两种喷嘴喷射性能的试验研究

为比较自激振荡脉冲喷嘴和连续射流喷嘴的喷射性能,利用自行搭建的喷嘴性能测试装置对两种喷嘴的喷射性能进行了试验研究,实测了不同压力下两种喷嘴的时均喷液量,分析了不同口径的连续射流喷嘴和自激脉冲喷嘴的喷射特性,主要探讨了连续射流喷嘴、自激喷头下喷嘴直径对喷嘴喷液性能的影响,并进行了两种射流打击油泥样本的对比试验．试验结果表明,时均喷液特性相似的连续射流和脉冲射流在冲击油泥样本时,相同时间下脉冲射流的冲击破坏范围要大于连续射流,根据试验中油泥的屈服破坏过程,确定了射流有效打击力的临界值,建立射流清洗油泥时有效射程的经验估算式．     

不同喷嘴组合超高压射流破岩钻进特性分析

本文对不同喷嘴组合方式时超高压射流井底流场特性进行数值模拟.根据得出的井底流场的速度矢量图和井底压力分布图,分析超高压钻头喷嘴组合形式对流场结构及钻进效果的影响.结果表明,三个垂直的边喷嘴组合破岩效率较高,但清洗井底效果不佳,冲蚀井壁严重;中心加-个喷嘴可解决清洗井底及冲蚀井壁的问题,但要求高压流体排量增加;两个垂直边喷嘴与-个中心倾斜喷嘴的组合及-个垂直边喷嘴和-个中心倾斜喷嘴的组合流场结构对钻进较为有利.     

天然气/柴油双燃料缸内直喷特性研究

为分析高压直喷(HPDI)模式下天然气/柴油双燃料射流特性,在高压定容燃烧弹中利用高速纹影法开展了天然气/柴油双燃料缸内直喷试验,探究了双燃料模式下天然气喷射压力、喷射脉宽及环境压力对天然气射流贯穿距和射流锥角的影响规律。结果表明：随着喷射压力的增大,天然气射流贯穿距增大,射流锥角减小;随着喷射脉宽的增大,天然气射流贯穿距和锥角增大;随着环境压力的增加,天然气射流贯穿距减小,射流锥角增大。在较小的喷射压力或较大的环境压力条件下,柴油射流阻碍天然气射流向前发展。当喷射压力为2 MPa时,5 ms时刻的双燃料天然气射流贯穿距比单燃料减小2.3 mm,降幅约为7.5%。当环境压力为0.9 MPa时,5 ms时刻的双燃料天然气射流贯穿距比单燃料减小1.8 mm,降幅约为4.4%。     

基于CFD的射流抛光喷射距离的分析和优化

分析了喷射距离对射流抛光效果的影响,基于计算流体动力学进行了喷射距离的分析和优化.通过构建射流抛光不同喷射距离的物理模型,采用能更好地处理流线弯曲程度较大的流动的RNG k-ε紊流模型应用于射流抛光的数学建模,使用SIMPLEC算法对射流模型进行数值计算,得到了不同模型的射流抛光冲击射流流场及工件壁面上的冲击压力、紊动强度、壁流速度分布.根据射流抛光对冲击射流特性的要求,比较和分析不同喷距模型的数值仿真结果,结果显示,射流抛光最优化喷距范围为喷嘴口径的10倍至12倍之间.     

超高压燃油喷雾特性及诱导激波传播特性的试验研究

在现代柴油机的研究中,提高喷射压力对于改善射流雾化效果及燃烧性能具有重要意义。本文通过自主搭建的超高压燃油喷雾系统,对超高喷射压力条件下射流雾化宏观特性(喷雾贯穿距、喷雾锥角)进行研究。采用纹影系统和高速摄影仪相结合的实验系统,得到超高喷射压力条件下的喷雾图像,并在喷雾体前端捕捉到激波现象。本文主要研究在超高喷射压力下的激波传播特性,包括激波角、多重激波现象等。通过本实验研究,得到超高喷射压力下的激波传播特性,探索超高压对诱导激波的影响规律。     

基于CFD的射流抛光喷射距离的分析和优化

分析了喷射距离对射流抛光效果的影响,基于计算流体动力学进行了喷射距离的分析和优化.通过构建射流抛光不同喷射距离的物理模型,采用能更好地处理流线弯曲程度较大的流动的RNG k-ε紊流模型应用于射流抛光的数学建模,使用SIMPLEC算法对射流模型进行数值计算,得到了不同模型的射流抛光冲击射流流场及工件壁面上的冲击压力、紊动强度、壁流速度分布.根据射流抛光对冲击射流特性的要求,比较和分析不同喷距模型的数值仿真结果,结果显示,射流抛光最优化喷距范围为喷嘴口径的10倍至12倍之间.     

