Comparing cyclodextrin derivatives as chiral selectors for enantiomeric separation in capillary electrophoresis

A total of 26 different cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives with different functional groups and degrees of substitution were tested against 35 basic pharmaceutical compounds in an effort to investigate their effectiveness as chiral selectors for enantiomeric separation in capillary electrophoresis (CE). Testing was performed under the same conditions using a low pH buffer (25 mM phosphate buffer at pH approximately 2.5). Five CD derivatives, namely, highly sulfated-beta-CD, highly sulfated-beta-CD, hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (degree of substitution approximately 1), heptakis-(2,6-O-dimethyl)-beta-CD, and heptakis(2,3,6-O-trimethyl)-beta-CD were identified to be most effective for enantiomeric separations and have a wide range of enantiomeric selectivity towards the model compounds. Over 90% of the model compounds were enantiomerically resolved with the five identified CD derivatives, at a minimum resolution of 0.5. An additional 20 compounds were also tested to demonstrate the validity of the identified CD derivatives. The five CD derivatives were recommended as the starting chiral selectors in developing enantiomeric separation methods by CE.     

Chiral capillary electrophoresis: facts and fiction on the reproducibility of resolution with randomly substituted cyclodextrins

Comparative enantioseparation of the enantiomers of 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diyl hydrogen phosphate was performed with cyclodextrin (CD)-modified capillary electrophoresis (CE). Two single isomers, beta-CD, heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-beta-CD (TM-beta-CD), and heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-CD (DM-beta-CD) of 98% purity as well as heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl)-beta-CD were used and compared in terms of resolution power to randomly methylated and corresponding acetylated beta-CDs, which were synthesized in our laboratory. The methylated ones were characterized by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-(MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. By testing defined mixtures of single isomers and comparing their resolution power to randomly substituted CDs of similar degree of substitution we could show, that a simple characterization by the average molecular degree of substitution (DS) is not sufficient. In order to get reproducible results, a clearly defined substitution pattern is necessary, which is not given using randomly substituted CDs. Taken together, a validation of a chiral separation with "undefined" CD derivatives is almost impossible.     

Separation of stereoisomers of some terpene derivatives by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography using beta-cyclodextrin derivative columns

Gas chromatographic separations of the stereoisomers of menthol derivatives, important intermediates in the synthesis of physiologically active natural products, were carried out on several substituted beta-cyclodextrin (CD) columns, including per-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (PME-beta-CD), heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-CD (DIAC-6-TBDS-beta-CD), and heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-CD (DIME-6-TBDS-beta-CD) as chiral stationary phases (CSPs). With the DIME-6-TBDS-beta-CD column, a separation of the Z- and E-isomers of methylidenementhol was accomplished; no separation was achieved with the other columns. The stereoisomers of methylidenementhol and the corresponding tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) ether were separated on both the beta-CD and the heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (TME-beta-CD) columns by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a mobile phase involving acetonitrile and H(2)O. For the separation of the Z- and E-isomers of methylidenementhol, the TME-beta-CD column was superior. In contrast, the beta-CD column was preferable in the case of the corresponding TBS ether.     

α－溴丙酸甲酯与β－环糊精衍生物手性识别过程的模 拟研究

应用分子动力学方法,模拟研究了α－溴丙酸甲酯分别与全甲基－β－环糊精(PMBCD)、七(2,6-二-O-丁基-3-O-丁酰基)-β－环糊精(DBBBCD)的手性识别过程。结果表明,α－溴丙酸甲酯对映体与PMBCD,DBBBCD的优先结合点位于环糊精空腔的内部,其对映体与所述环糊精的手性识别机理和形成腔内结合物有关;对映体在环糊精空腔内的结合并非传统意义上的紧密包合,对映体在腔内可以上下运动和转动;从对平衡构象的结构分析发现,所述对映体与环糊精衍生物的手性识别与葡萄糖单元的C(2),C(3)所提供的手性环境密切相关。而且,分子模拟方法得到的对映体保留顺序与气相色谱实验结果是一致的。     

