Landsat ETM+在北方农牧交错带土壤沙化监测中的应用

北方农牧交错带是农业种植区与家畜放牧区相互交错的生态过渡地带,是多种生态系统的复合体.由于自然因素和人为因素的影响,农牧交错带土壤沙化问题日益严重,土壤沙化面积逐年扩大,关系到我国北部和中东部生态环境、经济发展和农牧区人民的生活质量等问题,亟需解决.近几年农牧交错带已经成为恢复生态学和全球气候变化研究的热点区域.针对土壤沙化的遥感监测是收集沙化土地现状及其动态变化的重要技术手段,可以为我国北方地区沙化的防治提供重要的实际数据.Landsat ETM+是研究区域尺度较为先进的多光谱遥感系统,应用十分广泛.主要阐述了Landsat ETM+系统特点以及在北方农牧交错带沙化监测中的应用,并且展望了这一系统将来的发展的景.     

高光谱遥感林业信息提取技术研究进展

高光谱遥感技术已成为林业遥感领域的前沿技术之一。回顾国内外高光谱遥感技术在林业信息提取中的研究进展,总结归纳了森林树种高光谱分类与识别、森林生态物理参数高光谱反演与提取、林木养分元素高光谱监测与诊断、森林郁闭度信息高光谱提取、森林灾害高光谱监测五个主要研究方面。在此基础上,文章指出了在林业遥感应用中高光谱技术尚待解决的关键问题,并阐述了可能解决问题的途径。最后对林业高光谱遥感技术的应用前景作了展望。     

高光谱遥感技术在国家环保领域中的应用

高光谱遥感技术在环境保护领域中应用广泛,本文概述了高光谱遥感技术在我国大气环境中污染气体、温室气体监测,水环境中重点水污染源水华、水质、饮用水源地安全监测,生态环境的生物多样性、植被类型监测、土壤污染等方面的应用情况,并指出目前存在国内高光谱卫星缺乏、数据处理和信息提取能力不足等问题,以及目前迫切需要发展搭载大气痕量气体差分吸收光谱仪、温室气体监测仪、高光谱成像仪等高光谱传感器的环境卫星后续星、加强高光谱数据处理和信息提取攻关研究、加快高光谱环境地面应用系统的建设等建议。     

高光谱遥感技术在生物多样性保护中的应用研究进展

当今世界物种的减少和栖息地的丧失日益严重,生物多样性保护已经成为最热门的话题之一。遥感这种通过非接触式收集信息的科学,及相应的估算生物多样性、建立物种多样性的关系模型和进行生物多样性指数制图等功能,已在生物多样性保护领域中得到了广泛应用。从遥感传感器和遥感技术两个方面论述了高光谱遥感技术在生物多样性保护中的应用进展,重点列举了光谱遥感在生物多样性保护中的成功应用实例。对生物多样性保护的发展具有一定的参考价值。     

表面增强拉曼光谱生物成像技术及其应用

基于表面增强拉曼光谱的成像分析方法具有频带窄,水溶液背景弱,稳定性好,高特异性等优势已成为生物成像领域的优良选择。拉曼成像技术拓展了拉曼光谱的应用范围,使其不再只是检测单点化学成分的手段,而进一步用于对评价区域内化学物质成分、分布及变化进行整体统计和描述。本文探讨了表面增强拉曼散射的原理及增强机制,介绍了基于表面增强拉曼光谱的拉曼成像技术,并对其在无标记成像及带标记成像中的细胞成像、活体成像,特别是其在生物医学方面的应用进行了详细论述,最后讨论了表面增强拉曼光谱生物成像技术存在的问题,展望了该项技术的研究和应用前景。     

星载超光谱成像技术发展与展望

超光谱成像技术由于能够同时获取目标的空间信息和光谱信息,显著提高了空间遥感技术对地物的探测和识别能力,在对地观测和深空探测领域具有广阔的应用前景。总结了星载超光谱成像技术近三十年来的国内外研究现状,对国内外典型超光谱成像仪的技术指标、技术特点和应用领域进行了论述。分析结果表明：高空间分辨率、高光谱分辨率是超光谱成像技术未来的发展趋势,offner光栅色散型超光谱成像仪是一个重要的发展方向。     

高光谱图像技术在农产品检测中的应用进展

综述了高光谱图像技术在农产品品质和食用安全性检测方面的研究现状及其在无损检测中的应用进展.在此基础上,提出了利用高光谱图像技术检测农药残留的解决途径,对高光谱图像技术在生物医学信息检测和农药残留检测中的应用前景进行了展望,指出高光谱图像技术是生物组织功能信息分析的一种新方法,是符合我国农产品产销特点的农药残留检测的潜力技术,可保障农产品质量和安全.     

