常见炸药的稳定同位素比值分析方法研究进展

炸药的深度比对与溯源对于爆炸案事件的侦破具有重大意义,以不同地域来源的原料或不同生产工艺生产的炸药,其组成元素的稳定同位素比值具有差异,因而稳定同位素比值可作为炸药深度比对与溯源的重要指标。稳定同位素比值质谱法(IRMS)作为一种高精度的稳定同位素比值测量手段,已逐渐发展成熟,与元素分析仪、气相色谱仪、液相色谱仪等仪器联用,在食品安全、环境保护、法庭科学等领域应用广泛。IRMS在炸药比对与溯源上亦发挥了重要作用,自1975年IRMS被应用于区分不同国家生产的三硝基甲苯(TNT)以来,IRMS已成功用于多种炸药的分析。但目前尚未见有文献系统地总结常见炸药的稳定同位素比值分析研究进展。该文介绍了稳定同位素比值分析的相关原理、仪器组成及特点,分别总结了硝酸铵、黑火药、TNT、太恩、黑索金等常见炸药的稳定同位素比值分析方法,汇总了文献报道的不同国家生产的硝酸铵、黑火药、TNT等炸药的稳定同位素比值。文章就不同炸药的稳定同位素比值差异、炸药生产、存储过程中相关因素对同位素比值的影响,爆炸前后稳定同位素比值的变化情况等内容进行了分析。本文还指出了目前炸药的稳定同位素比值分析研究中存在的问题,对可能的解决办法进行了讨论,对未来的发展方向提出了建议。     

Master equation simulations of bistable and excitable dynamics in a model of a thermochemical system

The effect of fluctuations on the dynamics of a model of a bistable thermochemical system is studied by means of the master equation. The system has three stationary states and exhibits two types of bistability: the coexistence of two stable focuses and the coexistence of a stable focus with a stable limit cycle separated by a saddle point. Stochastic effects are important when the system is close to the bifurcation, in which the stable limit cycle disappears through a homoclinic orbit. In this case the distribution of the first passage time from the stable limit cycle to the stable focus has a multipeak form. The dependence of this distribution on the number of particles is presented. Near the homoclinic orbit bifurcation, the system also exhibits excitability due to a particular shape of the basin of attraction of the stable focus.     

Abinitio方法研究2，4－二甲基－1，3－戊二烯结构

用ａｂｉｎｉｔｉｏ方法研究２，４－二甲基－１，３－戊二烯各种构象异构体的结构，找到ｓ－ｔｒａｎｓ和ｓ－ｃｉｓ两种稳定构象，且ｓ－ｔｒａｎｓ更稳定．对稳定构象的几何结构、电荷分布进行了研究，讨论了不同的电子基组对优化几何的影响，并计算了稳定构象的热力学常数，与实验结果进行了比较．     

Stable Isotope Geochemistry of the Organic Elements within Shales and Crude Oils: A Comprehensive Review

Over time, stable isotopes have proven to be a useful tool in petroleum geochemistry. However, there is currently insufficient literature on stable isotope geochemistry of the organic elements within shales and crude oils in many petroleum systems around the world. As a result, this paper critically reviews the early and recent trends in stable isotope geochemistry of organic elements in shales and crude oils. The bulk and compound-specific stable isotopes of H, C, and S, as well as their uses as source facies, depositional environments, thermal maturity, geological age, and oil–oil and oil–source rock correlation studies, are all taken into account. The applications of the stable isotopes of H and C in gas exploration are also discussed. Then, the experimental and instrumental approaches to the stable isotopes of H, C, and S, are discussed.     