Short synthesis of skeleton-modified cyclodextrin derivatives with unique inclusion ability

[reaction: see text] Skeleton-modified cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives, in which an alpha-(1,4)-glucosidic bond is converted into a beta-(1,4)-glucosidic bond, were conveniently synthesized by cleavage of a single glucosidic bond in permethylated and 2,6-di-O-methylated alpha- and beta-CDs and subsequent recyclization via the trichloroacetoimidate intermediates. The selective cleavage of an alpha-(1,4)-glucosidic bond of permethylated alpha- and beta-CDs was accomplished by stirring in 30% aq HClO(4) at 25 degrees C to give the corresponding maltohexaose and maltoheptaose derivatives, respectively. The cleavage of a glucosidic bond of hexakis(3-O-benzyl-2,6-di-O-methyl)-alpha-CD was successfully carried out in a mixed 60% aq HClO(4) and 1,4-dioxane solution (1:20). In the case of heptakis(3-O-benzyl-2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-CD, the solvent-free reaction with p-toluenesulfonic acid was found to be effective for selective cleavage of one glucosidic bond. The permethylated beta-CD derivative with a beta-(1,4)-glucosidic bond (4b) exhibited higher inclusion ability toward sodium m-nitrobenzoate than the parent permethylated beta-CD, while these hosts showed the same inclusion ability toward sodium p-nitrobenzoate. On the other hand, the beta-(1,4)-type permethylated alpha-CD derivative 4a exhibited lower inclusion ability toward sodium p- and m-nitrobenzoates than the parent permethylated alpha-CD. Interestingly, host molecules 4a and 4b showed inclusion selectivity for sodium m-nitrobenzoate as compared with the corresponding para-isomer, in contrast to permethylated CDs which possessed para-isomer selectivity. On the other hand, host molecules 4a and 4b showed para-isomer selectivity toward sodium nitrophenoxide guests, indicating that the inclusion selectivity was remarkably influenced by the guest hydrophilic groups. (1)H NMR studies on complexes of those beta-(1,4)-type CD derivatives with p- and m-nitrobenzoates and p- and m-nitrophenolates were carried out to estimate their structures.     

Separation of the enantiomers of 2-phenylcyclopropanecarboxylate esters by capillary gas chromatography on derivatized cyclodextrin stationary phases

Summary Separation of the enantiomers of 2-phenylcyclopropanecarboxylate esters has been investigated on derivatized cyclodextrin chiral stationary phases (CD CSPs) to enable direct determination of the enantiomeric purity of the products of enantioselective cyclopropanation. Four stereoisomers of these chiral compounds could be resolved to baseline on permethylated β-cyclodextrin CSP. Some unusual phenomena, iso-enthalpy retention behavior and entropically driven chiral separation, were observed for the enantioseparation of 2-phenylcyclo-propanecarboxylates on the CD CSPs. Thermodynamic parameters were evaluated and an enthalpy-entropy compensation effect was observed forn-alkyl esters of 2-phenylcyclopropanecarboxylate separated on CD CSPs.     

Separation of racemic sulfoxides and sulfinate esters on four derivatized cyclodextrin chiral stationary phases using capillary gas chromatography

The separation of 17 chiral sulfoxides and eight chiral sulfinate esters by gas chromatography (GC) on four derivatized cyclodextrin chiral stationary phases (CSPs) (Chiraldex G-TA, G-BP, G-PN, B-DM) is presented. Many of these compounds are structural isomers or part of a homologous series. Differences in enantioselectivity of the methyl phenyl sulfoxide isomers on the derivatized gamma cyclodextrin and the heptakis 2,6-di-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (i.e. B-DM) CSPs are discussed. Under the conditions of this study, the molecular mass cut-off for the GC separation of these compounds was approximately 230. Compounds of higher molecular mass were not eluted from the CSPs at reasonable times and temperatures, but these higher molecular mass enantiomers can be separated by liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. The enantiomeric separation and elution order of a sulfinate ester containing two stereogenic centers as well as 15 chiral sulfoxides is presented. The G-TA and B-DM CSPs generally gave opposite elution orders for most of the compounds studied.     