激光生物光谱

激光光谱技术有很高的光谱分辨率和分析灵敏度，利用它可以深入地研究生物分子反应动力学及某些生物分子的光化学反应机理，把激光生物学的研究提高到分子水平，有助于阐明生物分子的结构和功能，揭示生命现象的奥秘．本文介绍了激光皮秒光谱、荧光光谱、反射光谱、透射光谱等技术，在研究生物分子、生物细胞、各种生物过程以及诊断癌症等方面的进展及应用前景；同时也介绍了几种生物光谱仪器．     

拉曼光谱技术在农作物生理信息检测中的研究进展

拉曼光谱(Raman spectroscopy,RS)是一种散射光谱,具有样品前处理简单、响应速度快、灵敏性高以及原位无损检测等特点。由于拉曼信号具有指纹图谱特性和不受水分信息干扰的优势,其在生物体信息检测方面发挥着重要作用。拉曼光谱成像技术是拉曼光谱技术发展的新方向,其可以同时获取研究对象的空间及光谱信息;显微拉曼光谱技术不仅可以进行分子结构的检测,还能够实现生物组织微区化学成分的空间分布分析。目前,应用拉曼光谱进行农作物生理信息的检测成为学者们的研究热点。本文概述了拉曼光谱的基本原理和分类,并重点介绍了拉曼光谱技术在农作物的生殖与营养器官(种子,花朵,果实和根,茎,叶)中生理信息检测方面的国内外最新研究进展。最后结合国内外研究现状,分析了拉曼光谱在农作物生理信息检测中的局限,并对其的应用前景进行了展望。     

雪的偏振高光谱反射影响因素分析

针对雪监测的需要和全球变化对雪的影响,在传统对雪研究的基础上,从多角度偏振反射入手,对光线的入射天顶角、探测天顶角、探测方位角、偏振角、雪密度、雪中污染情况、雪下覆背景等影响因素进行了分析。发现这些因素对雪的反射光谱曲线均有影响,而且某些因素对偏振高光谱反射的影响较垂直观测更显著。这些影响因素中雪污染情况对雪的反射光谱曲线有明显的改变,其他因素对雪的反射光谱曲线形状变化影响不大,主要是影响雪的反射比值。雪的偏振反射信息的研究具有重要理论意义,也有广泛的应用前景,同时也为利用遥感技术对雪的定量研究提供新的思路和方法。     

Belowground feedbacks as drivers of spatial self-organization and community assembly

Vegetation patterning in water-limited and other resource-limited ecosystems highlights spatial self-organization processes as potentially key drivers of community assembly. These processes provide insight into predictable landscape-level relationships between organisms and their abiotic environment in the form of regular and irregular patterns of biota and resources. However, two aspects have largely been overlooked; the roles played by plant – soil-biota feedbacks and allelopathy in spatial self-organization, and their potential contribution, along with plant-resource feedbacks, to community assembly through spatial self-organization. Here, we expand the drivers of spatial self-organization from a focus on plant-resource feedbacks to include plant – soil-biota feedbacks and allelopathy, and integrate concepts of nonlinear physics and community ecology to generate a new hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, below-ground processes can affect community assemblages through two types of spatial self-organization, global and local. The former occurs simultaneously across whole ecosystems, leading to self-organized patterns of biota, allelochemicals and resources, and niche partitioning. The latter occurs locally in ecotones, and determines ecotone structure and motion, invasion dynamics, and species coexistence. Studies of the two forms of spatial self-organization are important for understanding the organization of plant communities in drier climates which are likely to involve spatial patterning or re-patterning. Such studies are also important for developing new practices of ecosystem management, based on local manipulations at ecotones, to slow invasion dynamics or induce transitions from transitive to intransitive networks of interspecific interactions which increase species diversity.     

Phase-shift extraction from twice-normalized light intensity changes recorded with random phase shifts

A simple phase-shift extraction algorithm is proposed for interferograms recorded with random phase shifts that vary over at least 2π. The phase-shift-dependent changes in the intensity at two pixels having different phases, selected from one frame, are taken out and normalized. The sum and difference of the two normalized changes are calculated, and both the changes are normalized again along the phase shifts. The normalized sum and difference become the cosine and sine of a term including the random phase shift, respectively. Thereby, the phase shifts are extracted from both twice-normalized intensity changes. An experiment using an interference microscope equipped with a piezoelectric-transducer positioner of an objective lens is conducted to estimate the validity of the algorithm. The algorithm is verified to have satisfactory results when the multiple interferograms used have a sample size of more than 15 frames recorded with random phase shifts.     

Underestimation of equivalent dose in single-aliquot optical dating of feldspars caused by preheating

The ability of single-aliquot techniques to recover a known laboratory dose in coarse-grain potassium-rich feldspar separates is tested. It is shown that, for the samples under study, single-aliquot methods underestimate the known dose. It is deduced that this phenomenon is caused by an increase in electron trapping probability as a consequence of heating. The same phenomenon would lead to an underestimation in the equivalent dose in a natural sample. Multiple-aliquot techniques for equivalent dose determination may not suffer from this problem, but are not suitable for samples that might not have been completely bleached at the time of deposition. It is argued that testing for changes in electron trapping probability should become routine practice in the single-aliquot dating of feldspar.     

