有机钛催化草酸二甲酯与苯酚酯交换反应

研究了几种有机钛化合物对草酸二甲酯(DMO)与苯酚酯交换反应的催化性能,发现催化活性及选择性顺序依次为二氯二茂钛钛酸四苯酯钛酸丁酯乙酰丙酮氧钛钛酸乙酯钛酸异丙酯,表明二氯二茂钛是一种性能较好的酯交换催化剂.在n(Cp2TiCl2)=0.001 mol、n(DMO)=0.3 mol、n(Phenol)=0.2 mol、T=180℃、t=2 h优化工艺条件下,苯酚转化率可达44.0%,甲基苯基草酸酯(MPO)和草酸二苯酯(DPO)收率分别达37.8%和6.1%,酯交换总选择性为99.8%.     

Sn改性TS-1分子筛催化草酸二甲酯和苯酚酯交换合成草酸二苯酯

 研究了Sn改性TS-1催化剂催化苯酚和草酸二甲酯（DMO）酯交换合成草酸二苯酯(DPO)反应。以Sn改性TS-1为催化剂时，Sn活性中心和Lewis酸中心协同作用催化苯酚和DMO酯交换合成DPO反应。因为Sn的加入，在保持MPO和DPO高选择性的同时，DMO转化率显著提高。而且Sn活性中心有利于MPO歧化反应生成DPO，从而大大提高了DPO的选择性。但是，当Sn负载量大于2％时，SnO2由均匀分布在TS-1表面改变为以晶体状态存在，从而导致DMO转化率的大幅降低。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备MoO3/SiO2催化草酸二甲酯和苯酚酯交换反应

采用溶胶-凝胶法在碱性条件下制备了一系列MoO_3/SiO_2催化剂用于草酸二甲酯和苯酚酯交换反应,并利用XRD、IR、XPS、NH3-TPD等表征催化剂结构.结果表明:弱酸中心是草酸二甲酯和苯酚酯交换反应的活性中心.当MoO_3负载量为12%(重量百分比),p H为9.1时的MoO_3/SiO_2催化剂具有更高的催化性能,这可能与该催化剂表面Mo物种分散更好和更高的酸量有关.在1.20 g MoO_3/SiO_2催化剂,0.20 mol苯酚,n(草酸二甲酯)/n(苯酚)=2,180℃反应3 h的条件下,苯酚转化率达70.0%,甲基苯基草酸酯和草酸二苯酯选择性分别为88.4%和11.5%.     

TiO(acac)2催化碳酸二甲酯和苯基乙酸酯合成碳酸二苯酯

碳酸二苯酯(DPC)是非光气法生产聚碳酸酯(PCs)的重要原料,具有多种酯交换法合成路线,如碳酸二甲酯(DMC)与苯酚酯交换法、DMC与苯基乙酸酯(PA)酯交换法、草酸二甲酯(DMO)与苯酚酯交换法等.本文对比测定了几种金属乙酰丙酮配合物和有机钛化合物对碳酸二甲酯(DMC)与苯基乙酸酯(PA)酯交换合成DPC反应的催化性能,结果表明,乙酰丙酮氧钛[TiO(acac)2]是一种良好的酯交换催化剂,具有优良的催化性能.在反应条件θ=180℃,n(PA)=0.8 mol,n(DMC)/n(PA)=1/2,n(TiO(acac)2)/n(PA)=0.006,t=4 h下,DMC转化率可达74.9%,甲基苯基碳酸酯(MPC)和DPC的选择性分别可达56.9%和38.9%.探索并提出了TiO(acac)2催化DMC与PA酯交换合成DPC反应的机理.     

有机钛化合物催化碳酸二甲酯与乙酸苯酯合成碳酸二苯酯

对比测定了几种有机钛化合物对碳酸二甲酯(DMC)与乙酸苯酯(PA)酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯(DPC)反应的催化性能. 结果表明,乙酰丙酮氧钛(TiO(acac)2)是一种有效的酯交换用催化剂,具有良好的催化性能. 在优化的条件(n(PA)=0.8 mol, n(DMC)/n(PA)=1/2, n(TiO(acac)2)/n(PA)=0.006, θ=180 ℃, t=4 h)下, DMC转化率可达74.9%, DPC和甲基苯基碳酸酯(MPC)的选择性分别可达38.9%和56.9%.     

