大气中氟污染对牡丹影响的调查分析

对大气氟污染与观赏植物牡丹叶片中的含氟量之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明：(1)一定时间内牡丹叶片的吸氟量和积累量成正相关。(2)牡丹叶片中的含氟量与测定点距污染源的距离呈负相关。(3)牡丹叶尖枯病是因大气氟污染所致，并非病理原因。     

GC-MS分析水中GB、GD、VX 及其降解产物

甲氟膦酸异丙酯(GB)、甲氟膦酸特己酯(GD)、S-(2-二异丙基氨乙基)甲基硫赶膦酸乙酯(VX)等有机膦酸酯类化合物是毒性大、作用快的致死性化学战剂,而且会严重污染环境(水、泥土、粮食等),对人类和牲畜的生存构成巨大威胁.由于该类化合物在一定条件下易降解,因此对原型化合物及其降解产物的分析鉴定是确定是否被该类化合物污染的最重要指证.本文建立了水中GB等3个原型化合物和其相对应的降解产物甲基异丙氧基膦酸(IMPA)、甲基特乙氧基膦酸(PMPA)、甲基乙氧基膦酸(EMPA)以及它们的二级降解产物甲基磷酸(MPA)的分析鉴定方法.     

鲁西南沿黄县区玉米中铅、镉、砷、铬重金属的含量及健康风险评价

为了评估鲁西南沿黄县区(东明县、牡丹区、鄄城县、郓城县)玉米中铅、镉、砷、铬重金属的污染风险,采集该地区玉米果穗,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(IC P-M S)仪测定其玉米籽粒中铅、镉、砷、铬的含量,并使用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合多因子指数法和目标危险系数法开展玉米籽粒重金属污染评价和健康风险评价.结果表明,鲁西南沿...     

碳氟-碳氢表面活性剂混合水溶液在油面上铺展

本文研究RfCONH(CH2)3N(C2H5)2CH3I/CnH2n 1,COONa及RfCOONa/CmH2m 1N(CH3)3Br(Rf=F[CF(CF3)CF2O]2CF(CF3);n=7,8.11,13;m=8,10,12)两类正，负离子碳氟－碳氢表面活性剂混合水溶液在油面上的铺展及对油面的密封性能。研究表明在碳氟表面活性剂中加入异电性碳氢表面活性剂可大大降低碳氟表面活性剂水溶液的铺展浓度，也可使一些因素表面张力较高而不能铺展的碳氟表面活性剂水溶液在油面上铺展。在碳氟表面活性剂中加入异电性碳氢表面活性剂可提高水膜对油面的密封性。若在混合表面活性剂中加入黄原胶，水膜的密封性能更好。     

金华市地氟病病区摄氟总量调查

金华地区氟污染严重,地氟病病区居民摄氟总量偏高,平均日摄入量可达4.77 mg。饮水和食物是主要的摄氟途径。应该采用综合性的地氟病防治措施,仅仅靠改水是不够的。     

分散固相萃取-分散液液微萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定玉米和大米中氟虫腈及其代谢物的残留

建立了分散固相萃取-分散液液微萃取与气相色谱/质谱联用测定玉米和大米中痕量氟虫腈及其代谢物残留的分析方法。使用乙腈和水混合溶液作为萃取溶剂,盐析后,提取液经N-丙基-乙二胺硅烷固相萃取材料(PSA)作为吸附剂后,采用分散液液微萃取步骤将目标物从到微量四氯乙烯中。对影响分散液液微萃取效率的因素,包括萃取溶剂种类及体积、盐等条件进行了优化。在0.02~1μg/m L浓度范围内,线性关系良好(r≥0.9987)。在玉米和大米样品中氟虫腈添加浓度为1.0~25.0μg/g时,平均回收率在70.4%~95.1%之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)在2.6%~12%之间,以最低添加浓度1μg/kg作为定量限。     

改水除氟效果三年动态监测分析

为及时，准确地了解湖北省饮水型氟中毒病区改水降氟效果，于１９９３～１９９５年连续三年对丹江口，枣阳，通城和罗田等四县市已改水的四个氟病区监测进行了改水工程的落实和降氟效果的监测，结果表明，四县市管理措施落实较好的改水工程占整个改水工程的８０％以上，８～１２岁儿童氟斑牙，尿氟和水氟逐年下降或维持正常水平，防治效果显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）。因此饮用低氟水，改水降氟是预防饮水型氟中毒的根本措施，而改水后保证     

