马氏体相变过程中低频内耗的研究

本文测出了金镉(Au-Cd)合金在正反马氏体相变过程的低频内耗峰,内耗极大值与变温速率有线性关系,但比Fe-Mn等非热弹性马氏体相变内耗的速率依赖要小得多,稳定内耗峰(变温速率为零)在每一温度的内耗值与频率无关,是静滞型损耗。内耗峰高与马氏体晶粒尺寸有关。等温转变过程也出现一个内耗-时间峰。根据以上诸实验事实,我们认为,低频马氏体相变内耗是由那些在振动应力作用下可以运动的相界面所引起的。 关键词：     

回火第一阶段中马氏体的分解过程

本文是作者从马氏体回火第一阶段中的等温分解曲线来研究分解过程。这种等温曲线最初接近时间的一次方的指数关系,越后则越不到一次方关系的分解时率。作者认为这种曲线反映了分解过程瞬变的本质和晶格间隙中碳原子运动迟留的特徵。假定了间隙碳原子从任一种运动情态转变到另一种情态都有一定的几率以后,等温分解曲线可以被表示成为一系列的时间的指数函数的和。每一指数项中时间的系数和运动情态转变的几率有关。这种几率和碳原子的浓度及时间无关,它们是温度的函数且和晶体间架的性质有关。指数项的系数则和碳原子在各种运动情态中的分布有关。这样的方式可以把实验数据代表到如所需要的精确度,而凭着所得的系数可以对推测分解过程的机构有所帮助。     

钢中马氏体在回火转变中所引起的内耗峰

用扭摆测量淬硬碳钢的内耗,当测量温度由室温渐渐升高时,在130℃附近有一个内耗峰出现。当温度达到170℃后再降温测量,这个内耗峰完全消逝不见。上述的现象在含碳0.29％到1.4％的几种淬硬碳钢和淬硬滚珠钢中都曾经看到。由内耗峰的出现可以认为马氏体在第一个回火阶段中的转变产物(ε-碳化铁)与母体具有共格性,由于共格界面的应力感生运动而引起内耗。曾用具有马氏体组织的0.25％碳钢试样作实验,没有观测到上述的内耗峰。但是当回火温度达到280-300℃以后,在降温或升温测量中都观测到一个内耗峰(在150℃附近)。这表示低碳马氏体在第三个回火阶段中的转变产物与母体具有共格性。但是由于这个内耗峰的表现与上述高碳试样的内耗峰不同,所以我们认为这转变产物并不是ε-碳化铁。     

高碳和低碳马氏体回火分解产物的共格性所引起的内耗峯

已往的研究结果指出,高碳和低碳马氏体在回火分解过程中分别在130℃和150℃出现一个内耗峯。本文根据内耗峯的出现和消逝的条件,较有系统地研究了高碳和低碳马氏体的回火分解和分解产物的形成和破坏,从而指出了这内耗峯确与分解产物与母体的共格性有密切联系。研究结果指出,无论在高碳或低碳马氏体的情形,这个内耗峯(内耗表示为温度的函数)的位置并不随测量频率的改变而改变,内耗峯的高度随着测量内耗时的应变振幅的增大而升高。这说明内耗峯并不是由于一种弛豫过程所引起的,这可能是所有的共格性内耗峯的一个特点。根据这一特点,认为内耗峯可能是由于共格界面在应力感生下的移动所引起来的。对于产生内耗峯的机构提出了初步看法。     

NiTi记忆合金中R相和马氏体相中孪晶界面的群论分析

利用母相群对低温相群陪集分解的理论,确定了NiTi形状记忆合金中R相存在四种变体,变体之间以{110}_p和{100}_p作为孪晶界面,四种变体可构成三种自适应群。马氏体相中存在三种变体,变体间的孪晶界面为{110}_p,三种变体可以构成四种呈三角形分布的自适应群。所得结果与实验工作基本一致。 关键词：     

PARAMETRIC STABILIZATION OF A GYROSCOPIC SYSTEM

This paper studies the stabilization of a gyroscopic system using parametric stabilization near a combination resonance. The gyroscopic system is near its primary instability, i.e., the bifurcation parameter is such that the system possesses a double zero eigenvalue. The stability of the system is studied for the linear Hamiltonian system, the damped linear system, the forced linear Hamiltonian system, and finally the damped and forced linear system. The addition of the periodic excitation near the critical combination resonance provides the system with an extended stability region when the excitation frequency is slightly above the combination resonance. A non-linear numerical example shows that these results may persist for the non-linear problem. The results of this work, are then discussed in relation to an example gyroscopic problem, a rotating shaft with periodically perturbed rotation rate.     

