可见光驱动的光催化产氢同时诱导低能核反应嬗变钾为钙

报道了曙红、氯铂酸钾、氧化石墨烯和三乙醇胺混合物悬浮体系在可见光照射条件下将钾嬗变为钙的现象.在大于440 nm光照的条件下,反应体系可以产生大量的氢气,同时体系中的部分钾原子转变为钙元子.在反应过程中,悬浮混合物中的钙元素浓度持续增加,同时伴随发生质子的还原为氢和部分质子反应为氦3和氦4的反应.分析表明,在自然界的某种环境和条件下,钙有可能通过在温和条件下的低能核反应(LENR)经历钾的嬗变生成,这个过程可能与光催化产氢过程中生成的负氢有关.     

H2在K0-MWCNTs上储存和吸附/脱附特性研究

利用高压容积法辅以卸压升温脱附排水法, 测定金属K修饰多壁碳纳米管对H₂的吸附储存容量. 结果表明, 在室温(25 ℃), 7.25 MPa实验条件下, x%K⁰-MWCNTs (x%＝30%～35%, 质量百分数)对H₂的吸附储存容量可达3.80 wt%(质量百分数), 是相同条件下单纯MWCNTs氢吸附储量的2.5倍; 室温下卸至常压的脱附氢量为3.36 wt%(占总吸附氢量的～88%), 后续升温至673 K的脱附氢量为0.41 wt%(占总吸附氢量的～11%). 利用LRS和H₂-TPD-GC/MS等谱学方法对H₂/K⁰-MWCNTs吸附体系的表征研究表明, H₂在K⁰-MWCNTs上吸附存在非解离 (即分子态)和解离(即原子态)两种吸附态; 在≤723 K温度下, H₂/K⁰-MWCNTs体系的脱附产物几乎全为H₂气; 723 K以上高温脱附产物不仅含H₂, 也含有CH₄, C₂H₄和C₂H₂等C₁/C₂-烃.     

MgH2-MoS2-PP复合材料的储氢性能

通过球磨法制备了MgH₂-MoS₂-PP（PP=热解聚苯胺,w_MOS2=w_PP=8.33%）复合材料。与纯MgH₂对比研究发现,复合材料的初始放氢温度从650 K下降到550 K,并且在573 K下,75 min内的放氢量从0.38%（w/w,下同）提高到2.36%。在423 K下,放氢后产物可在40 min内吸氢2.45%,比纯MgH₂高出2.13倍。放氢反应的活化能比纯MgH₂（101.83 kJ·mol^-1）降低了28.81 kJ·mol^-1。MgH₂-MoS₂-PP复合材料的性能提高是由于PP能够均匀地减小Mg颗粒尺寸,并提高MoS₂在体系放氢与再吸氢过程中的催化效率。     

MgH2-MoS2-PP复合材料的储氢性能

通过球磨法制备了MgH₂-MoS₂-PP（PP=热解聚苯胺,w_MoS2=w_PP=8.33%）复合材料。与纯MgH₂对比研究发现,复合材料的初始放氢温度从650 K下降到550 K,并且在573 K下,75 min内的放氢量从0.38%（w/w,下同）提高到2.36%。在423 K下,放氢后产物可在40 min内吸氢2.45%,比纯MgH₂高出2.13倍。放氢反应的活化能比纯MgH₂（101.83 kJ·mol^-1）降低了28.81 kJ·mol^-1。MgH₂-MoS₂-PP复合材料的性能提高是由于PP能够均匀地减小Mg颗粒尺寸,并提高MoS₂在体系放氢与再吸氢过程中的催化效率。     

可见光驱动的光催化产氢同时诱导低能核反应嬗变钾为钙（英文）

报道了曙红、氯铂酸钾、氧化石墨烯和三乙醇胺混合物悬浮体系在可见光照射条件下将钾嬗变为钙的现象.在大于440 nm光照的条件下,反应体系可以产生大量的氢气,同时体系中的部分钾原子转变为钙元子.在反应过程中,悬浮混合物中的钙元素浓度持续增加,同时伴随发生质子的还原为氢和部分质子反应为氦3和氦4的反应.分析表明,在自然界的某种环境和条件下,钙有可能通过在温和条件下的低能核反应(LENR)经历钾的嬗变生成,这个过程可能与光催化产氢过程中生成的负氢有关.     

