且实验对传感器在板中的布置没有严格要求。首先,为了快速准确地选择和删除采集的大量声发射数据中存在的伪声发射事件,采用聚类算法自动识别和选择每个网格节点上高度相关性的声发射事件并构建时间差训练数据库;其次,为了提高网格分辨率,采用插值补偿算法增加网格密度;最后,针对测试区域验证实际声源的位置,使用加权差分算法实现声源的定位。理论分析和实验结果表明:声源位置的定位平均实际误差从26.5 mm(采用传统的时间差映射方法)降至18.0 mm(采用改进后的时间差映射方法),对应的平均相对误差从5.3%降至3.6%;并且整体运行时间从5 h减少到16.87 s。研究表明改进后的时间差映射方法可有效快速地提高声源的定位结果及精度。      

Propagation of ocean surface waves on a spherical multiple-cell grid

Satellite observations have established that the Arctic ice is retreating faster than expected and global ocean surface wave models have to be extended to cover the polar region in the future. The major obstacle preventing the wave model extension is that the diminishing longitude grid-length at high latitudes exerts a severe restriction on time steps and leads to polar singularity. A spherical multiple-cell (SMC) grid is installed in a global wave model to overcome the polar problems. A 2nd order upstream non-oscillatory advection scheme and a rotation scheme for wave spectral refraction are used. The unstructured SMC grid allows time step to be relaxed and land cells to be removed, saving over 1/3 of the total computation time in comparison with the original latitude–longitude grid model. It also allows multi-resolutions within one model domain so that coastlines and small islands can be resolved at refined resolutions. It also makes it possible to merge regional models into a single global model, replacing nested models in operational forecasting systems. Validations with satellite and buoy observations show that the SMC grid wave model performs as well as the latitude–longitude grid model and yields better swell predictions if coastlines and small islands are resolved at refined resolutions. Due to the ice coverage in the Arctic, an ideal wave spectral propagation in an ice-free Arctic is used to illustrate a map-east reference direction method for extension of the wave model over the whole Arctic.     

栅网与偏压对CHF3电子回旋共振放电等离子体特性的影响

研究了电子回旋共振等离子体增强化学气相沉积系统中栅网的增加和栅网上施加+60V和-60V偏压对CHF₃放电等离子体特性的影响.发现在低微波功率下栅网与偏压对等离子 体中基团分布的影响较大，而高微波功率下的影响逐渐减小.这是由于低微波功率下等离子体中电子温度较低，基团的分布同时受栅网鞘电场和电子碰撞分解的共同作用；而高微波功率下电子温度较高，栅网鞘电场的作用减弱，基团分布主要取决于电子碰撞分解作用. 关键词： 电子回旋共振放电 3分解')" href="#">CHF₃分解 栅网 偏压     

Effects of direction decoupling in flux calculation in finite volume solvers

In a finite volume CFD method for unsteady flow fluxes of mass, momentum and energy are exchanged between cells over a series of small time steps. The conventional approach, which we will refer to as direction decoupling, is to estimate fluxes across interfaces in a regular array of cells by using a one-dimensional flux expression based on the component of flow velocity normal to the interface between cells. This means that fluxes cannot be exchanged between diagonally adjacent cells since they share no cell interface, even if the local flow conditions dictate that the fluxes should flow diagonally. The direction decoupling imposed by the numerical method requires that the fluxes reach a diagonally adjacent cell in two time-steps.To evaluate the effects of this direction decoupling, we examine two numerical methods which differ only in that one uses direction decoupling while the other does not. We examine a generalized form of Pullin’s equilibrium flux method (EFM) [D.I. Pullin, Direct simulation methods for compressible ideal gas flow, J. Comput. Phys. 34 (1980) 231–244] which we have called the true direction equilibrium flux method (TDEFM). The TDEFM fluxes, derived from kinetic theory, flow not only between cells sharing an interface, but ultimately to any cell in the grid. TDEFM is used here to simulate a blast wave and an imploding flow problem on a structured rectangular mesh and is compared with results from direction decoupled EFM. Since both EFM and TDEFM are identical in the low CFL number limit, differences between the results demonstrate the detrimental effect of direction decoupling. Differences resulting from direction decoupling are also shown in the simulation of hypersonic flow over a rectangular body. The computational cost of allowing the EFM fluxes to flow in the correct directions on the grid is minimal.     

GUIDING OF PLASMA BY ELECTRIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC FIELD

The relationship between the transported ion current and the cathodic arc current is determined in a vacuum arc plasma source equipped with a curved magnetic filter. Our results suggest that the outer and inner walls of the duct interact with the plasma independently. The duct magnetic field is a critical factor of the plasma output. The duct transport efficiency is to maximize at a value of bias plate voltage in the range +10 V to +20 V, and independent (within our limit of measurement) of the magnetic field strength in the duct. The plasma flux is composed of two components: a diffusion flux in the transverse direction due to particle collisions, and a drift flux due to the ion inertia. The inner wall of the magnetic duct sees only the diffusion flux while the outer wall receives both fluxes. Thus, applying a positive potential to the outer duct wall can reflect the ions and increase the output current. Our experimental data also show that biasing both sides of the duct is more effective than biasing the outer wall alone.     

A current density conservative scheme for incompressible MHD flows at a low magnetic Reynolds number. Part I: On a rectangular collocated grid system

A consistent, conservative and accurate scheme has been designed to calculate the current density and the Lorentz force by solving the electrical potential equation for magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) at low magnetic Reynolds numbers and high Hartmann numbers on a finite-volume structured collocated grid. In this collocated grid, velocity (u), pressure (p), and electrical potential (φ) are located in the grid center, while current fluxes are located on the cell faces. The calculation of current fluxes on the cell faces is conducted using a conservative scheme, which is consistent with the discretization scheme for the solution of electrical potential Poisson equation. A conservative interpolation is used to get the current density at the cell center, which is used to conduct the calculation of Lorentz force at the cell center for momentum equations. We will show that both “conservative” and “consistent” are important properties of the scheme to get an accurate result for high Hartmann number MHD flows with a strongly non-uniform mesh employed to resolve the Hartmann layers and side layers of Hunt’s conductive walls and Shercliff’s insulated walls. A general second-order projection method has been developed for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with the Lorentz force included. This projection method can accurately balance the pressure term and the Lorentz force for a fully developed core flow. This method can also simplify the pressure boundary conditions for MHD flows.     

Infrared thermography applied to the resolution of inverse heat conduction problems: recovery of heat line sources and boundary conditions

In this paper we present an application of infrared thermography for inverse heat conduction problems resolution. The approach described in the paper is based on a Boundary Element Method formulation of the transient heat diffusion equation. The inverse problems under investigation concern the time and space reconstruction of unknown boundary conditions or heat line source strength. As there is a lack of information in the system, some additional measurements are necessary to solve the problem. In the examples proposed in this paper the extra information is provided by an infrared scanner. The measurements contained in the infrared pictures are used in the model as a Dirichlet boundary condition or as a special boundary condition prescribing both temperature and heat flux density on the scanned boundary. We present some experimental results concerning line source strength identification and the reconstruction of unknown heat fluxes applied on an out of reach boundary. All the examples presented in this paper are related to 2D transient diffusion. As the inverse problem is ill-posed, time and space regularization techniques are used to stabilize the solution and reduce the sensitivity of the latter to measurement errors.