The effect of sequence on the conformational stability of a model heteropolymer in explicit water

We investigate the properties of a two-dimensional lattice heteropolymer model for a protein in which water is explicitly represented. The model protein distinguishes between hydrophobic and polar monomers through the effect of the hydrophobic monomers on the entropy and enthalpy of the hydrogen bonding of solvation shell water molecules. As experimentally observed, model heteropolymer sequences fold into stable native states characterized by a hydrophobic core to avoid unfavorable interactions with the solvent. These native states undergo cold, pressure, and thermal denaturation into distinct configurations for each type of unfolding transition. However, the heteropolymer sequence is an important element, since not all sequences will fold into stable native states at positive pressures. Simulation of a large collection of sequences indicates that these fall into two general groups, those exhibiting highly stable native structures and those that do not. Statistical analysis of important patterns in sequences shows a strong tendency for observing long blocks of hydrophobic or polar monomers in the most stable sequences. Statistical analysis also shows that alternation of hydrophobic and polar monomers appears infrequently among the most stable sequences. These observations are not absolute design rules and, in practice, these are not sufficient to rationally design very stable heteropolymers. We also study the effect of mutations on improving the stability of the model proteins, and demonstrate that it is possible to obtain a very stable heteropolymer from directed evolution of an initially unstable heteropolymer.     

四极杆电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定沉积物中Pb稳定同位素比率研究

本文采用四极杆电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了玄武湖和莫愁湖,及其相连的河道表层沉积物中Pb稳定同位素的比率.沉积物中208Pb/206Pb和206Pb/207Pb的比率范围分别为2.0931～2.1239和1.1558～1.1845.玄武湖、莫愁湖、护城河等采样点Pb稳定同位素比率,与文献中长江江苏段沉积物相近.其它河道采样点Pb稳定同位素组成与文献中南京市大气、土壤Pb稳定同位素比率相近.     

The dependence of photocatalytic activity and photoinduced self-stability of photosensitive AgI nanoparticles

AgI is instable under light irradiation owing to its photosensitive properties, while a supported Ag-AgI composite has been demonstrated to be a stable photocatalyst. However, seldom investigations have been focused on the photocatalytic activity (including deactivation) and photoinduced stability of the photosensitive AgI materials. In this study, the AgI nanoparticles were immobilized on the surface of Ag(8)W(4)O(16) nanorods by an anion-exchange route and their photocatalytic activities were evaluated by photocatalytic decomposition of methyl orange and phenol solutions under visible-light irradiation. A photoinduced self-stabilizing mechanism of the AgI nanoparticles was proposed to account for the formation of a stable Ag-AgI photocatalyst, namely, instable AgI can transform into a stable Ag-AgI photocatalyst after in situ formation of partial Ag on the surface of AgI nanoparticles. The photocatalytic performance of the immobilized AgI photocatalyst was greatly influenced by the formation of metallic Ag. With increasing repetitions of photocatalytic experiments, the initial deactivation was accompanied by the rapid increase of metallic Ag owing to the reduction of lattice Ag(+), while the subsequently stable activity corresponds to the formation of a stable Ag-AgI composite photocatalyst. Compared with the un-immobilized AgI photocatalyst, the immobilized AgI nanoparticles exhibited a higher and more stable photocatalytic performance.     

Molecular view of the isothermal transformation of a stable glass to a liquid

We have used neutron reflectivity to measure translational motion on the nanometer length scale in exceptionally stable glasses of tris(naphthylbenzene). These glasses are prepared by vapor deposition onto a substrate held somewhat below the glass transition temperature (T(g) = 342 K). When the most stable samples are annealed at 345 K, no translational motion is observed on the 12 nm length scale for over 10,000 s and full mixing requires more than 60,000 s. For comparison, the equilibrium supercooled liquid mixes in 1000 s at this temperature and on this length scale. These measurements provide insight into the mechanism by which a stable glass transforms into a liquid. "Melting" of the stable glass appears to occur by the growth of liquid regions into the surrounding glassy matrix, perhaps by a surface-initiated growth process. At 345 K, translational motion in the stable glass is at least 100 times slower than motion in the supercooled liquid.     