十六烷基二苯醚二磺酸钠表面化学性质及胶团化作用

用滴体积法通过表面张力的测定, 系统地研究了十六烷基二苯醚二磺酸钠(C₁₆-MADS)在不同温度(298.0～318.0 K)和不同NaCl浓度(0～0.50 mol•L^-1)下的表面活性. 结果表明, 温度升高使C₁₆-MADS溶液的临界胶束浓度(cmc)略有增大, 表面极限吸附量(Γ_∞)降低. cmc随NaCl浓度的增大从1.45×10^-4 mol•L^-1降至4.10×10^-5 mol•L^-1, 但最低表面张力(γ_cmc)基本不受影响. 在298.0 K与303.0 K时, NaCl浓度的增大, Γ_∞增大; 在308.0、313.0与318.0 K时, NaCl浓度的增大, 出现了Γ_∞从2.27 μmol•m^-2降低至1.41 μmol•m^-2的“反常”现象. 胶团形成自由能(ΔG_m⁰)随温度和NaCl浓度增加负值增大(－63.98～－76.20 kJ•mol^-1), 胶团的形成主要是熵驱动过程.     

含八齿苦味酸根的超分子苦味酸钾的合成和结构

A supramolecular complex， [Kpic]_n (pic^- is picratol， (NO₂)₃C₆H₂O^-)， has been synthesized unexpectedly in acetone solution， and characterized by elemental analysis， IR and X-ray crystallography. In the complex， the K⁺∶pic^- is 1∶1， and one K(Ⅰ) ion is surrounded by six picrate anions， one picrate anion can coordinate to six K(Ⅰ) ions. The coordination number of every potassium atom is eight. Interestingly， the picratol adopts an eight-coordinated ideal mode unreported. CCDC: 630627.     

B12Sc4和B12Ti4团簇的储氢性质

提出了两个稳定的团簇B₁₂Sc₄和B₁₂Ti₄, 基于理论计算, 研究了它们的结构与储氢性质. 结果发现, 在这两个稳定的团簇中, 过渡金属原子不会聚合在一起而影响它们对氢气的吸附. B₁₂Sc₄最多可以吸附12个氢分子, 达到7.25% (质量分数)的储氢量. 它的平均每氢分子吸附能量为10.5 kJ·mol^-1. B₁₂Ti₄最多只能吸附8个氢分子, 储氢量为4.78%. 但平均每氢分子吸附能量可达50.2 kJ·mol^-1. 进一步计算表明, 即使在77 K,也需要很高的氢气压力才能使12个氢分子都吸附到B₁₂Sc₄上. 电子结构分析表明, B₁₂Ti₄-nH₂吸附结构中的Kubas作用要大于相应B₁₂Sc₄-nH₂结构中的Kubas作用.     

取代基对有机金属铼化合物中分子内α-氢转移反应势垒的影响

使用B3LYP方法研究了有机铼化合物R³R⁵(NHR⁴)Re(＝CHR¹)(＝NR²)中分子内α-氢转移反应, 探讨了不同取代基对α-氢转移反应势垒的影响. 研究发现, 可以通过改变取代基来影响过渡金属Re有机化合物中的α-氢转移反应. R¹位置的取代基为Me或CMe₃时, 可以较大程度降低α-氢转移反应的势垒. R²为H时, α-氢转移反应势垒最低. R³和R⁵位置为SiH₃时的反应势垒最低. R⁴为CMe₃时, α-氢转移反应势垒最低. 研究结果还表明, 取代基对于反应势垒的影响有加和性.     

HCF(X~1A’)+SO2反应的动力学研究

用激光光解-激光诱导荧光方法研究了室温下(T＝293 K) HCF(X^~1A^’)自由基与SO₂分子的反应动力学. 实验中HCF(X^~1A^’)自由基是由213 nm激光光解HCFBr₂产生的, 用激光诱导荧光(LIF)检测HCF(X^~1A^’)自由基的相对浓度随着反应时间的变化, 得到此反应的二级反应速率常数为: k＝(1.81±0.15)×10^－12 cm³•molecule^－1•s^－1, 体系总压为1862 Pa. 高精度理论计算表明, HCF(X^~1A^’)和SO₂分子反应的机理是典型的加成-消除反应. 我们运用RRKM-TST理论计算了此二级反应速率常数的温度效应和压力效应, 计算结果和室温下测定的二级反应速率常数符合得较好.     