Electrophoretic separation strategy for chiral pharmaceuticals using highly-sulfated and neutral cyclodextrins based dual selector systems

The enantiomeric separation of chiral pharmaceuticals was investigated using dual systems with mixtures of cyclodextrin derivatives. The dual cyclodextrin systems, consisting of one highly-sulfated (α-, β-, and γ-HSCD) and one neutral cyclodextrin, i.e. either heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-CD (TMCD), heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-CD (DMCD) or hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HPCD), are tested on 25 pharmaceutical compounds with different acid-basic properties (16 basics, 8 acids and 1 neutral). The influence on the separation of the type and concentration of neutral CD in highly-sulfated cyclodextrins-based dual selector systems, is investigated. For 11 of 16 basic compounds, a better separation is obtained with the CD mixtures compared to the use of only a highly-sulfated CD. Mixtures with TMCD give better results than those with DMCD and HPCD. Results showed that dual CD systems are useful to achieve and to optimise chiral separations of compounds not (sufficiently) separated with HSCDs alone. For example, ibuprofen was not resolved with α-, β- or γ-HSCD, but could be separated with the mixture 25 mM TMCD and 5% HS-β-CD. Based on the obtained results, a dual CD systems based separation strategy is defined.     

Separation performance and recognition mechanism of mono(6-deoxy-imino)-β-cyclodextrins chiral stationary phases in high-performance liquid chromatography

Different substituent groups were introduced onto the rim of β-cyclodextrin through rigid CN bonds to form a series of imino-modified β-cyclodextrin derivatives: mono(6-deoxy-phenylimino)-β-cyclodextrin (BCD), mono(6-deoxy-isopropylimino)-β-cyclodextrin (YBCD), mono(6-deoxy-N-1-phenylethylimino)-β-cyclodextrin (R-,S-BYCD), mono[6-deoxy-N-1-(2-hydroxyl)-phenylethylimino]-β-cyclodextrin (R-,S-PGCD), heptakis(2,6-o-diamyl-6-deoxy-phenylimino)-β-cyclodextrin (WBCD), heptakis(2,6-o-diamyl-6-deoxyisopropylimino)-β-cyclodextrin (WYBCD) and heptakis[2,6-o-diamyl-6-deoxy-R-(-)-N-1-phenylethylimino)-β-cyclodextrin (WRBYCD). The obtained derivatives were then bonded to silica gel and used in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as chiral stationary phases (CSPs). The separation performance of these CSPs was examined by separating disubstituted benzenes, amino acids, ferrocene derivatives andchiral aromatic alcohol compounds. Satisfactory separation results were obtained for most of the compounds. The values for selectivity factors can reach up to 8.50 and 8.16 for separating positional isomers and ferrocene derivatives, respectively, and the best resolution was 6.89 for aromatic alcohol derivative separations. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out for chiral discrimination of rac-N-benzoyl-phenylglycinol on S-PGCD CSP to study the recognition mechanism. MD simulation results show that the average free-energy of interaction is −1304.83 kcal/mol for the l-enantiomer and S-PGCD and −1324.23 kcal/mol for the d-enantiomer and S-PGCD. In the recognition stage, the l-enantiomer moves along the exterior of the cyclodextrin cavity from the wider edge to the narrower edge of cyclodextrin whereas the d-enantiomer moves slightly towards the cavity. The l-enantiomer thus is separated first due to weaker interaction with S-PGCD.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备四种环糊精衍生物毛细管气相色谱柱

