基于声压场描述的扩散声场多自由度互易原理研究

应用于复杂结构中频声振分析的扩散场多自由度互易原理采用位移变量描述系统,实质为弹性波场互易原理,应用于声波场时会造成模型自由度数不必要的增加。建立基于声压描述的扩散声场受挡模型,利用声辐射模态描述扩散声场中结构的表面受挡声压;据此提出基于声压描述的扩散声场多自由度互易原理,发现扩散声场中结构表面受挡声压的互谱矩阵与该结构在自由空间中振动辐射声波的声阻矩阵成正比。该互易原理与传统的单自由度互易原理表达形式相似,但适用于任意自由度结构。该互易原理可用于扩散声场中复杂结构的表面受挡声压的自谱及相关分析,仿真研究表明当边界元网格尺寸小于声波波长的1/6(线性单元)或1/3(二次单元)时,数值解与理论解完全吻合。      

半空间球面波函数叠加法重构声源直接辐射声场

提出了基于半空间球面波函数叠加的声场重构方法,以重构含有限声阻抗边界半空间中声源直接辐射的声场.在半空间中多极子声源声压场的解析解的基础上,构造出以边界声阻抗为参量的半空间球面波函数的正交基;通过求逆获得半空间总声压解的基函数系数,同时也获得声源直接辐射声场即自由空间中的基函数系数,进而重构出声源直接辐射的声场.在边界...     

半球封闭圆柱体表面绕射声场研究

基于一致性几何绕射理论,对半球封闭圆柱体上半球表面的高频绕射声场进行了数值计算与分析。获得了单个点声源作用下,半球表面声场的声压分布图,其中包括一些干涉条纹,干涉条纹的区域及形状与点声源的位置和频率有关;在多个点声源作用下,发现在接近半球顶点的附近,多个声波经多途传播后在该区域的叠加声压由衰减转为增强的现象。     

利用声辐射模态重构任意目标的散射声场

水下目标散射声场的重构可以作为水下目标散射特性的研究基础。本文主要利用声辐射模态对水下目标进行散射声场重构研究。首先,在借助声传递矩阵给出的任意结构声辐射模态的流体域求解方法基础上,通过理论证明了目标的散射声压与声辐射模态具有函数关系。其次,借助声场分布模态的概念,同时考虑到声场分布模态病态及声压测量易受噪声污染,提出基于声辐射模态的正则化散射声场重构算法。仿真结果表明,波数越低,重构所需声辐射模态阶数越少,在较高波数时仅需总模态数的大约20%即可对声场进行重构。与基于边界元的声场重构算法相比,计算量减小了至少80%,且克服了赫姆霍兹积分方程最小二乘法仅对球壳结构的重构效果较好而不适用于长条形结构重构的缺陷。     

板结构的声辐射模态分析及其高分辨率法向振动速度重建

提出了一种基于声辐射模态的速度基向量构建方法,该速度基向量不受网格划分的影响,可用于高分辨率的板结构法向振动速度重建。首先对板表面稀疏网格的声辐射模态进行计算,再以声辐射模态和模态系数构建板法向振动速度分布的基向量,然后由声场测量声压求解基向量系数,最后由该系数和加密网格的速度基向量重建高分辨率的板法向振动速度分布。以简支板声源进行仿真计算,当测量声压信噪比为30 dB时,低频的法向振动速度重建误差最低可达3.7%;以固支板声源在消声室中进行实验验证,131.5 Hz振动频率下的重建误差低于7%。该方法实现了只需要少量声压测量点即可精确重建板声源更高分辨率的法向振动速度分布。      

一种辐射声场近似计算方法——单元辐射叠加法

提出一种基于表面振速预报辐射声场的近似方法--单元辐射叠加法.研究表明,声传递向量中的每项元素等于对应单元以单位速度振动、其它单元振速都为零时的辐射声压,即刚性障板上活塞面以单位速度振动时的辐射声压.在此基础上,利用刚性障板上单位速度振动活塞面的辐射声压直接建立表面振速与辐射声压之间的传递关系,根据这个传递关系对表面振速进行加权、求和便得到总的辐射声压.计算时采用规则形状障板面去拟合实际障板面,以规则形状障板上振动活塞面的辐射声压去近似实际障板上振动活塞面的辐射声压.相对于边界元方法,该方法在计算速度与存储空间上具有很大的优势.计算表明该近似方法是合理的、可行的.     

