Numerical analysis of propagation characteristics of electromagnetic wave in lossy left-handed material media

The propagation characteristics of electromagnetic wave in lossy left-handed materials (LHM) are studied using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method base on auxiliary differential equation (ADE) technology. The LHM medium is realized with lossy Drude models for both the negative electric permittivity and the negative magnetic permeability. The discretized ADE-FDTD equations are derived in detail. The incident wave used in the simulation is a multiple cycle m-n-m pulses source. The term of Poynting's vector E_xH_y was calculated. These numerical results demonstrate conclusively that the phase velocity direction of electromagnetic wave propagation and the direction of the Poynting vectors are anti-parallel in LHM. The amplitude of electric field is reduced with the enhancive distance of LHM slab. It is also demonstrated that the energy of electromagnetic wave in the LHM slab is obviously attenuated, and the attenuation of energy becomes stronger with the angular plasma frequency ω_p increasing. These results indicate that LHM stealth is effective in theory, and reasonable selection of the large negative index of refraction can greatly enhance its effectiveness.     

THz电磁波在时变非磁化等离子体中的传播特性研究

本文建立了时变非磁化等离子体平板的一维模型,并采用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法对太赫兹(THz)电磁波在时变等离子体中传播时的反射、透射系数及吸收率进行了计算.然后根据计算结果分析了时变等离子体的上升时间、电子密度、温度以及等离子体平板厚度等参数对不同频段THz波在等离子体中传播特性的影响.分析结果表明:THz波在时变等离子体中传播时,其反射系数受等离子体电子密度和上升时间的影响较大;而吸收率则随着上升时间的减小、电子密度及平板厚度的增加而增大;此外,THz电磁波能够穿透量级为1020m-3的高密度等离子体层,可以作为再入段飞行器通信以及高密度等离子体诊断的理想工具.     

Analysis of the temperature influence on the plasma reflectance by a new FDTD method

We apply the shift-operator FDTD (SO-FDTD) method for calculating dispersive media plasmas. We write the dielectric constant of a dispersive medium as a rational fractional function and derive the relation between D and E in the time domain. For a uniform, approximately isothermic, isotropic, warm-collision-plasma slab, the reflection coefficient of electromagnetic waves can be calculated using the SO-FDTD method. We study the influence of temperature on the collisions and absorption of electromagnetic waves in the plasma and discuss the regularity of the relationships obtained.     

FDTD Simulation of Electromagnetic Reflection of Conductive Plane Covered with Imhomogeneous Time-Varying Plasma

A finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm is applied to study the electromagnetic reflection of conduction plane covered with inhomogeneous, collision, warm, time-varying plasma. The collision frequency of plasma is a function of electron density and plasma temperature. Under the one-dimensional case, transient electromagnetic propagation through various plasmas have been obtained, and the reflection coefficient of EM wave through inhomogeneous time-varying plasma (ITVP), homogeneous time-varying plasma (HTVP) and inhomogeneous plasma (IP) are calculated under different conditions. The results illustrate that a plasma cloaking system can successfully absorb the incident EM wave.     

Resonant shielding of an inhomogeneous gyrotropic plasma slab

Conclusions The problem of the incidence of a plane TM electromagnetic wave on an isotropic, symmetric, resonance plasma slab (n=2, 4, 6, ...), discussed in [1], was solved by an iteration method in a recent paper [6]. The physical results found there are the same as those of [1]. Zhivulin and Makarov [6] then applied the iteration method to the analogous problem of a gyrotropic resonance plasma slab [7]. The analysis in these papers furnishes a clearer mathematical justification of the results of [1] and the present paper and thus of the method used there. The present method, which satisfies only a physical condition of rigor, is preferable to the mathematically more rigorous methods (in particular, the iteration method) because of its simplicity, its graphic nature, and its clear physical meaning. It also answers many questions which cannot be answered in the more rigorous approach because of the serious difficulties which arise (and which have not yet been overcome).N. G. Denisov has called our attention to the fact that complete shielding was actually found previously by Rytov and Yudkevich [8], who treated the problem of the incidence of a plane TE electromagnetic wave on a slab with a dielectric constant (x)=₁ – A₁/(a – x)² for x<0. (x)=₂ – A₂/(b + x)² for x>0, and ₁ – A₁/(a² = ₂ – A₂/b² in the plane x=0. In the limita0, b0, they found results corresponding to a slab with a dielectric constant having a first-order pole; it is in this case that complete shielding is achieved. This method for obtaining the corresponding results is analogous to the method used in [1] and the present paper. We also note that the distribution of the effective dielectric constant (6) in the immediate vicinity of the pole—where the contribution of the last term. (1–u)x², can be neglected—is the same as the distribution adopted in [8] if we seta-b-0, ₁ = ₂, A₁=A₂=u.Scientific-Research Institute of Radiophysics. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 19, No. 8, pp. 1130–1141, August, 1976.     