鲁西南沿黄县区玉米中铅、镉、砷、铬的重金属含量及健康风险评价

为了评估鲁西南沿黄县区(东明县、牡丹区、鄄城县、郓城县)玉米中铅、镉、砷、铬重金属的污染风险,采集该地区玉米果穗,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)仪测定其玉米籽粒中铅、镉、砷、铬的含量,并使用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合多因子指数法和目标危险系数法开展玉米籽粒重金属污染评价和健康风险评价。结果表明,鲁西南沿黄县区玉米籽粒中重金属铅、镉、砷、铬的含量均未超出GB 2762—2017中规定的限量,重金属含量以Cr最高;鲁西南沿黄县区P_综和TTHQ均小于1,说明玉米籽粒中的重金属元素含量为清洁安全等级,食用该地区玉米对人体的健康风险较低。     

1-甲基-3-芳基-6-三氟甲基哒嗪-4-酮类化合物的合成与生物活性

在现有原卟啉原氧化酶抑制剂构效关系基础上,设计了一类结构新颖的3-芳基哒嗪酮类化合物,并探索了该类化合物的合成方法,合成了9个3-芳基哒嗪酮类化合物,并用于开展室内除草活性测定和作物安全性评价.结果表明3-芳基哒嗪酮类化合物具有较高的芽前、芽后除草活性和作物安全性.对高活性化合物3-[2,4-二氯-5-(环戊氧基)苯基]-1-甲基-6-(三氟甲基)哒嗪-4(1H)-酮(Ie)进行了苗后玉米田间小区药效验证试验,结果表明化合物Ie在60 g a.i./hm2剂量下的总草防效略高于105 g a.i./ha用量的硝磺草酮,且对苗后玉米安全.     

液相色谱-电喷雾串联四极杆质谱法测定植物源性食品中氟草烟的残留量

1引言氟草烟(Fluroxypyr)的商品名称为使它隆(Starane),化学名称为4-氨基-3,5-二氯-6-氟吡啶-2-氧乙酸。氟草烟是一种内吸传导型苗后除草剂,对小麦、大麦、元麦、玉米田间及果园的多种杂草有良好的防除效果。近年来欧盟、美国和日本对部分谷物、蔬菜、水果等植物产品和动物源性     

Sources and toxicity of fluoride in the environment

Fluoride, a naturally occurring element, exists in combination with other elements as a fluoride compound, and is found naturally in water, foods, soil, and several minerals such as fluorite and fluorapatite. Fluoride normally enters the environment and human body through water, food, industrial exposure, drugs, cosmetics, etc. However, fluoride (F^?) contamination in groundwater has been recognized as a serious problem worldwide. The World Health Organization’s specified tolerance limit of fluoride in drinking water is 1.5 mg/L. Human disease caused by fluoride manifests itself in three forms: dental, skeletal, and non-skeletal fluorosis. Apart from teeth and bones, the interaction and involvement of soft tissues, organs, and other systems of the body with fluoride leads to non-skeletal fluorosis. It leads to many bone diseases, mottling of teeth, and lesions of the endocrine glands, thyroid, liver, kidney, and other organs. Fluoride ion concentration in drinking water can be easily estimated by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Various defluoridation techniques have been developed to reduce the fluoride content to the desired level including principally membrane and adsorption processes. Biosorption is still one of the most extensively used methods for defluoridation of drinking water due to it being cost-free or low cost and because of its viability.     

