Experimental analysis of a double-spark ignition system

The spark that ignites the combustible mixtures is a discharge produced between the electrodes of a spark plug, connected to the secondary of a coil at the high voltage. Optimum combustion requires a steady spark, in a volume as large as is possible, and with maximum energy. We propose a solution to increase the plasma volume and present electrical discharge parameters as a function of inter-electrode distances, pressures in the test-reactor and the width of the electrical pulses of the power supply.     

High power repetitive TEA CO2 pulsed laser

A high power repetitive spark-pin UV-preionized TEA CO₂ laser system is presented. The discharge for generating laser pulses is controlled by a rotary spark switch and a high voltage pulsed trigger. Uniform glow discharge between two symmetrical Chang-electrodes is realized by using an auto-inversion circuit. A couple of high power axial-flow fans with the maximum wind speed of 80 m/s are used for gas exchange between the electrodes. At a repetitive operation, the maximum average output laser power of 10.4 kW 10.6 ??m laser is obtained at 300 Hz, with an electro-optical conversion efficiency of 15.6%. At single pulsed operation, more pumping energy and higher gases pressures can be injected, and the maximum output laser energy of 53 J is achieved.     

Z箍缩内爆过程中的能量转换机制研究

利用一维三温辐射磁流体力学程序对氖气和铝丝阵Z箍缩内爆过程中的能量转换过程进行了详细的数值研究，发现在内爆过程中离子和电子之间的碰撞能量交换是最主要的能量交换过程，其次是电子和光子之间的光电过程和轫致过程，而康普顿散射过程中的能量交换可以忽略不计；辐射出的x射线主要是在光电激发和光电复合过程中产生的，其次是在轫致辐射过程和康普顿散射过程中产生的.理论分析表明，辐射出的x射线能量可以超过，也可能小于其等离子体最大动能.数值模拟结果表明，在氖气Z箍缩中，辐射出的x射线能量没有超过其等离子体最大动能，而在铝丝阵列内爆中，辐射出的x射线能量超过了其等离子体最大动能，但小于磁压所做的功；在整个Z箍缩过程中欧姆加热能量是较小的. 关键词： Z箍缩 能量转换 x射线辐射     

Experimental study on energy characteristics and ignition performance of recessed multichannel plasma igniter

In the extreme conditions of high altitude, low temperature, low pressure, and high speed, the aircraft engine is prone to flameout and difficult to start secondary ignition, which makes reliable ignition of combustion chamber at high altitude become a worldwide problem. To solve this problem, a kind of multichannel plasma igniter with round cavity is proposed in this paper, the three-channel and five-channel igniters are compared with the traditional ones. The discharge energy of the three igniters was compared based on the electric energy test and the thermal energy test, and ignition experiments was conducted in the simulated high-altitude environment of the component combustion chamber. The results show that the recessed multichannel plasma igniter has higher discharge energy than the conventional spark igniter, which can increase the conversion efficiency of electric energy from 26% to 43%, and the conversion efficiency of thermal energy from 25% to73%. The recessed multichannel plasma igniter can achieve greater spark penetration depth and excitation area, which both increase with the increase of height. At the same height, the inlet flow helps to increase the penetration depth of the spark.The recessed multichannel plasma igniter can widen the lean ignition boundary, and the maximum enrichment percentage of lean ignition boundary can reach 31%.     

同轴电极结构下真空放电等离子体生成及传播特性

采用放电电流为100~300 A、持续时间为13 s的单脉冲电源,设计了两种同轴电极结构作为放电阳极,分别为筒状电极、喷嘴状电极。利用MAXWELL 3D电场仿真软件对两种电极结构下的电场分布进行了仿真分析,并采用探针法对放电生成的等离子体的参数进行了测量,分析讨论了同轴电极结构对真空放电等离子体生成特性的影响。选取喷嘴状电极结构作为阳极,分别测量了采用铅、铝、铜三种材质的阴极时生成的等离子体的扩散速度及能量。实验与仿真结果表明:当阳极为喷嘴状电极时阴极尖端的电场强度较大,测得放电电流较大,击穿电压较低,等离子体密度也较大;采用铝材质阴极时生成的等离子体扩散速度最快,采用铅材质阴极时生成的等离子体的离子动能最大。     