Research of electromagnetic field in different length left-handed material slab

Finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method is used to simulate the propagation of electromagnetic wave in left-handed material slab （LHMs） with cold plasma model The effects of optical propagation in the left-handed material compared to convex lens are discussed. The wider the LHMs is, the stronger electric field of focusing image in left-handed material slab is confirmed by the simulation with various slab length. However, the outer image point location would slightly moves to the LHMs side when the length of LHMs is reduced.     

时变非磁化等离子体光子晶体缺陷态研究

采用非磁化等离子体的分段线形电流密度卷积(Current density convolution,JEC)时域有限差分(Finite-dif-ferent time-domain,FDTD)算法研究了具有单一缺陷层的一维时变非磁化等离子体光子晶体的缺陷模特性。以高斯脉冲为激励源,通过由算法公式得到的电磁波透射系数讨论了等离子体上升时间对其缺陷模的影响。结果表明,改变等离子体的上升时间和密度可以获得不同的缺陷模。     

时变磁化等离子体光子晶体的禁带特性

采用磁化等离子体的分段线形电流密度卷积(Piecewise Linear Current Density Recursive Convolution,PLCDRC)时域有限差分(Finite-Different Time-Domain, FDTD)算法研究了一维时变磁化等离子体光子晶体的禁带特性。以高斯脉冲为激励源,用算法公式所得的电磁波透射系数来讨论了等离子体上升时间、密度、周期常数对其禁带特性的影响。结果表明,改变等离子体上升时间和密度可以实现对禁带的控制。     

The properties of magnetoactive plasma generated by high microwave power with variable polarization

The paper deals with the measurement of the electron densityN and the transverse electron temperatureT _e of a magnetoactive plasma, generated in a circular waveguide by a strong microwave signal with variable polarization. The plasma is generated in a homogeneous magnetic field parallel to the axis of the circular waveguide. The results of the measurements show the great influence of wave polarization upon the properties of the plasma. The results of the penetration of the electromagnetic wave into the plasma as a function of the wave polarization are given, too.The authors wish to thank Dr. J. atlov for his helpful discussions and suggestions concerning the purity of electromagnetic wave polarization.     

WKB solution for wave propagation in a time-varying magnetoplasmamedium: longitudinal propagation

The interaction of a right circularly polarized electromagnetic wave of frequency ω₀ with a switched-on-time-varying plasma medium, in the presence of a static magnetic field, is considered. Longitudinal propagation is assumed and ion motion is neglected. The electron density is assumed to vary slowly with time, and the solution is obtained through a WKB approximation. The main effect of switching the time-varying medium is the splitting of the original (incident) wave of frequency ω₀ into three new waves with time-varying frequencies. An exponentially increasing electron density profile is considered to illustrate the solution. The distinguishing feature of the presence of the static magnetic field is the creation of the third wave. The initial value of the instantaneous frequency ω₃ of this wave is equal to the gyrofrequency ω_b, and the final value depends on ω_b, ω₀, and the final value of the plasma frequency. ω₃ decreases with time for the profile under consideration     

Is the strong-interaction proton-proton scattering length renormalization scale dependent in effective field theory?

It is shown that the strong-interaction ¹S₀ proton-proton scattering length in very low-energy effective field theory does not depend on the renormalization scale, if the electromagnetic interaction is switched off consistently.Received: 3 July 2003, Revised: 26 September 2003, Published online: 20 January 2004PACS: 03.65.Nk Scattering theory - 13.75.Cs Nucleon-nucleon interactions (including antinucleons, deuterons, etc.)     

SO-FDTD Analysis on Magnetized Plasma

In this paper, a novel finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method with recursive relationships among operators is developed for magnetized dispersive medium, named as the shift operator FDTD(SO-FDTD). The dielectric property of magnetized dispersive medium is written as rational polynomial function, the relationship between D and E is deduced in time-domain. And its high accuracy and efficiency are verified by calculating the reflection and transmission coefficients of electromagnetic waves through a collision plasma slab.     

Study of the Excitation Conditions and Characteristics of Ionospheric Plasma Turbulence at the Development Stage of the Ponderomotive Parametric Instability

We present the results of studying the development features of nonlinear effects at the initial stage of interaction of powerful HF radio waves with the plasma in the ionospheric F region. Experimental measurements were performed at the Sura heating facility for a wide pump frequency range (4.5–9.0 MHz) and a variety of pulse durations (0.3–100 ms) and effective radiated powers (1–30 MW) at various times of a day. The performed measurements allow us to study the excitation thresholds and time–amplitude characteristics of the ponderomotive self-action of a pump wave as well as the relaxation characteristics of the stimulated electromagnetic emission of the ionosphere as functions of the pump parameters and ionospheric conditions. The measured development features of the ponderomotive parametric instability in the ionospheric plasma are compared with the calculation results. The instability threshold fields (E_th 220 mV/m) and the damping rates (_e 450 s^-1) of plasma waves, measured under evening-time conditions, are close to the estimates obtained on the assumption of collisional damping of Langmuir turbulence. A significant increase in the threshold field and the damping rate (by factors of up to 3 and 6, respectively) was observed under daytime conditions. In this case, the minimum values of these quantities (E_th 350 mV/m and _e 600 s^-1) were observed for pump-wave reflection heights of about z 230 km. The measurement and simulation results are indicative of the dominant effect of photoelectrons on the development features of ionospheric plasma turbulence under daytime conditions. We discuss the possibilities of using the developed method for comprehensive monitoring of the parameters of Langmuir turbulence and the background ionospheric plasma.     