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了七(2,3,6-三-O-乙基)-β-环糊精(全乙基-β-CD)、七(2,3,6-三-O-丙基)-β-环糊精(全丙基-β-CD)、七(2,3,6-三-O-辛基)-β-环糊精(全辛基-β-CD)和2,6-二-O-苄基-β-CD 4种环糊精衍生物毛细管气相色谱柱。在制备方法上,仿照一般动态法,大大简化了制备过程,缩短了制备时间。所得色谱柱的理论塔板数在3000/m左右,能够很好地分离苯衍生物的位置异构体,尤其对难分离的二甲苯、甲酚等取得了理想效果(α＞1),其中溶胶-凝胶法制备的全烷基(乙基、丙基、辛基)化环糊精衍生物柱的分离能力优于2,6位苄基衍生化的环糊精柱。 同一根柱不同次进样和不同柱之间表现出良好的重复性,保留时间的相对标准偏差小于8.5%;对使用大约40次后的溶胶-凝胶柱重新进行测试,柱效下降不明显,说明该类色谱柱的稳定性良好。     

"Click" preparation of hindered cyclodextrin chiral stationary phases and their efficient resolution in high performance liquid chromatography

This communication reports the preparation of two new cyclodextrin (CD) chiral stationary phases (CSPs): heptakis(6-deoxy-6-azido)-β-CD and heptakis(6-deoxy-6-azido-phenylcarbamoylated)-β-CD CSPs that perform quite differently to our previously reported “click” immobilized CD-CSPs. These CSPs are sterically congested at the narrow mouth of the CD and exhibit chiral discrimination between over 40 pairs of enantiomers in high performance liquid chromatography. The free hydroxyl CSP afforded better separation of indoprofen, ketoprofen, Tröger's base, hydroxyl, carboxylic and dansyl amino acids than did the phenylcarbamoylated CSP, while the latter was better at resolving aryl alcohols, flavonoids, β-blockers and β-agonists. The current work shows that enantiodiscrimination achieved with different CSPs for different classes of analyte may be correlated with CD accessibility and peripheral functionality.     

Chirasil-Dex-TFA: A new polysiloxane-bonded and immobilizable cyclodextrin stationary phase for enantiomer separation by GC

Heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl-3-O-trifluoroacetyl)-?-cyclodextrin has been chemically bonded to a polydimethylsiloxane via an octamethylene spacer and subsequently immobilized on to the surface of fused silica capillaries, the first time a cyclodextrin derivative with mixed substituents has been immobilized in this way. The enantioselectivity of the new chiral stationary phase has been investigated as a function of the cyclodextrin content. It was found to be higher than that reported for heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl-3-O-trifluoroacetyl)-?-cyclodextrin or hepta-kis(2,6-di-O-methyl-3-O-acetyl)-?-cyclodextrin dissolved in polysiloxane (e.g. OV-1701). The degree of immobilization was over 90 %. The temperature stability is, however, inferior to that of Chirasil-Dex (a permethylated cyclodextrin): the maximum operating temperature is approximately 200 °C.     

GC separation of 2-substituted ethyl propionate enantiomers on permethylated and 2,6-dimethyl-3-pentyl beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin stationary phases

In this work, the capillary gas chromatographic enantiomer separation of eight congeneric compounds with general formulae CH3-HCX-COOC2H5 (where X = Cl, Br, I, CN, OH, OC2H5, OC6H5 and NHCOCF3) on four different permethyl- and 2,6-di-O-methyl-3-O-pentyl- beta- and gamma-CD stationary phases has been studied. The separation of enantiomers was evaluated in terms of the interactions of the X substituent of studied derivatives, as well as the nature of the 3-O-alkyl group in the 2,6-di-O-methyl-3-O-alkyl-CDs and the CDs cavity size. The differences in thermodynamic data [deltaH and -deltaS] obtained for studied compounds and the selectivity of modified beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin phases in gas chromatographic separation were evaluated. deltaH values were compared with a deltaH value of an achiral standard (ethyl propionate, where X = H) in order to obtain the contribution of a particular substituent to the overall interaction energy. It was shown that the variation in the enantiomeric separation with temperature and the retention order of these compounds on a given cyclodextrin capillary column depends on the nature of the substituents bonded to stereogenic carbon atom. It was found that the temperature dependencies of selectivity factors, In a on 1/T, were both linear as well as non-linear, inter alia depending on the number of glucopyranose units of the CD derivatives. The enantiospecific thermodynamic data [delta21(deltaH)] and [-delta21(deltaS)] which characterize the chiral recognition in the separation system were used to gain more insight into the mechanistic aspects of the enantioseparations on permethylated and 2,6-di-O-methyl-3-O-pentyl-beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins.     