Effects of lanthanum on calcium-activated K+ currents and its kinetics in MC3T3 cells

Using the whole cell patch-clamp technique,we studied the effects of La3+ on calcium-activated K+ currents and its kinetics of activation and inactivation in non-excitable MC3T3 cells.Our results showed that the calcium-activated outward K+ currents were promoted with increasing concentration of Ca2+ in the pipette solution and a voltage- and Ca2+-dependent manner.La3+ in the bath solution inhibited the currents in a concentration-dependent manner and the inhibition EC50 was 8.23 ± 1.45 μmol/L.At the concentration of 50 μmol/L,La3+ significantly changed the Vh of the activation curve and shifted the activation curve to more positive potentials,but shifted the inactivation curve to more negative potentials.It had no effect on the slope factor k of the activation and inactivation curves.Potassium currents inhibition could induce a series of physiological and molecular biological functions,presumably because of its ability to depolarize the plasma membrane and enhance cell excitability,resulting in increasing Ca2+ influx and cytoplast Ca2+ concentration.This process may be one of the molecular mechanisms by which La3+ affects the cell growth and function of MC3T3 cells.     

Fast and accurate determination of K, Ca, and Mg in human serum by sector field ICP-MS

Electrolytes in serum are important biomarkers for skeletal and cellular health. The levels of electrolytes are monitored by measuring the Ca, Mg, K, and Na in blood serum. Many reference methods have been developed for the determination of Ca, Mg, and K in clinical measurements; however, isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) has traditionally been the primary reference method serving as an anchor for traceability and accuracy to these secondary reference methods. The sample matrix must be separated before ID-TIMS measurements, which is a slow and tedious process that hindered the adoption of the technique in routine clinical measurements. We have developed a fast and accurate method for the determination of Ca, Mg, and K in serum by taking advantage of the higher mass resolution capability of the modern sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS). Each serum sample was spiked with a mixture containing enriched ⁴⁴Ca, ²⁶Mg, and ⁴¹K, and the ⁴²Ca⁺:⁴⁴Ca⁺, ²⁴Mg⁺:²⁶Mg⁺, and ³⁹K⁺:⁴¹K⁺ ratios were measured. The Ca and Mg ratios were measured in medium resolution mode (m/Δm?≈?4 500), and the K ratio in high resolution mode (m/Δm?≈?10 000). Residual ⁴⁰Ar¹H⁺ interference was still observed but the deleterious effects of the interference were minimized by measuring the sample at K?>?100 ng g^?1. The interferences of Sr⁺⁺ at the two Ca isotopes were less than 0.25 % of the analyte signal, and they were corrected with the ⁸⁸Sr⁺ intensity by using the Sr⁺⁺:Sr⁺ ratio. The sample preparation involved only simple dilutions, and the measurement using this sample preparation approach is known as dilution-and-shoot (DNS). The DNS approach was validated with samples prepared via the traditional acid digestion approach followed by ID-SF-ICP-MS measurement. DNS and digested samples of SRM 956c were measured with ID-SF-ICP-MS for quality assurance, and the results (mean ± expanded uncertainty in mg dL^?1 unit) for Ca (DNS?=?10.14?±?0.13, digested?=?10.11?±?0.10), Mg (DNS?=?2.093?±?0.008, digested?=?2.098?±?0.007), and K (DNS?=?15.48?±?0.11, digested?=?15.50?±?0.28) were in good agreement with the certified values (Ca?=?10.17?±?0.06, Mg?=?2.084?±?0.023, K?=?15.55?±?0.13). Major sources of uncertainty are sample measurement, spike calibration, and instrument factor including mass discrimination of the spectrometer and the detector deadtime.     

Chromium uptake from tricomponent solution in zeolite fixed bed

Removal of Cr³⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺ and K⁺ in equilibrium isotherms and in tricomponent solutions (Cr/Ca/K, Cr/Ca/Mg and Cr/Mg/K) were investigated in NaX and NaY packed beds at 30^∘C. The equilibrium selectivity was obtained as Cr⁺³ > Mg²⁺ > Ca²⁺≈K⁺ for zeolite NaY and Ca^{2 +}≫Cr^{3 +} > Mg^{2 +}≈K⁺ for zeolite NaX. The breakthrough curves showed sequential ion exchange where chromium ions are able to replace the competing cations. Some mass transfer parameters, such as length of unused bed and overall mass transfer coefficient, were investigated. Chromium retention was also investigated through a mass balance. Based on the breakthrough results, it was concluded that chromium-uptake mechanism was hardly influenced by the competition and interaction between the entering ions. NaY showed a higher affinity towards Cr³⁺ for both equilibrium and dynamic systems and its sites were more efficiently used in the ion exchange process. Chromium was less retained in NaX due to the high selectivity towards calcium ions.     