Application Value of Slow Decay Behavior of Energy Density Excited by Electromagnetic Pulses

By comparing the radiated energy densities excited by the continuous wave (CW), the sinusoidal pulse, the Gaussian pulse and the rectangular pulse respectively with the same energy, it is shown that the pulses are not more efficient than CW in the energy transmission. For the sinusoidal pulse and the CW, the radiated energy densities are the same in far zone. The radiated energy density of the Gaussian pulse is equal to the one of CW in far zone when the pulse width equals 1/2 of the CWs period T₀. The energy transmission of pulse is more efficient only in the case of 0/2. For the rectangular pulse, the radiated energy density is equal to the one of CW in far zone when the maximum of frequency spectrum is 10f₀ (f₀=1/T₀) and the pulse width is T₀. The numerical results and theoretical analysis in this paper show that the application value of the slow decay behavior of the energy density excited by electromagnetic pulses is limited.     

Frequency and Polarization Transformer: Longitudinal Modes

A frequency transformer that converts an elliptically polarized standing wave into frequency-shifted circularly polarized standing waves is considered. The transformer is a one-dimensional cavity in which a magnetoplasma, that supports longitudinal modes, is created. Theoretical derivation for the case of sudden and uniform creation of the magnetoplasma is given. Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) technique is developed to numerically simulate the problem. The simulation is used to verify the results of the theory as well as obtain results for the cases of creation of a lossy magnetoplasma with arbitrary space and time profile of the electron density. A few instructive results are presented as graphs to illustrate the effects of source parameters and system parameters.     

Enhanced nonlinear effects in pulse propagation through epsilon‐near‐zero media

In recent years, unconventional metamaterial properties have triggered a revolution of electromagnetic research which has unveiled novel scenarios of wave‐matter interaction. A very small dielectric permittivity is a leading example of such unusual features, since it produces an exotic static‐like regime where the electromagnetic field is spatially slowly‐varying over a physically large region. The so‐called epsilon‐near‐zero metamaterials thus offer an ideal platform where to manipulate the inner details of the “stretched” field. Here we theoretically prove that a standard nonlinearity is able to operate such a manipulation to the point that even a thin slab produces a dramatic nonlinear pulse transformation, if the dielectric permittivity is very small within the field bandwidth. The predicted non‐resonant releasing of full nonlinear coupling produced by the epsilon‐near‐zero condition does not resort to any field enhancement mechanism and opens novel routes to exploiting matter nonlinearity for steering the radiation by means of ultra‐compact structures.

     

Nonlinear waves in para-and ferroelectrics described by the Landau-Khalatnikov equation

The propagation of an extremely short (one cycle long) pulse of an electromagnetic field in a medium with two equilibrium states is considered theoretically. The analysis is based on the set of Maxwell equations and the Landau-Khalatnikov equation, in which the approximations of the slowly varying envelopes are not used. The solutions of this set that describe the steady-state propagation of a solitary polarization wave and of an electromagnetic pulse are found. In the approximation of a unidirectional wave, a numerical simulation of the propagation and interaction of solitary waves is performed in terms of the model considered.     

The final states in photoemission and field emission

For a semiinfinite medium and for a slab it is shown how the final state functions describing photoemission and field emission are to be defined if more than one solution of the Schrödinger equation for a fixed value of the energyE and the parallel componentk of the wave vectork exist. As by-product some interesting statements concerning complexband structure and the solutions of the Schrödinger equation for a semiinfinite medium or a crystalline slab are derived.     

Full wave electromagnetic simulation of electrooptic high-speed probes

This paper outlines the process of modelling external electrooptic probes mounted on coplanar waveguides (CPW). The techniques used to describe the electromagnetic properties of the external probes are the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and the finite difference transmission line method (FDTLM). These full wave techniques are time domain in nature that must be Fourier transformed to describe important frequency domain characteristics such as scattering parameters. The optical retardation of the probe is related to the full wave analysis through a commonly used grid size that results in a generalized basis for a complete electrooptic system analysis including a unique definition of an electrooptic transfer function,H(). Following the field simulation, the properties of the probe (invasiveness, retardation, signal distortion and group delay) are presented. Procedures for optimizing models for probe tips are discussed and related to a first-order model that has been developed. The results indicate that these probes can be simulated successfully on moderately sized Unix work stations and that the optimization of probe models must include the full wave simulation in the definition of the necessary gradients for the optimization process.