水中针-板结构小能量脉冲火花放电特性北大核心CSCD

开展了J量级系统储能下电脉冲参数对水中火花放电特性影响研究。驱动源采用参数可调的固态重频纳秒脉冲电源,放电负载为水中针-板结构(间距1 mm),在低重频条件(约5 Hz)下进行实验。通过调节放电参数、拍摄高速阴影图像、光谱诊断以及声信号测量,研究水中脉冲放电的物理特性,得到不同放电参数下放电演化规律及其对声学、光谱特性影响。实验发现:在J量级储能下,放电通道连通两极后,回路电流在几百ns内快速上升至10 A左右,随后缓慢下降,持续50~60μs。发现预设脉宽对放电影响较大,短脉宽条件下放电会被电源固态开关强制截断出现反向放电,而长脉宽条件下放电通道在后期变得不稳定甚至熄弧中断,出现气泡中二次放电现象。辐射光谱揭示了更多等离子体信息,推断通道电子密度在1018 cm-3量级,随着脉宽增加,特征谱线强度增加,表明活性粒子数密度增加,但粒子种类不变。短脉冲(<150μs)作用下产生的脉冲声波的特征宽度在110~150μs,而当脉宽继续增大,声波脉宽并不继续增加而是保持不变,保持在150μs左右。研究结果对水中小能量火花放电的机理研究有一定参考价值,为水声学、液相等离子体等领域的应用提供思路。     

Multichannel closing switch for water energy stores

This paper describes a megavolt closing spark gap switch designed to switch water energy stores in pulse power generators. A peculiarity of the closing spark gap switch is the multichannel regime of the current flow in all discharge gaps that prolongs the lifetime of the switch, decreases its inductance and resistance, and finally, reduces the losses of the stored energy transfered to a load. Institute of High Current Electronics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 91–99, December, 1999.     

1.2MJ能源模块中两电极气体开关开通特性

在新的强激光能源系统中,采用了一种大电荷转移量同轴结构的两电极气体开关。为了研究气体开关的开通过程,采用仿真软件ATP与PSCAD分别对该开关在开通过程中的某些特征参量对开通特性的影响进行了仿真分析和研究,提出了一种用于模拟气体开关开通过程的模型,并由此得到了触发电压与导通能量之间的关系曲线,并从中得出结论,触发能量对气体开关导通的影响不大。     

开关火花电阻对脉冲前沿的影响

 分析气体火花开关的电阻特性是研究开关能量损耗、电弧通道的热等离子过程、开关间隙绝缘恢复及输出脉冲特性的重要基础。基于气体开关的导通机理,建立了开关导通工作的电路模型,给出了与形成线、传输线联通的开关等效电路和开关电流表达式,分析了开关电感、电阻对电流增长（脉冲前沿）的影响。研究结果表明：对于大间距、高电压气体开关,火花电阻是影响开关输出脉冲前沿的主要因素。     

气体火花开关重复频率特性的实验研究

气体火花开关在重复频率脉冲功率技术中具有广泛的应用,影响气体火花开关绝缘恢复与重复频率工作性能的因素众多。实验研究了气体火花开关的能量沉积和气压对开关重复频率指标的影响,给出了气体火花开关绝缘恢复时间与气压及开关导通功率的关系式,初步分析了气体开关击穿通道在自然散热(不吹气)条件下,重复频率稳定工作的最高功率与重复频率指标、气压的关系。     

实用型放电泵浦XeF(B-X)准分子激光器

 研制了一台实用型放电泵浦的351 nm XeF(B-X)准分子激光器,激光器采用新型开关电源、结构紧凑型张氏电极及放电火花预电离的激光腔结构,通过优化储能电容和放电电容量及比值,选取合理的工作气体压力和配比,优化了激光器性能,提高了激光器输出参数:单脉冲能量153 mJ,平均功率12.9 W,转换效率最高达到0.88%,重复频率1~80 Hz,能量不稳定度小于4%,近场光斑尺寸7 mm×22 mm。激光器已应用到常规抗蚀剂曝光的印刷电路板(PCB)激光投影成像照明系统的实验中。     

