Optic sensors of high refractive-index responsivity and low thermal cross sensitivity that use fiber Bragg gratings of >80 degrees tilted structures

For the first time to the authors' knowledge, fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with >80 degrees tilted structures have been fabricated and characterized. Their performance in sensing temperature, strain, and the surrounding medium's refractive index was investigated. In comparison with normal FBGs and long-period gratings (LPGs), >80 degrees tilted FBGs exhibit significantly higher refractive-index responsivity and lower thermal cross sensitivity. When the grating sensor was used to detect changes in refractive index, a responsivity as high as 340 nm/refractive-index unit near an index of 1.33 was demonstrated, which is three times higher than that of conventional LPGs.     

Sensing properties of fiber Bragg gratings in small-core Ge-doped photonic crystal fibers

We report about fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) inscribed in two different types of small-core Ge-doped photonic crystal fibers with a UV laser. Sensing properties of the FBGs were systematically investigated by means of demonstrating the responses of Bragg wavelengths to temperature, strain, bending, and transverse-loading. The Bragg wavelength of the FBGs shifts toward longer wavelengths with increasing temperature, tensile strain, and transverse-loading. Moreover, the bending and transverse-loading properties of the FBGs are sensitive to the fiber orientations. The reasonable analyses for these sensing properties also are presented.     

长周期光纤光栅谐振波长的特性研究

研究了长周期光纤光栅谐振波长与光纤参数及光栅周期的变化关系,发现高阶包层模与低阶包层模具有完全不同的特点,在各种参数变化时两者的谐振波长向相反的方向移动。通过实际制作周期分别为１００μｍ和４００μｍ的光栅证实了这种差别。得到了一些有益于长周期光栅设计和制作和结论。     

荧光光纤光栅传感特性的实验研究

在载氢掺铒光纤上写入Bragg光纤光栅,得到新型光子学器件-荧光光纤光栅.分别对其Bragg波长（λB）及荧光寿命（τ）的温度（T）及应变（ε）响应特性进行了实验研究,并且给出了λB和τ分别关于（T,ε）的拟合方程.实验结果表明：荧光光纤光栅的λB对T和ε的响应具备一般Bragg光纤光栅的优良特性,测得温度灵敏度为11.1pm /℃,应变灵敏度为1.19pm/με;而且τ对T和ε的响应也具有良好的线性关系,温度灵敏度为0.59 μs/℃,应变灵敏度为6.16 ns/με.实验结论为解决温度应力交叉敏感、实现温度应力的同时监测提供一条新颖的途径.     

Highly sensitive cladding-etched arc-induced long-period fiber gratings for refractive index sensing

We have investigated the effects of cladding etching in arc-induced long-period fiber gratings. Comparing the position of the resonant wavelengths at each diameter with the corresponding theoretical dispersion curves of effective refractive index, it is found that some of the resonances show a better match with anti-symmetrical cladding modes, while others with symmetrical cladding modes. Etching the cladding diameter to ∼39 μm, results in coupling to a high-order cladding mode that is very sensitive to changes in the ambient refractive index. The resonant peak shifts remarkably (∼230 nm) toward shorter wavelengths as the external refractive index increases. This sensitivity is higher than any previously reported in arc-induced long-period fiber gratings.     

Comparative study of fiber optic liquid level sensors based on long-period fiber gratings with dif ferent doping concentrations

The performances of two liquid level sensors based on long-period fiber gratings are studied.The longperiod gratings(LPGs) have similar characteristics(length and period),but are fabricated with two photosensitive B-Ge co-doped fibers with different dopant concentrations.We investigate the temperature sensitivities of LPGs and exploit their refractive index sensitivity to implement liquid level measurement.By controlling fiber parameters,such as the dopant concentrations,the measurement sensitivity of a LPGbased fiber optic liquid level sensor can be improved.     