The interaction of the theophylline metastable phase with water vapor

The conditions of hydration of the stable and metastable theophylline phases were determined. Two-phase metastable phase/monohydrate and stable phase/monohydrate equilibrium pressures were measured at 25, 30, and 35°C. The metastable phase began to react with water vapor at lower relative humidities than the stable phase. Processes that occurred with the metastable and stable theophylline phases over various water pressure ranges were considered. The metastable phase exhibited an unusual behavior at 25°C and relative humidity 47%. At constant water vapor pressure and temperature, theophylline was initially hydrated and then lost water and again became anhydrous. Two consecutive processes occurred in the system, the formation of theophylline monohydrate from the metastable phase and its decomposition to the stable phase. The ratio between the rates of these processes determined the content of the monohydrate at the given time moment.     

从轨道对称守恒原理看Diels-Alder反应区域选择性

根据轨道对称守恒原理(PCOS),推断出决定Diels-Alder反应的区域选择性的轨道相互作用是双烯体与亲双烯体各自最稳定的价轨道之间的相互作用,这种相互作用形成的是反应产物的两根新σ键中能量更低的σ键,即σ1键。在过渡态中具有更稳定的σ1键的那个区域异构体将是反应的优势产物,本文将这个规则称为σ1规则。本文的量子化学计算结果既证实了σ1规则预测Diels-Alder反应区域选择性主产物的正确性,也证实了σ1键的确来自于双烯体与亲双烯体各自最稳定的价轨道之间的相互作用。     

Proton, Photon and Neutron Activation Analysis for the Determination of Stable Isotopes of Gadolinium in Human Blood Plasma

The biokinetics of radioactive substances can be studied using stable tracers. For the highly radiotoxic actinides, for which no stable isotopes are available as tracers, the use of stable isotopes of lanthanides as chemically related surrogates has been suggested. In this work, the possibility of using activation analysis with protons, photons, or thermal neutrons for the determination of single stable isotopes of gadolinium in biological samples has been tested. All the techniques show very good linearity response, and may be considered as complementary. Whereas activation analysis with protons is recommendable for the simultaneous determination of two different isotopes, neutron and photon (gamma) activation analysis should be chosen whenever a better sensitivity or simplicity of the analysis is required.     

常压程序升温还原—质谱法研究遵义煤在热解过程中硫的变迁行为

选取遵义(ZY)原煤及其热解半焦,采用常压程序升温还原—质谱法(AP-TPR-MS)与化学法相结合考察了温度和气氛对热解过程中硫变迁行为的影响。结果表明,对于ZY煤而言,黄铁矿和不稳定有机硫除在氮气气氛下500 ℃时热解不能全部分解外,在其他条件下热解时都可以分解。1%氧气对ZY煤中稳定的有机硫的分解有很强的促进作用,不仅可以脱除稳定的有机硫,还可以使更稳定的有机硫断裂生成次稳定的有机硫,在随后的AP-TPR-MS实验过程中,这部分硫在较低的温度下逸出。合成气和1%氧气在700 ℃时与氢气有着相同的脱硫效果。     

Stochastic transitions through unstable limit cycles in a model of bistable thermochemical system

The master equation approach is used to study transitions through an unstable limit cycle surrounding a stable focus in two-variable systems with three stationary states. The model considered describes a bistable thermochemical system. Two cases are studied. In the first one transitions occur from a basin of attraction of a stable limit cycle to a basin of attraction of a stable focus surrounded by an unstable limit cycle. In the second case, stochastic trajectories cross the unstable limit cycle going from a basin of attraction of a stable node to a basin of attraction of a stable focus. Distribution functions of the first passage time between these attractors are calculated and discussed for systems with various numbers of particles. The distribution functions in both cases exhibit a multi-peak character. A fine structure of single peaks is observed in the first case.     

Redshift and blueshift of the Ar-H vibrational stretching frequency in complexes of FArH and acetylene

Two planar hydrogen-bonded complexes of FArH and acetylene were found to be stable using second-order M?ller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) with 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis sets. The more stable complex involves bonding between the F atom of FArH and a H atom of acetylene, while the other isomer is a T-shaped complex with the H atom of FArH bonded to the center of the CC bond of acetylene; the zero-point energy corrected dissociation energies are 29 and 27 kJ mol(-1), respectively. Interestingly, the Ar-H harmonic vibrational stretching frequency is blueshifted in the more stable isomer and redshifted in the less stable form. The electron density rearrangement of FArH on complexation was investigated and used to explain these unusual findings.     