基于联合波叠加法的相干声场全息重建与预测理论

在相干声场中,很难将各个声源产生的声压分离开来,所以常规波叠加法不能用于相干声场的全息重建与预测。根据相干声场的叠加性,通过构造全息面与多个声源之间的联合声压匹配矩阵,建立了基于联合波叠加法的相干声场全息重建与预测理论。该理论可以精确地重构出各个声源的表面声学信息,也可以分别预测每个声源的空间声场分布,叠加后即可获得相干声场的空间分布,从而实现了相干声场的重建与预测。实验和数值仿真的结果表明:该相干声场重建与预测理论不仅能有效地解决相干声场的重建与预测问题,并且可以作为一种相干声场分离技术,拓宽了全息技术的应用范围。     

浅海矢量声场干涉结构形成机理及试验研究

浅海低频声场的微观结构特征在于具有可用波导不变量表征的 稳定空间-频率干涉结构.声场兼具标量场和矢量场, 波导条件下二者联合决定声场的全部特性. 本文研究浅海声场空频干涉结构的矢量场特征. 理论分析了声压谱、动能密度谱、声强流谱等矢量场干涉结构的形成机理, 探讨了矢量场干涉结构的波导不变量表征, 数值仿真研究了Pekeris波导中能量和能流密度的干涉特性, 进行了宽带声源辐射矢量声场干涉特性及表征的海上试验.实测结果与理论、仿真分析有较好的一致性. 研究结果表明: 中近程和中远程声场均能模态相干, 有稳定的空频干涉结构, 并且矢量声场空频干涉结构存在多种形式, 除各种能量和能流密度谱图外, 相干系数谱也呈现干涉特征, 这些形式的空频干涉结构均可用波导不变量理论有效表征. 关键词： 矢量声场 干涉结构 波导不变量 浅海低频声场     

换流站电力电容器塔的噪声预测

电力电容器塔是换流站的主要噪声源之一,因单元数量多、声波相干性作用复杂、单元间相互遮挡等,难以对其进行准确的噪声预测。该文通过实验方法获得电容器单元的表面振动加速度,采用边界元模型计算电容器塔辐射的噪声,并运用噪声预测评估软件对电容器塔进行建模,包括完整建模和简化为点声源、线声源及工业建筑物的建模。研究表明：边界元模型和完整建模方法能够考虑到电容器单元的声辐射指向性和单元间的遮挡作用,前者还能考虑到单元内不同壁面处相位差、单元间声波相干性的影响,比后者能较好地反映声场分布特点;简化点声源和线声源的方法预测结果相近,均无指向性且预测的总声功率偏高;简化工业建筑物的方法考虑了电容器塔的声辐射指向性和遮挡作用,方法简单且能较准确地预测总声功率。     

声辐射问题中的模态分析:Ⅲ.声场重构

声辐射模态是定义在振动表面上的一组互相独立的基函数,描绘了振动表面的多极子辐射模式。声场分布模态是定义在声场中的一组互相独立的基函数,描绘了多极子辐射的声场分布模式。振动表面的声辐射可以唯地用声辐射模态和声场分布模态展开表示。对于声场重构,关键问题就是确定展开系数。在声场中选择N个测量点,测量声场的有关声学信息,求斛展开系数,从而重构整个声场。针对平板辐射和球形声源辐射的声场进行重构,数值计算的结果与理论分析结果一致。     

The acoustic emission of a distributed mode loudspeaker near a porous layer

Experimental and theoretical modeling of the vibro-acoustic performance of a distributed mode loudspeaker (DML) suggest that their acoustic emission can be significantly affected by the presence of a porous layer. The amplitude of the surface velocity of the panel and the acoustic pressure on the porous surface are reduced largely in the vicinity of structural resonances due to the additional radiation damping and visco-thermal absorption phenomenon in the porous layer. The experimental results suggest that a porous layer between a rigid base and a DML panel can considerably alter its acoustic emission in the near field and in the far field. This is illustrated by a reduction in the level of fluctuations in the emitted acoustic pressure spectra. These fluctuations are normally associated with the interference between the sound emitted by the front surface of the speaker and that emitted from the back. Another contribution comes from the pronounced structural resonances in the surface velocity spectrum. The results of this work suggest that the acoustic boundary conditions near a DML can be modified by the porous layer so that a desired acoustic output can be attained.     

Explicit results for wave scattering and transmission through a rough fluid-fluid interface

This paper describes an analysis of reflection and transmission of acoustic waves from an imperfectly reflecting, rough fluid-fluid interface within the Kirchhoff approximation. It presents the results of calculations of the coherent and diffuse field. This work is motivated by the fact that few explicit results of the characteristics of the scattered and transmitted wave field exist in the literature for this problem. For the problem of interest, the surface reflection coefficient depends at each point upon the local angle between the incident wave and the rough surface. For surfaces with statistically independent local surface position and gradient, coherent field calculations show that the correction to constant reflection coefficient analyses is simply a multiplicative factor that depends upon the statistical characteristics of the surface gradient, sound speed and density ratio across the surface. This multiplicative factor is interpreted as an average reflection or transmission coefficient, <R> and <T>, respectively. The principle differences between these results and constant reflection coefficient analyses occur when waves impinge upon regions with higher sound speeds, where total internal reflection may occur. While the wave characteristics of smooth or constant reflection coefficient surfaces change abruptly in the vicinity of the angle of total internal reflection, the average reflection coefficient exhibits a much smoother dependence upon angle of incidence or sound speed ratio for rough surfaces. It is also shown that the direction of maximum diffuse scattering moves relative to its value were the reflection coefficient constant.     