一种新的长周期光纤光栅制作技术

长周期光纤光栅在光纤通信和光纤传感领域有着广泛的应用。目前制作长周期光纤光栅的方法存在着制作成本、光栅性能和制作过程复杂之间的矛盾。提出了一种新的长周期光纤光栅制作技术。以宽光谱紫外光源代替激光器来制作长周期光纤光栅。采用该项技术可以同时制作出多根具有良好光谱性能的长周期光纤光栅，使长周期光纤光栅的制作更加简单、经济、实用，特别适合于批量工业化生产。     

Long-period fiber gratings fabricated with a CO2 laser beam and phase mask

A new holographic technique is proposed for fabricating long-period fiber gratings (LPGs) using a CO₂-laser and a phase mask. A CO₂ laser operating at 10.6 μm is incident normally on the phase mask and the diffracted interfering beams imprint a thermally induced periodic modulation into the cladding of the fiber placed behind the mask. Preliminary results of this technique are presented and discussed. An unusual self-tapered fiber LPG (STFLPG) is also presented.     

Irradiation effect on strain sensitivity coefficient of strain sensing fiber Bragg gratings

The effect of irradiation on the strain sensitivity coefficient of strain sensing fiber Bragg gratings(FBGs) has been investigated through experiments. FBGs were fabricated in single mode fibers with 3 mol% Ge-concentration in the core and with a H2-loading treatment. In experiments, the FBGs were subjected to γ-radiation exposures using a Co60 source at a dose-rate of 25 Gy/min up to a total dose of 10.5 kGy. The GeO defect in fiber absorbs photons to form a GeE’ defect; the interaction with H2 is a probable reason for the γ-radiation sensitivity of gratings written in hydrogen loaded fibres. The effect mechanism of radiation on the strain sensitivity coefficient is similar to that of radiation on the temperature sensitivity coefficient. Radiation affects the effective index neff, which results in the change of the thermo-optic coefficient and the strain-optic coefficient. Irradiation can change the strain sensitivity coefficient of FBGs by 1.48%–2.71%, as well as changing the Bragg wavelength shift(BWS) by 22 pm–25 pm under a total dose of 10.5 kGy. Our research demonstrates that the effect of irradiation on the strain sensitivity coefficient of FBG is small and that strain sensing FBGs can work well in the radiation environment.     

多层光纤布拉格光栅的理论与实验研究

从理论和实验两方面研究了在非周期性多层光纤上写入布拉格光栅的光学特性。从耦合模理论出发,讨论了光纤具有多于一个光敏层的情况。在实验室自制的两类多层光纤上写入光栅的实验也表明,该类光栅具备有一般光栅的普遍光学特性,说明在使用多层光纤作为关键部分构建器件时,需要的各类光栅部件能够通过直接在该类光纤上写入光栅实现。紫外光在氢载掺铒多层光纤上写入光栅的实验说明分层的异种元素掺杂将导致芯区应力增加,从而辅助提高光纤的光敏性。     

Suspended-core fiber Bragg grating sensor for directional-dependent transverse stress monitoring

This Letter presents simulation and experimental results of orientation-dependent transverse stress fiber sensors using fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) inscribed in four-hole suspended-core fibers. Resonant peak shifts and splitting of FBGs were studied as functions of the applied transverse load and fiber orientation. Both simulation and experimental results revealed that the response of FBGs in suspended-core fibers is sensitive to both the orientation and magnitude of an applied transverse stress.     

High-temperature-resistant chemical composition Bragg gratings in Er3+-doped optical fiber

Chemical composition gratings (CCGs), unlike standard fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), do not suffer a significant decrease in reflectance or an irreversible wavelength shift when they are exposed to elevated temperatures. To date, the growth of CCGs has been related to the fluorine content of the fibers in which they are written. It is shown that FBGs with high thermal stability, resembling CCGs, can be fabricated in Er3+-doped optical fibers that do not contain any fluorine.     