煤烘玉米和饮水为介质地氟病区骨畸形病人全血尿多元素含量的分析

采集了贵族个煤烘玉米为主要介质和河北２个饮水为介质氟病区内骨畸形病人的全血、尿、检测了其中８种元素含量,结果表明,贵州各氟病区少儿骨软化与成年骨硬化畸形病人的全血铝、钙、磷、铁和尿氟、铝均显著高于同龄对照组,尿磷均低于同龄对照组。少儿骨软化病人全血锌均下降,尿锌多下降。某水型氟病区骨软化经产妇尿氟、全血铜升高;骨软化少年全血铝显著升高,锌、铁下降,尿氟升高,尿锌,磷下降。海边的典型氟骨症病人全血、     

氟中毒及其治理

“氟魔”严重威胁着我国西南和西北等地人民的身体健康。氟本是人体必需的微量元素之一,但超量则会导致氟中毒:氟斑牙或氟骨症。本文概述了氟制取的悲壮历史和氟性质的特殊性,探讨了氟与人体健康的辩证关系和氟中毒的机理及表现,介绍了西南地区氟中毒的原因,提出了消除氟中毒的对策。     

土壤氟与植物

氟是人体必需微量元素,其丰缺与人体健康息息相关。土壤在地理环境中的特殊地位决定着土壤氟对生态环境的特殊意义。土壤氟(特别是土壤水溶性氟)与植物体的氟含量密切相关,从而也与人体健康密切相关。不同植物对氟的富集程度不同,蔬菜(特别是叶菜)对土壤氟的富集程度很高,是造成地氟病的重要因素。     

流化床热解过程中煤中氟的挥发性研究

采用大同、平朔、霍林河、义马四种煤研究了热解过程中煤中氟的挥发行为。研究表明，随热解温度的升高，氟的挥发率有增加趋势。但其行为不仅取决于元素氟及其化合物本身的挥发性，同时还受其赋存形态、共存矿物离子等原生条件和热解条件的影响。氟磷灰石类矿物质并非四种煤中氟的主要赋存形态。除大同煤外，难挥发性氟的含量均高于65％，难挥发性氟至少部分是以CaF2或CaF2基的多元络合物形式存在的。     

Contribution of flyash from coal-fired thermal power plants to uranium contamination of ground water

The elemental concentration of uranium in flyash and coal samples has been investigated using EDXRF and WDXRF techniques. To check the contribution of flyash to uranium contamination of ground water in the Malwa region of Punjab, the flyash and coal samples are collected from Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Power Plant (GNDTPP) in the Bathinda district of Punjab state, India. It is found that uranium concentration in the flyash is below the detection limit of the XRF set up, i.e.?~?1 ppm. It is concluded that uranium contamination in the ground water of Malwa region is not due to the Thermal Power Plant.     

Solid-phase microextraction of organophosphate pesticides in source waters for drinking water treatment facilities

The rapid detection of contaminants in our nation's drinking water has become a top homeland security priority in this time of increased national vigilance. Real-time monitoring of drinking water for deliberate or accidental contamination is key to national security. One method that can be employed for the rapid screening of pollutants in water is solid-phase microextraction (SPME). SPME is a rapid, sensitive, solvent-free system that can be used to screen for contaminants that have been accidentally or intentionally introduced into a water system. A method using SPME has been developed and optimized for the detection of seven organophosphate pesticides in drinking water treatment facility source waters. The method is tested in source waters for drinking water treatment facilities in Mississippi and Alabama. Water is collected from a deepwater well at Stennis Space Center (SSC), MS, the drinking water source for SSC, and from the Converse Reservoir, the main drinking water supply for Mobile, AL. Also tested are samples of water collected from the Mobile Alabama Water and Sewer System drinking water treatment plant prior to chlorination. The method limits of detection for the seven organophosphates were comparable to those described in several Environmental Protection Agency standard methods. They range from 0.25 to 0.94 microg/L.     

电促灰岩离解动态除氟实验研究

高氟地下水的除氟是保证居民远离氟地方病的有效手段之一。本研究利用新型封闭除氟装置探究电促灰岩动态除氟的化学驱动力、主控因素及稳定除氟能力。结果表明,在电场强化条件下,与灰岩接触的高氟水会形成局部萤石过饱和,可有效去除水中过量的氟。整个反应过程可分为启动阶段与稳定阶段。电压梯度是除氟反应主控因素,当电压梯度大于4. 8V·cm~(-1)时,除氟效果较好。反应过程中阳极附近F-富集高于初始浓度,而阴极附近更易生成CaF_2沉淀,表明阴极除氟效果更优。灰岩固体颗粒表面形态变化巨大,存在明显的腐蚀现象。当两极电压差为24V、极板间距3cm时,阴极附近氟浓度能迅速地由10mg·L~(-1)降低至国家饮用水标准以下。