基于硝基苯类光扳机两亲性嵌段共聚物的合成及其光响应性质研究

以香草醛为原料,制备了连接十二烷基长链的硝基苯类光扳机S-(o-硝基-m-甲氧基-p-十二烷氧基苄醇)(VND),并通过酰胺化反应与PEG₁₀₀₀-NH₂生成具有光响应性的两亲性嵌段共聚物聚乙二醇-S-(o-硝基-m-甲氧基-p-十二烷氧基苄酯)(PEG-VND)。红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振(¹HNMR)证明了合成的结构即为目标产物。PEG-VND可以在水中自组装成胶束,通过马尔文粒径仪和透射电镜(TEM)测定胶束的粒径。用紫外-可见光谱法(UV-Vis)研究胶束溶液随光照时间推移吸收光谱的变化。包载模型药物尼罗红后,检测PEG-VND对尼罗红的光控释放性质,结果表明:PEG-VND随光照时间的增加逐渐降解,尼罗红荧光发射强度逐渐减小,说明光照使得胶束解组装,释放模型药物。制备的快速光响应型控制释药聚合物胶束,具有潜在的生物医学应用的可能性。     

两亲性嵌段共聚物复合胶束在高强聚焦超声下的释放响应行为

采用共溶剂法制备了聚氧乙烯-b-聚(芘甲基丙烯酸甲酯)两亲性嵌段共聚物胶束(ACM)和由ACM包覆疏水染料尼罗红的复合胶束(ACM-N).采用IR,扫描电镜(SEM),动态光散射仪(DLS)监测ACM-N中尼罗红在高强聚焦超声辐射下的释放响应行为.监测结果表明,超声辐射使共聚物的大部分酯键断裂,由两亲性变为单亲水性,胶束结构被破坏.     

环形嵌段共聚物的胶束化行为模拟

利用Monte Carlo模拟, 对比了相同组成下环形二嵌段共聚物AB和线形三嵌段共聚物ABA在选择性溶剂中的胶束化行为. 结果发现, 相同链组成的环形和线形嵌段共聚物的临界胶束浓度(cmc)的差别与A嵌段的比例(f_A)及B嵌段间的吸引强度(ε)密切相关. 在f_A较小、 ε较大的情况下, 相应环形嵌段共聚物的cmc值更小; 而在f_A较大、 ε较小的情况下, 线形嵌段共聚物的cmc值更小. 为了进一步理解胶束化行为同f_A及ε的关系, 计算了胶束化过程中熵和势能部分对自由能的贡献. 结果表明, 在所研究的f_A和ε范围内, 环形嵌段共聚物形成胶束时的熵损失更小, 因而从熵贡献角度来看, 环形嵌段共聚物更易发生胶束化. 而从势能贡献角度来看, 当f_A较小、 ε较大时, 环形嵌段共聚物形成胶束时势能有较大程度的降低, 对自由能的贡献更大, 因而此时环形嵌段共聚物更易发生胶束化. 而当f_A较大、 ε较小时, 线形嵌段共聚物形成胶束时势能有较大程度的降低, 对自由能的贡献更大, 因而此时线形嵌段共聚物更易发生胶束化. 由此可见, 对体系的胶束化自由能进行系统分析, 有助于更好地理解环形和线形嵌段共聚物的胶束化行为.     

聚L-丙氨酸-聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物的胶束化行为研究

以氨基聚乙二醇单甲醚(MPEG-NH₂)为大分子引发剂, 采用开环聚合方法合成了聚L-丙氨酸-聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物(PAME), 并对其结构进行了表征; 用圆二色谱(CD)研究了嵌段共聚物在水溶液中的二级结构, 用芘荧光探针技术研究了共聚物胶束的形成及其临界胶束浓度(CMC), 利用动态光散射(DLS)和透射电镜(TEM)研究了胶束的粒径分布和形态. 结果表明, 在水溶液中共聚物链以α-螺旋构象形式存在, 在一定条件下嵌段共聚物能够形成球形的稳定胶束, PAME-1形成胶束的CMC为1.99×10^-5 mol/L, CMC值受共聚物中聚L-丙氨酸(PLA)链段含量的影响.     

多响应性聚肽共混胶束的药物控释性能

合成了聚(L-谷氨酸)-b-聚氧化丙烯-b-聚(L-谷氨酸)(PLGA-b-PPO-b-PLGA)三嵌段聚肽共聚物.通过透射电镜、激光光散射与核磁共振等方法研究了其与聚乙二醇-6-聚氧化丙烯(PEG-b-PPO)两嵌段共聚物共混体系的自组装行为,使用紫外分光光度计探讨了负载阿霉素的共混聚集体在不同环境下的释药行为.结果表明:该体系形成了以PPO为内核,PLGA和PEG为壳的共混胶束,该共混胶束的释药行为不仅具有pH和温度的响应性,并且对共混胶束的组分具有依赖性.     