TiO(acac)_2催化碳酸二甲酯和乙酸苯酯合成碳酸二苯酯(英文)

碳酸二苯酯(DPC)是非光气法生产聚碳酸酯(PCs)的重要原料,具有多种酯交换法合成路线,如碳酸二甲酯(DMC)与苯酚酯交换法、DMC与苯基乙酸酯(PA)酯交换法、草酸二甲酯(DMO)与苯酚酯交换法等.本文对比测定了几种金属乙酰丙酮配合物和有机钛化合物对碳酸二甲酯(DMC)与苯基乙酸酯(PA)酯交换合成DPC反应的催化性能,结果表明,乙酰丙酮氧钛[TiO(acac)2]是一种良好的酯交换催化剂,具有优良的催化性能.在反应条件θ=180℃,n(PA)=0.8 mol,n(DMC)/n(PA)=1/2,n(TiO(acac)2)/n(PA)=0.006,t=4 h下,DMC转化率可达74.9%,甲基苯基碳酸酯(MPC)和DPC的选择性分别可达56.9%和38.9%.探索并提出了TiO(acac)2催化DMC与PA酯交换合成DPC反应的机理.     

苯酚和草酸二甲酯酯交换反应产物的气相色谱分析

提出了苯酚和草酸二甲酯酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯反应的终产物碳酸二苯酯和中间产物草酸二苯酯的气相色谱分析方法 ,采用OV 10 1色谱柱基线分离了碳酸二苯酯、草酸二苯酯及其相关化合物 ,外标法定量测定了碳酸二苯酯和草酸二苯酯 ,其相关系数分别为 1.0 0 0 3和 0 .995 0 ;方法的标准偏差RSD分别为 3.42 %和2 .5 8%;回收率分别为 93.3%～ 10 4.0 %和 95 .0 %～ 10 4.0 %;检出限分别为 8.1× 10 - 2 和 7.7× 10 - 2 g L。     

苯酚和草酸二甲酯在不同分子筛催化下的酯交换反应

研究了以TS－1、H－ZSM－5、Hβ和H－丝光沸石等不同分子筛为催化剂，苯酚和草酸二甲酯酯交换合成草酸二苯酯反应。通过对催化剂进行吸附吡啶的红外光谱和NH3－TPD表征，考察了不同分子筛催化剂的酸性和酸强度对草酸二苯酯合成反应的影响，确定了催化剂上的弱酸中心是催化苯酚和草酸二甲酯酯交换合成草酸二苯酯反应的活性位，且催化剂的酸性中心越多，酸量越大，催化活性越好。催化剂上的强酸中心促进了副产物苯甲醚的生成。     

苯酚和草酸二甲酯酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯反应产物的气相色谱-质谱分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用、程序升温方法对苯酚和草酸二甲酯酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯反应产物进行了分析。实现了对钛酸四丁酯催化苯酚和草酸二甲酯二甲酯酯交换合成草酸二苯酯反应的主产物草酸二苯酯、中间产物甲基苯基草酸酯、副产物丁基苯基草酸酯、2-甲基丁醛、正丁醚及草酸二苯酯脱羰基生成碳酸二苯酯反应产物的定性，验证了苯酚和草酸二甲酯酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯反应分三步进行的反应模式。     

TS-1分子筛催化苯酚和草酸二甲酯合成草酸二苯酯

碳酸二苯酯;酯交换;TS-1分子筛催化苯酚和草酸二甲酯合成草酸二苯酯     

A novel amperometric biosensor based on spinach (Spinacia oleracea) tissue homogenate for urinary oxalate determination