2，6-二-O-乙氧乙基-3-O-三氟乙酰基-β-环糊精气相色谱手性固定相的制备及应用

将β-环糊精的2,6-位引入乙氧乙基,3-位引入三氟乙酰基,合成了新的环糊精衍生物2,6-二-O-乙氧乙基-3-O-三氟乙酰基-β-环糊精,并采用静态法涂渍毛细管气相色谱柱,考察了毛细管柱的柱性能和分离性能。结果表明,该固定相对G rob试剂、苯的二取代位置异构体氯甲苯、硝基甲苯和溴甲苯以及10种手性化合物如α-取代丙酸酯化合物、1-(2′-硝基苯基)-乙醇、α-甲基-对氯苯乙腈和丙炔醇酮乙酸酯等具有良好的分离效果。其中,对α-甲磺酰基丙酸酯对映体的拆分效果最好;对α-取代丙酸的甲酯衍生物的分离效果优于乙酯衍生物;对α-羟基取代丙酸酯的分离效果优于α-卤代丙酸酯。     

新的环糊精手性固定相-七(2, 6-二-O-正丁基-3-O-三氟乙酰基)-β-环糊精

合成了一种新的手性固定相: 七(2, 6-二-O-正丁基-3-O-三氟乙酰基)-β-环糊精(DB-TFA-β-CD), 使用该固定相涂渍的石英毛细管柱, 对卤代烃、环氧化合物、酮、胺、醇、二醇、羧酸和氨基酸等化合物的对映体进行了色谱分离。结果表明:该固定相具有较好的对映体分离选择性。     

Chiral separation of deprenyl-N-oxide isomers by capillary electrophoresis using various cyclodextrin derivatives

Chiral separation of deprenyl-N-oxide isomers is presented using capillary electrophoresis in the presence of various cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives. This recently identified metabolite of R-(-)-deprenyl may possess desirable pharmacological activities. The effect of the cavity size and the substituents of the CD are examined on the enantiomer resolution of the compound having an asymmetric center on a heteroatom. The importance of hydrophilic or hydrogen bonding interaction, as well as the position of the interacting groups is demonstrated. Outstanding selectivity and resolution values are achieved using the chargeable carboxymethyl-beta-CD. 2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-CD is also suitable for the enantiomer separation of the analyte. Native beta-CD and carboxyethyl-beta-CD provide only poor enantioselectivity, whereas heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-CD is capable of separating only the diastereomers. No chiral resolution can be observed in the presence of gamma-CD.     

Resolution of chiral barbiturates into enantiomers by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using methylated beta-cyclodextrins

The correlation between the capacity factors of enantiomers of chiral barbiturates and the concentrations of beta-cyclodextrin, heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin and heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin dissolved in the mobile phase was studied using LiChrosorb RP-18 as the stationary phase. Owing to the very strong adsorption of permethylated beta-cyclodextrin on the ODS surface a chiral stationary phase is generated dynamically and forms complexes with the solutes; this mechanism has been found to be the only factor responsible for the chiral recognition of the investigated compounds at all applied concentrations. The inclusion of barbiturates in the cavities of permethylated beta-cyclodextrin involves a distinct and entirely new kind of enantioselectivity compared with that observed for beta-cyclodextrin and its dimethyl derivative. Using permethylated beta-cyclodextrin baseline resolutions have been obtained with barbiturates containing a chiral centre in the heterocyclic ring or in the aliphatic side-chain.     