The Effect of the Polarity and Design of the Discharge System on the X-ray Spectrum of the Micropinch Discharge Plasma

The spectral composition and X-ray radiation yield of a micropinch discharge plasma obtained at a facility of the low-inductance vacuum spark type are studied as a function of the polarity and design of the electrodes of the discharge system. It is shown that the X-ray radiation of the micropinch discharge plasma depends on the configuration of the electric field in the interval between the discharge electrodes, which determines the amount of erosion products involved in the micropinch process, resulting in the increase in the plasma density and its radiative characteristics.     

大功率能源模块中的石墨电极气体开关系统

探讨了大功率脉冲电源模块中主放电开关和预电离开关整体系统的设计、制造和试验过程。在主放电回路中选择石墨型两电极气体开关作为主开关,因为其在高峰值和快上升沿时间电流的作用下具有很长的工作寿命,并由此构建了基于脉冲变压器的主开关触发器,其中气路控制装置是该系统的辅助设备。在预电离回路中选择石墨型三电极气体开关作为放电开关,并给出了能够同时输出高电压和大电流的预电离开关触发器的设计原理。最后,电气特性测试实验表明两电极主开关峰值电流超过700kA,总转移电荷量超过200kC,此外通过更换电极,开关的寿命可以延长。预电离开关在充气230kPa绝对气压、充电电压23kV下,击穿时延平均值为7.5μs,时延抖动为0.656μs;预电离开关寿命试验的结果显示开关工作4000发次后石墨电极无需更换,开关的总转移电荷量超过10kC。     

典型静电放电火花点燃能力测试研究

通过对静电放电火花点火过程的物理特征研究，分析与总结了典型静电放电火花的点燃能力．根据放电火花的产生条件和形状特点，静电放电火花分为电晕放电、刷形放电、料仓堆表面放电、人体放电、火花放电和传播型尉形放电6种典型放电类型．根据静电放电火花的火花空间分布范围和火花持续时间，研究了静电放电火花点燃可燃物的能力．典型静电放电火花的实际点火能量为：电晕放电不大于0．025mJ，刷形放电不大于3mJ，料仓堆表面放电不大于10mJ．人体放电不大于30mJ，火花放电不大于1J，传播型刷形放电不大于10J．     

“神龙二号”气体火花开关中绝缘结构的电场分析与优化

气体火花开关作为重要部件被大量地应用于直线感应加速器和Z箍缩等大型脉冲功率装置中。绝缘结构设计不合理会使得气体火花开关中出现局部电场畸变和电荷积聚等现象。在高电压脉冲下长时间或高频次运行时,火花开关中的绝缘子会发生沿面闪络现象,直接影响到脉冲功率装置的正常运行。鉴于此,对气体火花开关中的绝缘结构进行了有限元电场分析,用表面电荷的积聚定性解释了沿面闪络发生的原因。通过对绝缘子的几何结构和电极尺寸的优化设计,有效降低了绝缘子表面和电极表面的电场强度,其中阳极三结合点场强从9.4 kV/mm降至1.5 kV/mm,阴极三结合点场强从2.95 kV/mm降至0.98 kV/mm,绝缘子表面最高场强从10.8 kV/mm降至4.95 kV/mm。优化后的绝缘结构电场分布较为合理,降低了由于表面电荷的积聚而引发沿面闪络的概率。     

2.0 MJ脉冲功率源的500 kA气体开关系统

介绍了用于2.0 MJ激光泵浦源的新型高功率闭合开关系统的主要功能部件及其设计、研制和测试过程,分析给出了该气体开关系统的关键器件设计所依据的数学原理。在2.0 MJ电容储能的模拟脉冲电源平台上的实际测试表明,该气体开关系统的峰值通流能力达到500 kA,单次放电转移电荷量不低于150 C,累积寿命超过200 kC,理论上能同时支持20对（40只）氙灯工作。开关本体的石墨电极头还可以更换,能进一步延长寿命。该气体开关系统的总体性能接近同期国外同类型产品的指标要求。     

