改性5分子筛吸附剂从含氟水中除氟研究

研究了以5A分子筛为骨架吸附材料,经在含AI^3 或Fe^3 溶液中离子交换改性处理,获得了一种可吸附除氟的改性分子筛。实验表明,该种分子筛对水溶液中的低含量氟有良好的吸附性能。静态饱和吸附容量可达28．98和21．4mgF/g分子筛（分别对含AI^3 或Fe^3 分子筛）。含氟水经分子筛柱处理后,除氟率可达99％。吸附氟后的分子筛可用柠檬酸盐洗脱氟,洗脱率接近安全。洗脱后的分子筛可重复使用。得到一种新的效果显著的除氟方法。     

磷酸铝吸附除水中氟的研究

采用静态吸附法研究了比表面为308m2/g的无定形磷酸铝吸附除氟性能,研究了接触时间、pH值、吸附剂量等对吸附的影响。结果表明,磷酸铝吸附除氟高效、迅速,30min内可以接近最大吸附量。对含氟50mg/g的溶液,优化条件下的最大除氟率约93%。研究了吸附与溶液pH的关系,得到了优化pH值并解释了吸附机理。吸附的最佳pH值约为5.5。用拟二级动力学方程描述了吸附速率并计算了速率常数。用Langmuir方程拟合了吸附等温线,计算的饱和吸附量为53.5mg/g。吸附剂量对分配系数的影响表明吸附剂表面是不均匀的。     

改性高分子除氟吸附材料的研究进展

饮用水中氟离子超标对人体造成严重危害。吸附法是目前氟污染水体处理方法中较经济理想的分离技术,开发经济、高效、易再生的新型吸附材料是目前水体除氟重点研究的方向。其中,高分子吸附材料是最受研究者关注的除氟吸附剂种类之一。结合近年来的研究工作,本文综述了导电高分子类、生物高分子类以及树脂类高分子吸附剂的合成和改性方法,及不同改性高分子对水中氟离子的吸附性能和除氟机理,并对今后高分子类除氟吸附材料的发展提出展望。     

原位合成羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合吸附剂及除氟特性研究

利用原位共沉淀法合成了羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖复合吸附剂,通过扫描电镜、X射线粉末衍射、红外光谱和N2吸附-脱附曲线,研究复合前后羟基磷灰石的理化特征变化。实验结果表明与壳聚糖复合后羟基磷灰石的晶型并没有改变,只是结晶度有所降低,且复合后表面形成了不规则的凹凸结构,表面粗糙度增加。比表面积从106.75m2/g增加到127.58m2/g。复合吸附剂孔径大部分集中在10~50nm,属于介孔结构。利用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程对实验数据进行了拟合,对比相关系数R2值,Langmuir模型能更好地描述该吸附过程。复合吸附剂对氟离子的吸附符合拟二级反应动力学方程。计算了吸附热力学和动力学参数值,探讨了复合吸附剂对氟离子的吸附机理。ΔG0<0、ΔH0>0和ΔS0>0,说明复合吸附剂对氟离子的吸附是自发的、吸热的熵增过程,温度升高有利于吸附。吸附活化能(Ea)=15.03kJ·mol-1,迁移能(E)=7.639kJ·mol-1,说明该吸附过程以物理吸附为主。     

铝改性赤泥吸附剂的制备及其除氟效能的研究

以铝工业废矿渣为原材料,通过铝盐改性及焙烧活化处理,制备了水中除氟吸附剂。研究考察了吸附剂吸附氟能力、反应时间、pH值以及投加量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,铝改性赤泥吸附剂具有较好的除氟效果,未焙烧铝改性赤泥吸附剂及经过200 ℃焙烧活化赤泥吸附剂的饱和吸附量分别达到68.07和91.28 mg·g^-1,远高于原状赤泥的饱和吸附量13.46 mg·g^-1。经吸附后出水氟含量低于1 mg·L^-1的国家饮用水标准。吸附规律符合Langmuir等温方程,溶液pH值显著影响除氟效果,在溶液pH值为7~8时达到最佳去除效果。     