Field-evaporation mass spectroscopy applied to crown ether complexes with alkali and alkaline-earth metals

Field evaporation from solution has been used to detect crown-ether 15K5 and 18K6 coordination compounds formed with Na⁺, K⁺, Cs⁺, Ba²⁺ and Ca²⁺ in aqueous solution, both hydrated and unhydrated; the Ca²⁺·18K6·(H₂O)_n (n=0, 1, 2,...) compounds have been observed before. 18K6 present in the solution greatly increases the yields of 18K6 compounds with the dissociation products from Ba(NO₃)₂. The detection limits for 15K5 and 18K6 combined with Na⁺, K⁺, and Cs⁺ are approximately the same at 10^–7 g.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 239–242, March–April 1988.     

Salt catalyzed heterogeneous dilute acid hydrolysis of the difficultly accessible portion of cellulose: Effect of nature of metal co-ion

The effect of nature of metal co-ion on the rate of hydrolysis, V_c, of the difficulty accessible portion of cellulose was investigated for Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺. For the univalent ions V_c decreases exponentially with an increase in ionic radius for a given concentration of co-ion. For Ca²⁺, V_c is lower than would be predicted on the basis of ionic radius. This is attributed to the increased charge and/or increased degree of hydration. For the univalent ions the data presented suggest V_c increases sharply with concentration up to 0.25M, while for Ca²⁺, V_c increases more gradually up to 2.25M, before V_c begins to drop.     

Measuring magnesium,calcium and potassium isotope ratios using ICP-QMS with an octopole collision cell in tracer studies of nutrient uptake and translocation in plants

The ability of a quadrupole-based ICP-MS with an octopole collision cell to obtain precise and accurate measurements of isotope ratios of magnesium, calcium and potassium was evaluated. Hydrogen and helium were used as collision/reaction gases for ICP-MS isotope ratio measurements of calcium and potassium in order to avoid isobaric interference with the analyte ions from (mainly) argon ions ⁴⁰Ar⁺ and argon hydride ions ⁴⁰Ar¹H⁺. Mass discrimination factors determined for the isotope ratios ²⁵Mg/²⁴Mg, ⁴⁰Ca/⁴⁴Ca and ³⁹K/⁴¹K under optimized experimental conditions varied between 0.044 and 0.075. The measurement precisions for ²⁵Mg/²⁴Mg, ⁴⁰Ca/⁴⁴Ca and ³⁹K/⁴¹K were found to be 0.09%, 0.43% and 1.4%, respectively. This analytical method that uses ICP-QMS with a collision cell to obtain isotope ratio measurements of magnesium, calcium and potassium was used in routine mode to characterize biological samples (nutrient solution and small amounts of digested plant samples). The mass spectrometric technique was employed to study the dynamics of nutrient uptake and translocation in barley plants at different root temperatures (10 °C and 20 °C) using enriched stable isotopes (²⁵Mg, ⁴⁴Ca and ⁴¹K) as tracers. For instance, the mass spectrometric results of tracer experiments demonstrated enhanced ²⁵Mg and ⁴⁴Ca uptake and translocation into shoots at a root temperature of 20 °C 24 h after isotope spiking. In contrast, results obtained from ⁴¹K tracer experiments showed the highest ⁴¹K contents in plants spiked at a root temperature of 10 °C.     

Influence of composition on corroding process of Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>O-K<Subscript>2</Subscript>O-CaO-ZrO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> glasses

The corroding process of six glasses of the Na₂O-K₂O-CaO-ZrO₂-SiO₂ system with ZrO₂content 0–2.13 mass % by water was observed during static tests at 121°C and pressure of 0.25 MPa in steam sterilizer. Significant increase of Na⁺ and K⁺ content in leachates was observed after the addition of ZrO₂ into glass. Further increase of the content of ZrO₂ in glasses slowed down the rate of Na⁺ and K⁺ leaching. The leaching process of SiO₂ as well as Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ ions was evaluated on the basis of comparison with model leaching processes. Variation of the concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and SiO₂ in leachates with time was described by empirical equation. Observed changes in the initial leaching rates of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and SiO₂ can be ascribed to the content of ZrO₂ in glasses. The presence of ZrO₂ in glasses reduced the overall rate of glass dissolution.     