丝电爆过程的电流导入机理

丝电爆制备纳米粉时, 电流从电极导入金属丝的过程直接影响电极烧损和粉末中微米级大颗粒产生. 分别通过接触和气体放电两种方式导入电流进行电爆试验. 结果表明, 光测量装置检测到的丝端部光电流几乎与回路放电电流同时产生, 而中间位置的光电流则要滞后一段时间; 由探针收集的产物确定, 金属丝端部主要形成熔融粒子, 中间部分主要形成气相粒子. 分析可知, 接触方式导入电流时, 丝端部也存在气体放电现象, 大电流主要通过气体放电形成的等离子体导入. 等离子体对电流的旁路作用会阻碍能量向金属丝沉积, 这是产生微米级大颗粒和"积瘤"主要原因. 通过气体放电方式导入电流时, 电极烧损明显减轻, 并可以避免"积瘤"产生.     

Characteristics of a vacuum spark triggered by the transient hollowcathode discharge electron beam

The discharge characteristics of a vacuum spark triggered by the transient hollow cathode discharge (THCD) electron beam is investigated over a wide variety of discharge conditions. Two systems of the vacuum spark device have been considered-the first system powered by eight 2700-pF doorknob capacitors charged to a voltage of 40 kV (input energy of 17.6 J); while the second system employs a single 1.85-μF Maxwell capacitor discharged at a voltage of 20 kV (input energy of 370 J). The operating pressure of these systems has been varied over the range of 10 ^-2 to 10^-5 mbar in order to examine the effect of the operating pressure on the plasma formation of the vacuum spark discharge. The effectiveness of plasma heating has been found to be significantly enhanced in the two vacuum spark systems studied here. In particular, the plasma of the 17.6 J system has been observed to be heated to a condition hot enough to emit in the X-ray region when the operating pressure is reduced from 10^-2 to 10^-5 mbar. Similarly, in the case of the 370 J system, hot spot formation is also observed to occur only at a low operating pressure of 10^-4 mbar     

TEA CO2激光器几种放电电极的比较

 从均匀场电极理论出发，计算并讨论了近似Rogowski电极、Chang电极(含紧凑式Chang电极)和Ernst电极的形状、理论电场分布和实际电场分布。对实验室所用的几种电极进行了脉冲放电实验，从而获得了TEA CO₂激光器的放电参数与输出特性，并对这些结果进行了比较和分析。计算表明，在基本参数相同的情况下，Ernst电极具有最紧凑的外形和最佳的均匀电场分布。实验表明，采用近似Rogowski电极的TEA CO₂激光器具有最大放电辉光范围和44 kV的最小放电击穿电压；采用Ernst电极的TEA CO₂激光器具有25 J的最高单脉冲能量和最大17.2%的斜率效率。最后提出了TEA CO₂激光器主电极的选择建议。     

Compact pulsed power generator using an inductive energy storagesystem with two-staged opening switches

The pulsed power generator, named ASO-I, is extremely compact and light in comparison with a conventional pulsed power generator, which consists of a Marx bank and a water pulse forming line. The ASO-I has a two-staged opening switch, consisting of fuses in water and a plasma erosion opening switch, and can be operated hundreds of times a day at an output power of 230 kV and 35 kA. The parallel fuses are effective for power multiplication, and small differences in length of the parallel fuses do not influence the output power. The risetime of current through the short-circuit load decreases with the increase of the gap length of the spark gap, which is placed between the fuses and the load. The plasma erosion opening switch can be operated as a second opening switch, and the risetime of the current through the short-circuit load decreases from 250 to 10 ns. The maximum resistance of the plasma erosion opening switch is 3.5 Ω with an open-circuit load