APPROXIMATE MODEL OF INTENSE FIELD STABILIZATION FOR HYDROGEN ATOM

An approximate model is proposed to study the stabilization problem of hydrogen atoms under monochromatic intense laser field. The stabilization regime for system parameters such as laser field strength, laser field frequency and atomic magnetic quantum number are obtained by stability analysis of fixed points of the model. The results are consistent with those obtained by other methods.     

碳在低碳合金马氏体中微扩散所引起的内耗峰

用扭摆测量淬硬低碳镍合金钢中的内耗,当振动频率约为每秒2周时,在155℃附近有一个内耗峰出现。这个内耗峰的出现条件是:钢中必须含有马氏体、合金元素和碳。在适当的条件下,铬钢和铬镍钢中也曾观察到这个内耗峰。用含镍29.7％的钢作了系统试验,观察到内耗峰高度与试样中的含碳量成正比。内耗峰的高度由于在较高温度(165℃以上)的回火处理而不断降低。由内耗测量所测得的激活能是25,000卡/克分子。以上的实验结果指出,所观测到的155℃新内耗峰是由于碳在合金马氏体中的应力感生微扩散所引起来的。提出了一个产生内耗峰的初步模型。假定碳在四角马氏体中是处于00(1/2)型的间隙位置。合金元素原子的存在引起晶体点阵中不均匀的畸变,因而应力的作用便改变了碳原子在热平衡状态下在Fe-C-Fe和B-C-Fe(B是合金元素原子)两种00(1/2)型间隙位置之间的跳动几率。这种应力感生的碳原子运动便引起内耗。用这个模型可以定性地解释所观测到的事实。关于这方面的定量研究正在进行中。     

热平衡试验温度稳定判据研究

航天器的热平衡试验持续时间长,费用巨大,缩短热平衡试验时间能够有效的缩短航天器开发周期和节约研制费用。在航天器的热平衡试验中温度稳定判据给出了结束试验的条件。本文对应用和不应用温度外推结果的两种温度稳定判据做了简要介绍,详细比较了应用这两种不同温度稳定判据时的试验结果和持续时间。结果表明热平衡试验中温度稳定判据应用了温度外推结果后能够在准确获得试验温度的同时缩短试验时间。     

铁电马氏体中的电致形状记忆效应

与温度驱动形状记忆的缓慢响应及磁场驱动形状记忆的巨大体积相比较，电场驱动形状记忆具有响应快和体积小的优点。但是，基于传统反压电效应的电场驱动形状记忆由于变形量较小而收到限制。本研究表明，通过运用基于点缺陷短程序对称性遵循的普适性原理的可逆畴翻转机制，可以在铁电马氏体中获得巨大的电致形状记忆效应；其产生的变形量理论上是反压电效应所产生变形量的几十倍。采用原位畴观察实验给出了可逆畴翻转的直接证据。并且，在铁电多晶陶瓷中也获得了这种大的电致形状记忆效应。这种效应在很宽的频率范围内都很稳定，在疲劳测试中也显示了很好的可靠性。运用这一新的电致形状效应有望制备出新一代非线性驱动器材料。     

一种新颖的瞄准线高精度稳定补偿方法研究

在粗精组合二级稳定的基础上,利用光学系数λ＝1的光学元件,通过稳定光学元件本身达到瞄准线稳定的目的,提出并采用低带宽的镜稳回路设计方案,有效抑制了高频扰动,瞄准线稳定精度提高近一个数量级。     

一个非线性力学问题的解析解

借助雅可比椭圆函数，给出了一个非线性力学问题的解析解。     

激励Brillouin散射非线性致稳过程的阻尼效应

本文研究了由非线性引起的Brillouin散射致稳效应。我们主要兴趣是Landau阻尼对非线性致稳的影响。我们求解了时间、空间和时-空有关的方程,得到了场能密度、场幅、饱和时间和空间大小等随物理参量变化的近似解析表达式。 关键词：     

高能粒子对托卡马克气球模稳定作用的数值分析

用数值方法分析了高能捕获粒子对托卡马克气球模不稳定性的影响.利用变步长RKF积分方法求解了相应的微分-积分方程边值问题.数值结果表明,气球模不稳定区随高能粒子压强增大而缩小,充分说明了高能捕获粒子能部分或全部抑制气球模不稳定性.     