In this study, a novel spinach (Spinacia oleracea) tissue homogenate-based biosensor for determination of oxalate in urine was developed. The biosensor was constructed by immobilizing tissue homogenate of spinach (S. oleracea) onto a high-sensitive teflon membrane of a dissolved oxygen (DO) probe. For the stability of the biosensor, general immobilization techniques were used to secure the spinach tissue homogenate in gelatin-glutaraldehyde cross-linking matrix. In the optimization and characterization studies, the amount of spinach tissue homogenate and gelatin, optimum pH, optimum temperature and thermal stability, interference effects, linear range and repeatability were investigated. A typical calibration curve for the sensor revealed a linear range of 1×10⁻⁵-10×10⁻⁵ M oxalate. In repeatability studies, variation coefficient (CV) was calculated as 1.8%. Of the various substrates tested, only oxalate was found to be specific, with a relative activity of 100%. The method was applied to the determination of oxalate in urine. The results showed that the method was applicable to oxalate determination in urine specifically and selectively.     

Immune Complex of Banana Oxalate Oxidase: Use in Quantitation of Urinary Oxalate

Abstract

Oxalate oxidase (oxalate:oxygen oxidoreauctase, FC 1.2.3.4), isolated from ripe banana peel was precipitated by rat antiserum. Compared with native enzyme, this immune complex possessed higher specific activity, greater stability, broader pH range for optimal activity and higher resistance to thermal and heavy metal inactivation. These improved characteristics of the immune complex make it ideally suited for its use in the determination of urinary oxalate. A simple method of determining oxalate in urine samples, using this preparation is described.     

Mucin/carbopol matrix to immobilize oxalate oxidase in a urine oxalate amperometric biosensor

An enzymatic amperometric electrode with extended analytical range and improved stability for oxalate determination has been developed. Glutarlaldehyde/mucin/carbopol matrix was used for the crosslinking of the enzyme between polymeric membranes to form a classical laminate construction (sandwich) and compared with the glutaraldehyde/mucin/enzyme and glutaraldehyde/albumin/enzyme.The use of a sulphonated membrane as internal membrane allowed rejection of the most important electrooxidable urine interferents. The recovery assays were highly satisfactory. The wide linear response in the range 2-400 μM after 1/10 urine dilution (corresponding to 20-4000 μM) made it suitable for clinical range. High correlation with the standard spectrophotometric method was obtained (r² = 0.98, y = 0.89x, n = 25).     

Radiolytic Approach for Efficient,Selective and Catalyst-free CO2 Conversion at Room Temperature

The present study proposes a new approach for direct CO₂ conversion using primary radicals from water irradiation. In order to ensure reduction of CO₂ into CO₂^−. by all the primary radiation-induced water radicals, we use formate ions to scavenge simultaneously the parent oxidizing radicals H^. and OH^. producing the same transient CO₂^−. radicals. Conditions are optimized to obtain the highest conversion yield of CO₂. The goal is achieved under mild conditions of room temperature, neutral pH and 1 atm of CO₂ pressure. All the available radicals are exploited for selectively converting CO₂ into oxalate that is accompanied by H₂ evolution. The mechanism presented accounts for the results and also sheds light on the data in the literature. The radiolytic approach is a mild and scalable route of direct CO₂ capture at the source in industry and the products, oxalate salt and H₂, can be easily separated.     

Smart optical probe for ‘equipment-free’ detection of oxalate in biological fluids and plant-derived food items

A reversible ‘turn-on’ sensor has been designed for ‘naked-eye’ detection of oxalate at nanomolar concentration (～12.5?nM) at pH 7.4. The sensory system shows a highly specific response towards oxalate among a wide range of antinutrients and biologically relevant anionic species. Mechanistic investigations indicate that oxalate can turn the pink-colored solution colorless by dissociating the preformed metal complex. Additionally, high specificity and good accuracy with recovery values ranging from 93.3 to 105.0% were obtained during oxalate estimation in spiked water and human urine samples, confirming the suitability of the present method in estimating trace-level of oxalate in complex matrices. With these results, quantitative estimations of endogenous oxalate were achieved in more than twenty-five different agricultural crops. Finally, low-cost, portable paper strips were developed for on-site detection of oxalate.     