道路标志线的超高压水射流清洗质量控制研究

超高压水射流道路标志线清洗是目前最有效的标志线清洗工艺,然而研究发现目前国内超高压清洗公司凤毛麟角,清洗参数设置更是毫无依据;文章介绍了超高压水射流道路除标系统,对超高压水射流道路除标质量的影响因素进行了研究,采用图像处理软件Halcon计算出清洗率,以此作为清洗质量的评判标准;针对我国目前1 mm厚度的标准道路标志线,研究分析了水射流压力、靶距、执行机构移动速度3个因素对清除标线效果的影响规律,得出结论:在移速330 m·h-1时,射流压力90和110 MPa时的最优靶距大约为27 mm,这对提高清洗效率、清洗效果、节约能源和水资源有着重要的意义。     

低压大流量自激脉冲空化射流试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

采用自行设计的自激脉冲空化射流喷嘴和试验测试系统进行了一系列低压大流量空化射流试验,得到了一组喷嘴结构参数,使得喷嘴在入口压力为0.95~1.13 MPa时能产生较为明显的脉冲效果。通过试验获得了随入口压力升高腔室内部流场变化规律,并对试验中喷嘴腔室内部压力突降现象进行分析。试验表明自激脉冲空化射流的打击力是连续射流的1.3~1.6倍。     

低压大流量自激脉冲空化射流试验研究

采用自行设计的自激脉冲空化射流喷嘴和试验测试系统进行了一系列低压大流量空化射流试验,得到了一组喷嘴结构参数,使得喷嘴在入口压力为0.95~1.13 MPa时能产生较为明显的脉冲效果。通过试验获得了随入口压力升高腔室内部流场变化规律,并对试验中喷嘴腔室内部压力突降现象进行分析。试验表明自激脉冲空化射流的打击力是连续射流的1.3~1.6倍。     

微型超高压宝石喷嘴内部的空化与磨损

宝石喷嘴是影响超高压水射流切割系统工作效率的重要部件,而宝石内部的空化直接影响射流的形成,也是宝石磨损的重要原因之一。对400 MPa压力范围内宝石孔内部的空化两相流进行了数值模拟,阐述了射流在宝石内的形成过程,分析了长径比、压力和入口形状对宝石内空化的影响,并在相应压力下对宝石喷嘴的磨损进行了实验研究。结果表明:宝石内部的空化发展程度随着长径比的增大而减弱;在一定的长径比范围内,空化可以发展到喷嘴出口,并最终使射流的初始直径小于喷嘴直径,且在此条件下当压力升高时,射流的初始直径增大;良好的入口形线可以降低空化的发展程度;宝石入口的磨损较出口更显著,空蚀和高压水的冲蚀造成了宝石孔边缘形状的破坏,这种破坏随着压力的升高而加剧,选择合适的长径比是减少冲蚀磨损的有效途径。     

三轴应力下花岗岩加载破坏的能量演化和损伤特征

为揭示不同围压下硬岩在破坏过程中的力学性质和能量演化规律,基于RMT-150B岩石力学试验系统对花岗岩试样进行不同围压条件下常规三轴压缩试验。研究结果表明:岩样的峰值应力和围压具有较强的线性关系,利用Mohr-Coulomb强度准则求出花岗岩的黏聚力为23.548 MPa,内摩擦角为57.629°。围压对花岗岩加载破坏过程中能量演化的影响显著,岩石的峰值能量、弹性应变能以及耗散能都随着围压的增大而增大,且两者呈线性增加关系。根据岩石的线性储能规律,提出了确定岩石应力阈值的方法。围压越大,起裂应力和扩容应力越大,且岩样起裂点处与扩容点处的能量也越大;当围压较低时,岩石破坏前储存的能量较少,破坏时能量释放速率低,岩样表现为典型低劈裂破坏;在高围压情况下,能量快速释放,岩样表现为剪切破坏。基于能量演化规律,提出了岩石损伤演化模型,得到了花岗岩的损伤变量D在不同围压下加载破坏过程中的演化规律。     

可压稠密气固两相流动过程的模拟计算

基于稠密气体分子运动论和颗粒动理学,建立可压稠密气固两相流动模型。采用梯度模拟来考虑气相可压缩性对气相湍流的影响。模拟计算表明气固两相射流速度沿轴向和径向减小,颗粒浓度下降。气固两相射流具有高的颗粒温度,呈现强烈的气固两相湍流流动特性。     

粒子冲击破岩的数值模拟分析

 应用ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟粒子冲击破岩的三维非线性冲击动力学问题,得到了破岩过程中能量的转化关系以及粒子冲击破岩的演化过程,分析了粒子冲击破岩机理。模拟结果较好地反映了粒子冲击破岩的物理过程,模拟结果与实验结果基本一致,证明了模拟方法的可行性。研究结果为水力参数优选等提供一定的理论依据。     

Compaction of icy/rocky porous mixtures at low temperatures (from 262K TO 77K) - preliminary results

Abstract

Rheology of icy/rocky porous mixtures relevant to material of icy satellites of giant planets was studied experimentally. The lower limit of temperature was that of liquid nitrogen and the pressure was up to 17.7 MPa. The compaction rate was studied and empirical formula was fitted. The dependence of formula parameters upon pressure, temperature and rock concentration was established.     