Gas Chromatographic Enantiomer Separation of Atropisomeric PCBs Using Modified Cyclodextrins as Chiral Phases

Columns containing different types of cyclodextrin derivatives have been evaluated for chiral gas chromatographic separation of atropisomeric PCBs, o,p´‐DDT and o,p´‐DDD. Separation was attempted on columns containing mixed chiral selectors, and the performance of two closely related selectors was also examined. The cyclodextrins were: permethylated‐β‐CD (PM‐β‐CD), heptakis(2,3‐di‐O‐methyl‐6‐O‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐β‐CD (2,3‐M‐6‐TBDMS‐β‐CD), heptakis(2,3‐di‐O‐methyl‐6‐O‐tert‐hexyldimethylsilyl)‐β‐CD (2,3‐M‐6‐THDMS‐β‐CD), and heptakis(2,3‐di‐O‐ethyl‐6‐O‐tert‐hexyldimethylsilyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin (2,3‐E‐6‐THDMS‐β‐CD). The cyclodextrins were dissolved in OV‐1701 or in a dimethylsiloxane/silarylene copolymer containing 5% phenyl in the backbone. The application of mixed chiral selectors led to improved separations, however; at most eleven PCB congeners were separated on a single column. Chiral resolution of o,p´‐DDD was achieved. The use of a dimethylsiloxane/silarylene copolymer as a matrix for the cyclodextrins is a promising approach. With such a matrix, blocking of the CD cavities by silicone substituent groups can be avoided, and a reasonable CD solubility can be provided. The selectivity of heptakis(2,3‐di‐O‐ethyl‐6‐O‐tert‐hexyldimethylsilyl)‐β‐CD and heptakis(2,3‐di‐O‐methyl‐6‐O‐tert‐hexyldimethylsilyl)‐β‐CD was quite different, the former selector could separate four congeners, while the latter separated ten congeners.     

Comparative analysis of the full set of methylated β‐cyclodextrins as chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis

The chiral separation ability of the full library of methylated‐β‐cyclodextrins towards pharmacologically significant racemic drugs including basic compounds was studied by chiral CE. The syntheses of all the methylated, single isomer β‐cyclodextrins were revised and optimized and the aqueous solubility of the derivatives was unambiguously established. The three most relevant commercially available methylated isomeric mixtures were also included in the screening, so a total of ten various methylated CDs were investigated. The effects of the selector concentration on the enantiorecognition properties at acidic pH were investigated. Among the dimethylated β‐cyclodextrins, the heptakis (2,6‐di‐O‐methyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin isomer (2,6‐DIMEB) resulted to be the most versatile chiral selector. Terbutaline was selected as a model compound for the in‐depth investigation of host‐guest enantiodiscrimination ability. The association constants between the two terbutaline enantiomers and 2,6‐DIMEB were determined in order to support that the enantioseparation is driven by differences is host‐guest binding. The migration order of the enantiomers was confirmed by performing spiking experiments with the pure enantiomers. 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy was applied to the 2,3‐, and 2,6‐DIMEB/terbutaline systems to rationalize at molecular level the different enantioseparation ability of the dimethylated β‐cyclodextrin selectors.     

Comparison of enantioseparation of selected benzodiazepine and phenothiazine derivatives on chiral stationary phases based on β‐cyclodextrin and macrocyclic antibiotics

Enantioselective separation of some phenothiazine and benzodiazepine derivatives was studied on six different chiral stationary phases (CSPs) in HPLC. Selected CSPs, with respect to the structure of the separated compounds, were either based on β‐cyclodextrin chiral selectors – underivatized β‐cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl ether β‐cyclodextrin, or on macrocyclic antibiotics – vancomycin, teicoplanin, teicoplanin aglycone, and ristocetin A. Measurements were carried out in a reversed‐phase separation mode. The influence of mobile phase composition on retention and enantioseparation was studied. Benzodiazepines could be enantioresolved with almost all the chiral stationary phases used, except for the vancomycin‐bonded CSP. Peak coalescence of oxazepam and lorazepam was observed if separation was carried out at laboratory temperature. Reduced temperature was required in some instances in order to avoid the on‐column racemization. Separation systems composed of teicoplanin‐bonded CSP and buffer‐methanolic or pure methanolic mobile phases were shown to be suitable even for preparative purposes due to high resolution values of the enantiomers. Enantioseparation of phenothiazine derivatives was more difficult to achieve but it was successful, at least partly, also with both types of the CSPs used (except for levomepromazine).