Studies with the Selectrode: Determination of Oxalate Ion Activity

Abstract

A solid state oxalate sensor is reported utilizing a commercial ion-selective electrode, the Selectrode^TM. Comparative measurements in aqueous solution of similar carboxylate ions and common inorganic anions, indicates appreciabl'e selectivity for oxalate. The Selectrode^TM was activated with a mixture of silver sulphide, lead sulphide, and lead oxalate.     

Ion chromatographic determination of oxalate in plasma: correlation study with an enzymatic method

An ion chromatographic (IC) method for the determination of oxalate in plasma was developed. The method exploits a rapid and simple sample preparation step that substantially reduces the plasma chloride level to facilitate the oxalate determination. The chloride is removed as silver chloride by using a cation-exchange resin in the silver cation form. The dependence on chloride concentration and pH was evaluated. The oxalate recovery in plasma samples was found to be 93 ± 18% (n=4 trials) according to a standard addition study. A comparison of the IC method with an enzymatic method indicated that both methods measure the same oxalate concentration over the range examined, 5–300 μM. Furthermore, the comparison involved a correlation study that allowed cross-validation of the two methods, suggesting that neither is adversely affected by interferences. The detection limit of the IC method was 0.5 μM or 4.4 ng oxalate.     

Construction and Characterization of a Beet Stem Based Biosensor for Oxalate

Abstract

This report describes the construction and characterization of an oxalate-sensing electrode. The electrode is based on the incorporation of ground beet stem into the graphite paste of a graphite paste electrode. The hydrogen peroxide generated by enzymatic degradation of oxalate is monitored at a working voltage of 0.900 V vs SCE. All measurements were conducted in a succinic acid/EDTA buffer at pH 4.00. Under these conditions, the electrodes exhibit reproducible responses to oxalate. The lower limit of oxalate detection was less than 1.03 × 10^?4 M. The time to achieve a steady state response after exposure to a step change in oxalate concentration in solution is less than one minute. The magnitude of response to oxalate over the oxalate concentrations studied varies among several electrode tested as does the degree of linearity of response. An electrode studied still exhibited analytically useful responses to oxalate on the 15th day of its use. The beet stem-based electrodes display little response to glycolic acid, glucose, DL-valine, or pyruvate.     

Unexpected formation of chiral single crystals of {NH(n-C3H7)3[MnIICrIII(C2O4)3]}, A 2D oxalate-based material

In an attempt to obtain chiral single crystals of a two-dimensional (2D) bimetallic oxalate-based material by enantioselective auto-assembling of Mn²⁺ and (rac)-[Cr(C₂O₄)₃]^3? templated by the optically active complex (+)-(Rp)-[1-CH₂(n-C₃H₇)₃-2-CH₃(C₅H₃)Fe(C₅H₅)]⁺, we obtained the unexpected 2D network species {NH(n-C₃H₇)₃[MnCr(C₂O₄)₃]}. X-ray diffraction determination of the structure reveals that the complex crystallizes in the enantiomorphous space group P6₃. The interlayer spacing of 7.93?Å?is the lowest found so far for 2D, bimetallic, oxalate-bridged compounds.     

Enzymatic Assay of Oxalate in Urine by Flow Injection Analysis Using Immobilized Oxalate Oxidase and Chemiluminescence Detection

Abstract

A flow injection analysis (FIA) method for the assay of oxalate in urine samples is described, which utilizes an incorporated column reactor of immobilized oxalate oxidase. The hydrogen peroxide generated is detected by chemiluminescence via reaction with luminol and hexacyanoferrate(III). Special empasis is placed on the role of L-ascorbic acid, which has been claimed to constitute the most serious interference in these types of assays. The possible elimination af this constituent by addition of sodium nitrite, as previously used in batch procedures, did not improve the selectivity of the approach. The FIA approach described, which has a detection limit (3[sgrave]) of 34 μM in undiluted urine samples and allows a sampling frequency of ca. 55 s/h, is shown to offer itself as convenient and rapid means for screening purposes.