Time-Resolved Reflectance of an Optical Pulse in Adult Heads Based on the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Analysis

Time-resolved reflectance of an optical pulse in adult head models including non-scattering cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been analyzed by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis formulated by the authors. Averaged light intensity and mean time of flight dependences on the source-detector separations calculated by the FDTD analysis are in good agreement with previous experiments, hybrid finite element method (FEM) and Monte Carlo calculations, which justify the FDTD analysis. Based on the analysis, time-resolved reflectance sensitivities to detect optical property changes in brain have been analyzed. As a result, it has been become clear that the sensitivities to detect absorption changes of brain are enhanced in time-resolved reflectance compared to the sensitivities in averaged light intensity, whereas the sensitivities to detect scattering property changes of brain are almost the same in time-resolved reflectance and in averaged light intensity. © 2005 The Optical Society of Japan     

‘Symmetrical face’ based improved LPP method for face recognition

As one of the most important branches of pattern recognition and computer vision, face recognition has more and more become the focus of researches. In real word applications, the face image might have various changes owing to varying illumination, facial expression and poses, so we need sufficient training samples to convey these possible changes. However, most face recognition systems cannot capture many face images of every user for training, non-sufficient training samples have become one bottleneck of face recognition. In this paper, we propose to exploit the symmetry of the face to generate ‘symmetrical face’ samples and use an improved LPP method to perform classification. Experimental results show that our method can get a high accuracy.     

Pressure-induced structural changes in liquid SiO2 from Ab initio simulations

First-principles molecular dynamics simulations at constant pressure have been used to investigate the mechanisms of compression of liquid SiO2. Liquid SiO2 is found to become denser than quartz at a pressure of about 6 GPa, in agreement with extrapolations of lower pressure experimental data. The high compressibility of the liquid is traced to medium-range changes in the topology of the atomic network. These changes consist in an increase of network connectivity caused by the pressure-induced appearance of coordination defects.     

Improving quality of service in four-channel WDM ethernet passive optical network

Energy-efficiency and green communications have become dominant topics related to access network implementation, since their energy consumption is a major contributor of energy consumption within the Internet. In this paper we analyze an implementation of a new energy-efficient dynamic bandwidth algorithm in a four-channel Wavelength Division Multiplexing Ethernet Passive Optical Network (WDM EPON), in which wavelength assignments take place per service class and not per Optical Network Unit (ONU). The improved Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) algorithm introduces independent bandwidth allocation for each wavelength, which results in efficient bandwidth management and utilization. The mathematical model for new DBA algorithm is described, as are changes to the Multi-Point Control Protocol (MPCP), necessary for its implementation. The obtained results show that the redefined DBA algorithm improves Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and as a consequently enables delivery of enhanced services to end-users. Significant energy savings are achieved without Quality of Service (QoS) degradation, and without network or equipment architecture changes.     

Morse势阱中线性和三阶非线性光折射率的改变

利用量子力学中的密度矩阵算符理论和迭代方法,导出莫尔斯（Morse）势阱中线性和三阶非线性光折射率改变的解析表达式,并以典型的GaAs／AlGaAs Morse势阱为例进行数值计算。数值结果表明,随着入射光强度增强,总的折射率改变将减少;随着势阱参数a的增大,总的折射率改变将减小;而随着载流子浓度的增加,总的折射率改变将增加。结果表明要获得较大的折射率改变,则需选取较小的入射光强度,较小的参数a,较大的载流子浓度,从而为实验研究提供理论依据。     

Landsat 8 OLI影像的高原山地阴影区冰川识别方法

冰川对气候变化极为敏感,其变化对区域气候、生态及水资源等有重要影响。对于高原山地区域而言,使用遥感数据开展冰川变化研究时,影像经常会有较大面积的山体阴影。阴影使地物目标反映的信息量有所损失或受到干扰,在遥感影像数据上难以判读。因此,基于遥感影像的山体阴影区冰川识别成为一个技术难点。选择青藏高原上的大型山地冰川群为实验区,基于Landsat 8 OLI影像数据,分析了山体阴影区冰川与非冰川的波段反射特征,结果表明由于阴影区直射光被遮挡,波长较短的蓝光波段因具有更高的散射强度,是阴影区冰川识别的优势波段;长波波段在阴影区无论是冰川还是非冰川区域反射率都很低,难以区分。在此基础上提出针对山体阴影区冰川信息提取的增强指数算法,并与常规的冰川信息提取方法进行效果对比,结果表明增强指数方法得到的直方图分割阈值更为明显。从冰川信息提取结果来看,无论是空间分布还是面积误差比例,采用优势波段的增强指数法效果最好。在高原山地区域进行大规模冰川提取时,采用所提出的山体阴影区冰川信息增强指数算法,有助于提高整体工作效率。