载镧偕胺肟基纤维除氟性能研究

本文将稀土元素镧(Ⅲ)负载于偕胺肟基纤维上制备成载镧偕胺肟基纤维吸附剂,探讨该纤维吸附剂对水溶液中氟离子的吸附性能。研究结果表明,吸附最佳pH范围为5～7,在较宽的范围4～10之间也能显示出较高的除氟率;其吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,最大吸附容量为40.1mg/g;吸附动力学可用准二级速率方程描述。     

La-金属有机骨架化合物的制备及其除氟性能研究

采用水热合成法制备La-MOFs吸附剂,通过扫描电镜、红外光谱、X-射线粉末衍射和N2吸附-脱附曲线对La-MOFs吸附剂的结构和形貌进行表征,并研究其对水溶液中氟离子的吸附特性.La-MOFs吸附剂为毛线团状球形结构,最可几孔径为15.84nm,比表面积为16.95m2/g.吸附氟离子后形成了氟化镧晶体.考察了硝酸镧...     

新型深度除氟改性树脂的制备及其吸附性能研究

以XAD-4为母体自合成了氨基改性和氨基改性后负载金属两种新型深度除氟树脂,并对其进行了理化结构的表征,研究了其吸附特性。结果表明,静态实验中氨基改性的树脂吸附量大于氨基改性并负载金属的树脂。pH值对两种树脂吸附F-的影响均不大。氨基改性的树脂对F-的吸附主要是物理吸附,而氨基改性并负载金属的树脂对F-的吸附主要是化学吸附。两种树脂对F-的吸附均显示出对准二级动力学方程拟合相关性较好。动态实验中,以F-浓度达到1mg/L为穿透点时,氨基改性树脂和氨基改性并负载金属的树脂穿透时间分别为11h和24h。氨基改性树脂对F-的吸附主要通过静电作用进行,而氨基改性并负载金属的树脂对F-的吸附还包括金属与铁离子的络合作用。     

改水除氟效果三年动态监测分析

为及时，准确地了解湖北省饮水型氟中毒病区改水降氟效果，于１９９３～１９９５年连续三年对丹江口，枣阳，通城和罗田等四县市已改水的四个氟病区监测进行了改水工程的落实和降氟效果的监测，结果表明，四县市管理措施落实较好的改水工程占整个改水工程的８０％以上，８～１２岁儿童氟斑牙，尿氟和水氟逐年下降或维持正常水平，防治效果显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）。因此饮用低氟水，改水降氟是预防饮水型氟中毒的根本措施，而改水后保证     

Direct Visualization of Electromagnetic Microfields by Superposition of Two Kinds of Electron Holograms

A new electron holographic method is presented to directly visualize pure phase objects such as electromagnetic microfields, which is achieved by superposition of two kinds of electron holograms. The method is very simple and is twice as sensitive as the conventional double-exposure electron holography and the four-electron-wave interference. Using this technique, an electric field around a charged latex sphere and a magnetic field around a barium ferrite particle have been directly observed.     

Performance optimization in electric field gradient focusing

Electric field gradient focusing (EFGF) is a technique used to simultaneously separate and concentrate biomacromolecules, such as proteins, based on the opposing forces of an electric field gradient and a hydrodynamic flow. Recently, we reported EFGF devices fabricated completely from copolymers functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol), which display excellent resistance to protein adsorption. However, the previous devices did not provide the predicted linear electric field gradient and stable current. To improve performance, Tris–HCl buffer that was previously doped in the hydrogel was replaced with a phosphate buffer containing a salt (i.e., potassium chloride, KCl) with high mobility ions. The new devices exhibited stable current, good reproducibility, and a linear electric field distribution in agreement with the shaped gradient region design due to improved ion transport in the hydrogel. The field gradient was calculated based on theory to be approximately 5.76 V/cm² for R-phycoerythrin when the applied voltage was 500 V. The effect of EFGF separation channel dimensions was also investigated; a narrower focused band was achieved in a smaller diameter channel. The relationship between the bandwidth and channel diameter is consistent with theory. Three model proteins were resolved in an EFGF channel of this design. The improved device demonstrated 14,000-fold concentration of a protein sample (from 2 ng/mL to 27 μg/mL).     