Study on vibro-acoustical characteristics of damped composite boxlike shells in water

Based on the structural FEM and the acoustic BEM, a numerical model of coupled elastic layer and viscoelastic layer and outside sound field is established and the vibro-acoustical characteristics of damped composite boxlike shells are studied systematically. It can be concluded that the structural vibration responses and the sound radiation are reduced significantly due to the viscoelastic layer and its effects are dependent on the geometric, physical parameters of the layer and the excitation frequency. It is also shown that compared with the bare elastic shells, the influence of the fluid compressibility on the vibration responses of shells covered with a damping layer is not evident and the effects of the free surface and the rigid plane are weakened.     

Evaluation of sound absorbing coefficients in a reverberant room by computer-ray simulation

Standardized methods for the measurement of the sound absorption coefficient, α, of materials in a reverberant room use well known relations between α and the reverberation time of the room. Actually, these relations are correct only in rooms with high diffusion at low α values and for uniform distribution of the absorption on the surfaces. The introduction of acoustic materials with high α values concentrated on only one surface, as recommended by standards, causes a derandomization of the sound field, which may overcome the ‘randomization strength’ of the enclosure and therefore make the use of traditional formulae incorrect. This paper proposes a computer-ray tracing model, which enables these phenomena to be described, and operatively defines the ‘randomization strength’ of room design. Lastly, an alternative approach is suggested for evaluating the sound absorption coefficient, based on the characterization of the reverberant room by its own ‘calibration curve’.     

Spatial correlation and coherence in reverberant acoustic fields: Extension to microphones with arbitrary first-order directivity

Spatial correlation and coherence functions in reverberant sound fields are relevant to the acoustics of enclosed spaces and related areas. Theoretical expressions for the spatial correlation and coherence functions between signals representing the pressure and/or the components of the particle velocity vector in a reverberant sound field are established in the literature and most of these have also been corroborated with measurements [F. Jacobsen, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108, 204-210 (2000)]. In the present paper, these expressions are generalized to microphones of first-order directivity, whereby the directivity can be expressed in terms of pressure and pressure gradient. It is shown that the resulting spatial correlation and coherence functions can be expressed in terms of the established spatial correlation and coherence functions. The derived theoretical expression for the spatial coherence function is validated with a modeled diffuse sound field. Further, it is compared with the experimental coherence obtained from the reverberant tails of room impulse responses measured with two common surround sound microphone setups in a concert and a lecture hall.     

Corrected Statistical Energy Analysis Model in a Non-Reverberant Acoustic Space

Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) is a well-known method to analyze the flow of acoustic and vibration energy in a complex structure. This study investigates the application of the corrected SEA model in a non-reverberant acoustic space where the direct field component from the sound source dominates the total sound field rather than a diffuse field in a reverberant space which the classical SEA model assumption is based on. A corrected SEA model is proposed where the direct field component in the energy is removed and the power injected in the subsystem considers only the remaining power after the loss at first reflection. Measurement was conducted in a box divided into two rooms separated by a partition with an opening where the condition of reverberant and non-reverberant can conveniently be controlled. In the case of a non-reverberant space where acoustic material was installed inside the wall of the experimental box, the signals are corrected by eliminating the direct field component in the measured impulse response. Using the corrected SEA model, comparison of the coupling loss factor (CLF) and damping loss factor (DLF) with the theory shows good agreement.     

Measuring sound scattering coefficients of uneven surfaces in a reverberant workplace – Principle and validation of the method

In workplaces, wall facings are often based on periodic or aperiodic sound scattering surfaces. It is necessary to develop acoustic characterization methods for these kinds of walls to predict the acoustic pressure cartography in the room in order to improve the acoustical treatment. However, this characterization is quite difficult because of the partially reverberant conditions. We developed a measurement system which determines in situ the sound scattering coefficients of relief surfaces. The measurement method, originally operating in free-field conditions, was adapted for indoor use. To overcome problems of parasite echoes coming from reverberation and from noisy sources present on the site, we developed a dedicated emission/reception system. An acoustic antenna with constant directivity over the full frequency range allows spatial filtering of the parasite echoes and an impulsive sound source enables the use of a broad temporal window, resulting in adequate time separation of the different signals received by the antenna. Measurements of the sound scattering coefficient of a corrugated panel were carried out for several incidence angles in free-field and in a noisy workshop and allowed the in situ validation of this system.     

Near field acoustic holography with microphones on a rigid sphere (L)

Spherical near field acoustic holography (spherical NAH) is a technique that makes it possible to reconstruct the sound field inside and just outside a spherical surface on which the sound pressure is measured with an array of microphones. This is potentially very useful for source identification. The sphere can be acoustically transparent or it can be rigid. A rigid sphere is somewhat more practical than an open sphere. However, spherical NAH based on a rigid sphere is only valid if it can be assumed that the sphere has a negligible influence on the incident sound field, and this is not necessarily a good assumption when the sphere is very close to a radiating surface. This Letter examines the matter through simulations and experiments.