碳元素同素异形体的稳定性

碳元素有多种同素异形体,其稳定性可根据能量判据进行判断。一般认为,石墨是标准状况下碳元素最稳定的同素异形体,其标准摩尔生成焓被定为参考值0k J/mol。近来亦有研究说明金刚石在0K下更稳定。一些文献认为富勒烯比石墨更稳定的说法是错误的,应予纠正。     

原子团簇Ge_7的结构与稳定性

用分子图形软件设计出多种锗原子团簇Ge7的模型,并进行B3LYP密度泛函几何构型优化和振动频率计算,得到8种稳定的同分异构体结构。在锗原子团簇中,大部分原子以三、四、五配位成键。根据分子的总能量,最稳定的Ge7构型为D5h构型。Ge7稳定结构中高配位原子越多,构型越稳定。     

Water stability of microporous coordination polymers and the adsorption of pharmaceuticals from water

The stability of a variety of microporous coordination polymers (MCPs) to water-containing solutions was studied using powder X-ray diffraction. It was determined that the stability of the MCP is related to the metal cluster present in the structure with trinuclear chromium clusters more stable than copper paddlewheel clusters which are more stable than basic zinc acetate clusters. Zn(2-methylimidizolate)(2) was found to be more water stable than zinc MCPs with carboxylate linkers; however, extended exposure to water led to decomposition of all zinc-based MCPs. Mate?riaux de l'Institut Lavoisier (MIL)-100 was also found to be completely water stable and was used to adsorb the pharmaceuticals furosemide and sulfasalazine from water with large uptakes achievable at low concentrations, indicating that the adsorption of wastewater contaminants may be a feasible application for these materials.     

Molecular simulation of cross-nucleation between polymorphs

Recent experiments report that an early nucleating crystalline structure (or polymorph) may nucleate another polymorph. We use molecular dynamics simulations to model this phenomenon known as cross-nucleation. We study the onset of crystallization in a liquid of Lennard-Jones particles cooled at a temperature 22% below the melting temperature. We show that growth proceeds through the successive cross-nucleation of the metastable hexagonal close-packed (hcp) polymorph on the stable face-centered cubic (fcc) polymorph and of the stable fcc polymorph on the metastable hcp polymorph. This finding is in agreement with the experimental results which demonstrated that the cross-nucleation of a stable polymorph on a metastable polymorph is just as likely as the cross-nucleation of a metastable polymorph on a stable polymorph. We then extend our findings established in the case of the homogeneous crystal nucleation to a situation of practical interest, i.e., when a seed of the stable polymorph is used. By studying the crystal growth from the (111) plane of a perfect fcc crystal, we show that, again, growth proceeds through the cross-nucleation of the hcp and fcc structures.     

Simulation of energetic stability of facetted l-glutamic acid nanocrystalline clusters in relation to their polymorphic phase stability as a function of crystal size

A molecular modeling approach is used to study the stability of different polymorphic forms of l-glutamic acid through building and optimizing molecular clusters of different sizes and shapes with the latter corresponding to the predicted crystal growth morphologies. The results reveal that the initially nucleating (according to Oswald rule) metastable (alpha) form is the more energetically stable form at small cluster sizes of ca. 200 molecular units, whereas the stable (beta) form is more stable when the cluster size is larger.     

Multipeak distributions of first passage times in bistable dynamics in a model of a thermochemical system.

A master equation is used to study transitions between the stable limit cycle and stable focus in the two-variable bistable system. The distribution function of the mean first passage time between these attractors and the relative dispersion of the mean first return time from the stable focus to itself as a function of the intensity of fluctuations are calculated and discussed. A coherence resonance is observed for the return time from the focus to itself.