聚(2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸/丙烯酰胺)水凝胶合成与性能研究

以2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸和丙烯酰胺为原料,以PEG6000为成孔剂,采用水溶液法合成多孔性聚(2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸/丙烯酰胺)水凝胶,研究了凝胶的溶胀性和电场作用下的退溶胀性能.在凝胶制备过程中,PEG6000分子充当成孔剂,通过综合性能比较和红外光谱测试可知,所得凝胶具有多孔结构,这种孔洞结构有利于水分子的进出.结果显示,当引发剂为0.005 mol/L,交联剂为0.008 mol/L,摩尔比AMPS:PEG6000=100∶1,AMPS:AAm=2∶1时,可得综合性能较好的PAMA凝胶.     

Calculation of the deuterium electric field gradients in HD and LiD using a variation-perturbation method with a Gaussian basis set

Summary We present calculations of the deuterium electric field gradients in the HD and LiD molecules obtained with a variation-perturbation method using Gaussian atomic orbitals. The differences between our theoretical values and the corresponding experimental or best calculated values are 2%. We conclude that high accuracy can be obtained with the variation-perturbation method using either Gaussian or Slater orbitals.     

An environment-friendly electrochemical detachment method for porous anodic alumina

This paper describes an improved one-step voltage pulse detachment method by using perchloric acid and ethanol mixture as detaching solution for the preparation of through-hole porous anodic alumina (PAA) membranes. The detachment of PAA from aluminum substrate and the dissolution of the barrier layer can be completed simultaneously in the detachment solution by applying a pulse voltage in situ after the anodization process. The influence of voltage pulse height and nature of the detachment solution on the efficiency of detachment have been systematically investigated. The present procedure is more environmental friendly and efficient as compared to the conventional electrochemical detachment methods and is promising for the preparation of freestanding PAA films with through-hole morphology which are important for nanomaterials synthesis and nanoscale separation.     

Effects of medium oil on electroresponsive characteristics of chitosan suspensions

Biocompatible chitosan particle suspensions in host oils of corn, soybean, and silicone were prepared and their electrorheological (ER) characteristics were examined under the imposition of electric fields. The effects of the weight concentration of particulate chitosan and the strength of the applied electric field on ER response in the various chitosan particle suspensions were investigated via measurements of rheological properties including flow curve, shear viscosity, and yield stress. The yield stresses of the three different chitosan–oil systems showed different values of slope in the electric field, but all data were found to fit well with our previously proposed universal scaling function.     

无针式静电纺丝喷头几何形状对电场分布规律的影响机理

根据射流的质量守恒、 电荷守恒和动量守恒分析稳态射流的运动过程, 建立了控制方程组; 应用有限元分析软件COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0建立3种无针式喷头模型, 分析其外部电场的分布规律. 研究发现, 在由典型圆柱体喷头到增加辅助电极的阶梯轴喷头的几何形状变化过程中, 电场强度分布受两侧添加的辅助电极角度和增加回转体数量及回转体直径的影响, 通过设计, 电场被逐步优化. 对无针式静电纺丝装置的生产效率及纤维质量的提高具有重要意义.     

EDTA滴定法测定萤石中氟化钙含量的方法改进

建立了EDTA滴定法测定矿石中氟化钙的方法。引入了钙乙酸为溶解试样的溶剂,溶解样品中的碳酸钙,同时,通过同离子效应减少氟化钙的溶解度。实验中探究了钙离子的浓度与氟化钙溶解度的关系,通过对比实验确定选择了含钙乙酸的最佳浓度(10g/L)。同时,对实验中的其他条件也进行了相应的探究与优化,确定最佳实验条件为:最小称样量为0.5g,洗涤沉淀用水量为50mL左右,第二次过滤时的洗涤次数为8~10次,滴定时加入氢氧化钾的量为20mL。方法的精密度(0.10%)和准确度(0.08%)皆能满足实验要求。