一种通道数可变的光纤光栅梳状滤波器

利用级联长周期光纤光栅与具有宽带反射功能的啁啾光纤光栅,构成了一种反射型的光纤光栅梳状滤波器.由于光在输出前经过两次干涉滤波作用,所以该梳状滤波器的消光比与透射输出型(即反射前)相比,增加了一倍.而且,通过调节啁啾光纤光栅的反射带宽,可以改变滤波器输出信道的数目.实验中利用弹性梁弯曲的方法,获得了两个可调的光纤光栅梳状滤波器,其信道数可分别在1～5和3～9之间的奇数间调谐(如果改变啁啾光纤光栅的初始中心波长,也可以获得偶数信道间的调谐).     

Optical sensing with photonic crystal fibers

A review of optical fiber sensing demonstrations based on photonic crystal fibers is presented. The text is organized in five main sections: the first three deal with sensing approaches relying on fiber Bragg gratings, long‐period gratings and interferometric structures; the fourth one reports applications of these fibers for gas and liquid sensing; finally, the last section focuses on the exploitation of nonlinear effects in photonic crystal fibers for sensing.     

Multiplexed reflective-matched optical fiber grating interrogation technique

The multiplexed-reflective matched fiber grating interrogation technique was presented in this paper.The interrogation technique was based on the use of two (or more) wavelength-matched fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) to receive the reflected signal from the sensing FBG. The two (or more) matched gratings were arranged parallelly and used as filters to convert wavelength into intensity encoded information for interrogation. Theoretical and experimental results demonstrated that the interrogation system is immune to the source fluctuation and cross-sensitivity effect between temperature and strain, and also can enlarge the dynamic range.     

Experimental investigation of pre-irradiation effect on radiation sensitivity of temperature sensing fiber Bragg gratings

The effect of pre-irradiation on radiation sensitivity of fiber Bragg gratings(FBGs) is verified experimentally.FBGs are fabricated in photosensitive optical fibers and single mode fibers with Ge-concentration in a range from 3 mol% to 23.37 mol% in the core.In experiments,the FBGs are subjected to twice γ-radiation exposures to a Co60 source at a dose-rate of 0.1 Gy/s up to a total dose of 50 kGy.Pre-irradiation treatment can reduce the temperature sensitivity variation of FBGs by 18.12%-35.91%,as well as Bragg wavelength shift(BWS) by 8%-27.08 %.Our research demonstrates that pre-irradiation treatment is a feasible method to improve the radiation tolerance of FBGs.     

Long-Period Fiber Grating Filter Synthesis Using Evolutionary Programming

An innovative algorithm based on the evolutionary programming (EP) method is developed for the synthesis of long-period fiber gratings (LPGs). The proposed method exhibits a number of attractive features that prove to be effective for solving the inverse design problems of LPGs. The basics of EP are reviewed and the detailed programming procedures of the proposed algorithm are presented. A new mutation process using the concepts of leveled adjustment and adaptive weighting factor is proposed and verified. Comprehensive numerical results on designing practical LPG filters are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Simple sensing head geometry using fibre Bragg gratings for strain-temperature discrimination

In this work, a simple sensing head geometry using fibre Bragg gratings for strain and temperature discrimination is presented. The sensing head geometry consists in one fibre with two FBGs bonded with a dummy optical fibre. Due to this new configuration, different strain sensitivities of the two FBGs are obtained (≈65% difference), while temperature sensitivities remain the same. This difference in strain sensitivities is substantially larger than in all previously reported dual grating sensors. The obtained experimental errors were ±13.48 με and ±2.44 °C, respectively. It is also demonstrated that this new configuration can be used as a temperature-independent strain sensor.     

基于保偏光纤取样光栅的宽频带滤波方法

提出一种新型刻录在保偏光纤上的取样布喇格光纤光栅.利用耦合模方程分析了此种光纤光栅的光谱特性,并利用切趾函数对光栅的输出谱进行了优化处理,最终可以实现高品质的宽频带多波长滤波.频带宽度为普通取样布喇格光纤光栅的2倍,经过切趾处理后,此种光纤光栅的边模抑制比也有显著提高.