Determination of Y, Zr and ultra-low Nb concentrations in geological material by multi-ion counting spark-source mass spectrometry (MIC-SSMS)

Precise concentrations of Zr, Y and Nb in the μg/g to ng/g range have been determined in rock samples using multi-ion counting spark-source mass spectrometry (MIC-SSMS). A high resolution method, combined with interference correction on ⁹¹Zr and ⁹³Nb for low concentration samples, was applied. An analytical precision of 2–5% for concentrations down to 0.020 μg/g and 10% for lower concentrations was attained. The detection limit is below 0.005 μg/g. By measuring international reference materials, the accuracy of the method was determined to be within about 10% of the recommended values. However, the accuracy of the final concentration is influenced by interference corrections, but the additional error is below 20%. The interference problem is most difficult for Al-rich samples (>15% Al₂O₃), as the interfering molecules are ⁴⁰Ca²⁷Al¹²C₂ ⁺ and ²⁷Al₃ ¹²C⁺. The accordance between ICP-MS and MIC-SSMS results is worse for low Nb concentrations in the ng/g range. Here, ICP-MS gives systematically lower values than MIC-SSMS. The reason for this discrepancy is not yet clear, but may be caused by Nb loss during chemical treatment of the samples prior to ICP-MS measurements.     

Cation Distribution Studies in Double Orthophosphates with Whitlockite Structure

Abstract

The structure of β-Ca₃ (PO₄)₂ is known to be similar to that of whitlockite (R3c, Z =21). The cations are distributed in five different positions, the position Ca(4) being only half occupied. The whitlockite network is stable while the filling of the Ca(4) position changes from 0 to 1. The presence of vacancies allows to provide heterovalent substitutions 3Ca²⁺ = 2M³⁺ + and Ca²⁺ + 0 = 2Me⁺ with limits of compositions Ca₉M (PO₄)₇ and Ca_loMe(PO₄)₇ respectively. The possible cation size can be changed from 0.55 Å (Fe³⁺) to 1.51 Å (K⁺). In order to check these suggestions we have synthesized Ca₉M(PO₄)₇ (M = rare earth element, Y, Bi, Fe, Al, In, Sc) compounds, The double phosphates were studied by luminescence, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. All these compounds are isostructural to β-Ca₃(PO₄)₂. The cell parameters gradually decrease for M = La-Ho, Y and remain constant for M = Er-Lu. This divergence can be attributed to the change of the coordination number of the rare earth element. A considerable decrease of parameters is observed for the compounds of small-size trivalent elements, their IR spectra show more bands. By luminescence it was found that rare earth elements and Y, Bi occupy Ca(1), Ca(2), Ca(3) positions. The study of Ca_9.18 Fe_0.88 (PO₄)₇ structure shows that Fe³⁺ occupies octa-hedral Ca(5) site. The considerable decrease of lattice parameters and changes in IR spectra of compounds with M = Fe, Al, In, Sc result from the occupation of Ca(5) Site with trivalent cations and from redistribution of charges in the cation sublattice of the β-Ca₃(PO₄)₂ type structure.     

Affinity capillary electrophoresis employed for determination of stability constants of antamanide complexes with univalent and divalent cations in methanol

Affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) and pressure‐assisted ACE were employed to study the noncovalent molecular interactions of antamanide (AA), cyclic decapeptide from the deadly poisonous fungus Amanita phalloides, with univalent (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, and NH₄⁺) and divalent (Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺) cations in methanol. The strength of these interactions was quantified by the apparent stability constants of the appropriate AA‐cation complexes. The stability constants were calculated using the nonlinear regression analysis of the dependence of the effective electrophoretic mobility of AA on the concentration of the above ions in the BGE (methanolic solution of 20 mM chloroacetic acid, 10 mM Tris, pH_MeOH 7.8, containing 0–50 mM concentrations of the above ions added in the form of chlorides). Prior to stability constant calculation, the AA effective mobilities measured at actual temperature inside the capillary and at variable ionic strength of the BGEs were corrected to the values corresponding to the reference temperature of 25°C and to the constant ionic strength of 10 mM. From the above ions, sodium cation interacted with AA moderately strong with the stability constant 362 ± 16 L/mol. K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺ cations formed with AA weak complexes with stability constants in the range 37–31 L/mol decreasing in the order K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺. No interactions were observed between AA and small Li⁺ and large NH₄⁺ cations.