FRINGE STRUCTURE IN THE PHASE-SPACE DYNAMICS OF ATOMIC STABILIZATION IN AN INTENSE FIELD

An analytical expression of a Floquet operator, which describes the evolution of a wave packet in combined atomic and an intense laser field, is obtained approximately in the stabilization regime. Both the classical and quantum versions of the Floquet operator are used to study the phase-space dynamics of atomic stabilization, and the "fringe structure" in the phase-space is clearly demonstrated. Furthermore, we investigate the dynamical mechanism and characters of this striking structure, and find that this structure is very closely related to the classical invariant manifolds.     

光电稳定／跟踪平台的干扰力矩自动化检测识别

以光电稳定／跟踪平台为研究对象,通过对光电稳定／跟踪平台中存在的各种干扰力矩的力学特性进行分析和研究,提出一种新的测量稳定平台干扰力矩的方法。该方法能够实现干扰力矩的自动测量与识别,且具有较高的测量精度。通过实验,验证了该方法的可行性和优越性。     

Characterization of martensite in Fe-25%Ni-15%Co-5%Mo alloy

Kinetic, morphological, crystallographical, magnetic and thermal characteristics of thermally induced martensite in Fe-25%Ni-15%Co-5%Mo alloy have been investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Mössbauer spectrometer, and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Kinetics of the transformation was found to be athermal. Also only lenticular martensite morphology was observed during microscope observations. In addition, martensite start temperature (M_s) was determined as −63 °C from differential scanning calorimeter. On the other hand, Mössbauer spectra revealed a paramagnetic character for the austenite phase and a ferromagnetic character for thermally induced martensite phase.     

电子直线加速器磁控管工作频率的稳定

 介绍一种利用谐振腔输出能量-输入频率关系作为鉴频方法的稳频系统，由于将谐振腔输出信号进行积分保持，降低了高压脉冲对系统的干扰，也提高了频率稳定度。系统中采用了高频率步进电机伺服子系统，使功耗大为减少系统工作频率为2856MHz，不稳定度不大于± 7×10^-6。     

Stability and stabilization of 2H martensite in Cu–Zn–Al single crystals

The stabilization of the 2H martensitic phase in Cu–Zn–Al single crystals with an electron concentration e/a?=?1.53 was investigated. This orthorhombic 2H martensite was first induced from the cubic β phase by the direct β?→?2H or the indirect β?→?18R?→?2H transformations. On loading the 2H martensite, a transition without hysteresis is observed at a stress which was denoted σ_T1. It was found that this stress is associated with a change in the behaviour of the 2H martensite. A high stabilization of the 2H martensite, around 300?K, is only obtained if an ageing is performed at a stress above σ_T1. Additionally, the stresses of the transformation to another martensitic phase, called 18R₂, were found to be constant when the value of σ_T1 is below the retransformation stress. The 2H martensite and its behaviour on ageing were studied by dilatometry, calorimetry, mechanical testing, optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Models accounting for the stabilization of the 2H martensite on ageing are proposed.     

Defect characterization of slow-cooled and quenched samples of calcium-copper-titanate through positron annihilation spectroscopy

Abstract

Positron annihilation lifetime and Doppler-broadened gamma-ray spectra have been analyzed for slow-cooled and thermally quenched polycrystalline samples of calcium-copper-titanate. Two positron lifetimes revealing the characteristic defects in the respective samples were carefully analyzed to compare and contrast the significance of their origin and implication. A third component arising from positronium formation at the powdered particle surfaces has been considered in the analysis although its significance is lost in its very small intensity (～ 1.1–1.2%). In the quenched sample, the defect-specific long positron lifetime (τ₂) is found to larger and the mean lifetime smaller while its intensity I₂ is found drastically smaller and the concentration of defects less by an order of magnitude as compared to the slow-cooled sample. The observed changes in electrical parameters of slow-cooled and quenched samples were found to have correlations with the positron annihilation lifetime and Doppler-broadened lineshape parameters.