CO2调控的温敏性聚合物的制备及其响应行为

通过原子转移自由基聚合制备了含甲氧基聚乙二醇(mPEG)、N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)和2-(二乙基氨基)甲基丙烯酸乙酯(PDMAEMA)的三嵌段共聚物。该共聚物具有较为明显的温度响应特征，并且温敏性的范围可以通过CO₂进行调控。该三嵌段聚合物在水溶液中存在最低临界溶液温度(LCST)，且该聚合物水溶液在CO₂调节的LCST下具有各种聚集状态。随着温度的升高，三嵌段聚合物表现出双重LCST行为，并最终导致PNIPAM嵌段和PDMAEMA嵌段分别在各自相转变温度下收缩，聚合物的疏水性增强,出现收缩-收缩-聚集的三相变过程。CO₂通过调控PDMAEMA嵌段中的叔胺基团电性，可以使聚合物的亲水性增强，使得三嵌段聚合物在较高温度下难以聚集，实现了CO₂对聚合物相转变温度的调控。      

新型温度/pH敏感性ABA型三嵌段共聚物的合成、胶束化及凝胶化行为研究

采用原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）方法合成了水溶性良好的不同聚合度的三嵌段共聚物P（DEAEMA-co-MEO₂MA-co-HMAM）-b-PEG-b-P（DEAEMA-co-MEO₂MA-co-HMAM）. 利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）以及凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）对聚合物结构及组成进行表征;通过透光率、表面张力的测定以及动态光散射（DLS）、荧光探针和透射电镜（TEM）技术研究了共聚物水溶液的性质及胶束化行为. 通过对不同pH下共聚物的凝胶状态和不同pH下温度诱导的溶胶-凝胶转变过程的观察,研究了温度和pH对共聚物凝胶化行为的影响. 测定了载药凝胶分别在不同温度和不同pH的缓冲溶液中对药物的累积释放率. 结果表明：ABA型三嵌段共聚物具有良好的温敏性和pH敏感性,在温度或pH诱导下可形成核壳胶束和凝胶. 载药凝胶对药物的累积释放率随温度和pH的降低而升高.     

聚乙二醇-b-聚(D,L-丙交酯-co-碳酸丙二酯)的胶束化及其药物控释研究

通过开环共聚合成了由D,L-丙交酯、碳酸丙二酯和聚乙二醇构成的两亲性嵌段共聚物(PETLA),研究了PETLA胶束化及药物控释行为.嵌段共聚物和胶束通过核磁共振(1H-NMR)、荧光分光光度计、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、动态光散射(DLS)、透射电镜(TEM)和紫外光谱(UV)表征.实验结果发现临界胶束浓度随共聚物疏水链段长度增加而减小,胶束直径随疏水链段长度增加而增大.透射电镜照片表明载药胶束MT1直径为30~40nm,呈规则球形.体外释药表明9-NC以可控方式释放,突释后药物释放速率接近零级恒速.     

温度/pH敏感性嵌段共聚物P(HEMA-co-DEAEMA)-b-PDEAM-b-P(DEAEMA-co-HEMA)的合成与性质研究

利用原子转移自由基聚合方法(ATRP)合成了组成递变的嵌段共聚物P(HEMA-co-DEAEMA)-b-PDEAM-b- P(DEAEMA-co-HEMA). 用FTIR, ¹H NMR和GPC技术表征了聚合物的组成、结构、分子量及其分布. 通过透光率测定、粘度、激光粒度分析和透射电镜研究了共聚物组成、温度及溶液pH对其溶液相行为和胶束化作用的影响. 结果表明: 所合成的嵌段共聚物具有温度和pH敏感性, 共聚物水溶液的低临界溶解温度(LCST)随HEMA量的增加而降低, 临界相变pH随HEMA量的增加而降低, 温度和pH诱导均可实现嵌段共聚物的胶束化. 控制HEMA量可以调控嵌段共聚物的LCST和pK_a.     

不同嵌段比的PEG-b-PDMAEMA共聚物在水溶液中的自聚集行为

采用氢核磁共振(¹H-NMR)、动态光散射(DLS)及透射电子显微镜(TEM)对聚乙二醇-嵌段-聚甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(PEG-b-PDMAEMA)三种具有不同PEG/PDMAEMA嵌段比的PEG-b-PDMAEMA共聚物在水溶液中的自聚集行为进行了研究. 研究表明, 两嵌段比例是影响聚合物胶束化过程的关键因素: 只有当其中聚乙二醇含量较低(质量分数低于33%)时, 聚合物才具有其pH/温度敏感胶束化特性. 此外, 共聚物溶液随温度胶束化过程与共聚物嵌段比大小密切相关. PEG-b-PDMAEMA这种不同于传统双亲性嵌段共聚物(DHBCs)在选择性溶剂中独特的胶束化行为, 是由聚合物溶液体系中各种基团之间的氢键作用决定的.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.