Experimental studies of bubble dynamics inside a corner

The dynamics of a bubble near a corner formed by two flat rigid boundaries (walls), is studied experimentally using a spark-generated bubble. The expansion, collapse, rebound, re-collapse and migration of the bubble, along with jetting and protrusion, are captured using a high-speed camera. Our experimental observations reveal the behaviour of the bubble in terms of the corner angle and the dimensionless standoff distances to the near and far walls in terms of the maximum bubble radius. The bubble remains approximately spherical during expansion except for its surface becoming flattened when in close proximity to a wall. When a bubble is initiated at the bisector of the two walls, the bubble becomes oblate along the bisector during the late stages of collapse. A jet forms towards the end of collapse, pointing to the corner. The closer the bubble to the two walls, the more oblate along the bisector the bubble becomes, and the wider the jet. A bubble initiated near one of the two walls is mainly influenced by the nearer wall. The jet formed is pointing to the near wall but inclined towards the corner. After the jet penetrates through the bubble surface, the bubble becomes a bubble ring, and a bubble protrusion forms following the jet. The bubble ring collapses and subsequently disappears, while the protrusion firstly expands, and then collapses and migrates to the corner.     

二维水槽中岩石坠落激发表面波的生成机制

针对二维水槽中岩石坠落激发表面波的生成机制进行数值和实验室研究,其中数值模型使用边界元方法求解完全非线性势流函数,实验室研究测得不同时刻的波面位移并用于检验数值模型.研究表明,数值结果和实验结果比对良好,这种基于势流函数理论的数值模型能够有效模拟水中岩石坠落激发表面波的生成过程.进一步数值研究了生成波最大位移随岩石大小、密度、初始位置和下落角度的变化,结果发现：岩石大小和密度对生成波最大位移的影响非常重要,而岩石初始位置和下落角度对生成波最大位移的影响较为显著.当岩石大小变大,密度变大,岩石初始位置更靠近 关键词： 水中岩石坠落 波浪生成 边界元方法 波浪破碎     

A molecular level study of liquid water with a flexible water model

The structural properties of water at different temperatures and pressures have been investigated by using a flexible water model and the inherent structure mechanism. The presence of 60$^\circ$ peak in the O--O--O angle distribution function and the behaviours of the hydrogen bonds in the first shell indicate that some water molecules in the second shell move toward the central molecules through the bending (not breaking) of hydrogen bonds and even become first-shell molecules of the central molecule on the basis of the O--O cutoff distance but not first-shell molecules by means of the hydrogen-bond criterion. The inherent-structure analysis of the O--O radial distribution functions at different pressures shows that the first peak is almost independent of the pressure; the position of second peak moves from 0.45 to 0.32nm as the pressure increases from $1\times 10^5$Pa to $1\times 10^9$Pa. This particularly evident pressure effect, i.e. the constant nearest-neighbours and the transformation of outer-neighbours on the basis of O--O distance, together with the results at different temperatures, gives a positive evidence for the two-state outer-neighbour mixture model: liquid water is a mixture of Ice-Ih-type-bonding and Ice-II-type bonding structures.     

Prediction of near field overpressure from quarry blasting

This paper investigates the propagation of airblast or pressure waves in air produced by bench blasting (i.e. detonation of the explosive in a row of blastholes, breaking the burden of rock towards the free vertical face of the block). Peak overpressure is calculated as a function of blasting parameters (explosive mass per delay and velocity at which the detonation sequence proceeds along the bench) and the polar coordinates of the position of interest (distance to the source and azimuth with respect to the free face). The model has been fitted to empirical data using linear least squares. The data set is composed of 122 airblast records monitored at distances less than 400 m in 41 production blasts carried out in two quarries. The model is statistically significant and has a determination coefficient of 0.87. The formula is validated from 12 airblast measurements gathered in five additional blasts.     

冲击下花岗岩界面动态摩擦特性实验研究

 为研究岩石界面动态摩擦性能,对房山花岗岩进行了冲击速度42.2~130.6 m/s、倾斜角为20°和30°的横剖试样斜撞击实验。倾斜角为20°的为对比实验,研究不发生滑动时的界面性能;在倾斜角为30°的实验中,靶和飞片撞击界面发生相对滑动,用于研究发生界面滑动时的动态摩擦性能。基于此,研究了正应力在317~685 MPa、界面相对滑移速度在2.76~24.88 m/s时花岗岩界面滑动态摩擦状态。其结果可以初步揭示地震过程板块动态摩擦过程摩擦强度急剧降低的现象。     

Controlled multibubble surface cavitation

Heterogeneous bubble nucleation at surfaces has been notorious because of its irreproducibility. Here controlled multibubble surface cavitation is achieved by using a hydrophobic surface patterned with microcavities. The expansion of the nuclei in the microcavities is triggered by a fast lowering of the liquid pressure. The procedure allows us to control and fix the bubble distance within the bubble cluster. We observe a perfect quantitative reproducibility of the cavitation events where the inner bubbles in the two-dimensional cluster are shielded by the outer ones, reflected by their later expansion and their delayed collapse. Apart from the final bubble collapse phase (when jetting flows directed towards the cluster's center develop), the bubble dynamics can be quantitatively described by an extended Rayleigh-Plesset equation, taking pressure modification through the surrounding bubbles into account.