石油芳烃组分中未知化合物——三叔丁基苯基磷酸酯的高分辨质谱分析

将大气压光电离(APPI)、电喷雾(ESI)、实时直接分析(DART)多种电离源和傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FT-ICR MS)联用对石油芳烃样品中的未知化合物进行研究。通过高分辨质谱的精确质量,结合碰撞诱导解离(CAD)技术,经分析并与文献标准物质谱图比对,推断未知物为三(2,4-二-叔丁基苯基)磷酸酯(TDTBPP),并研究了其在不同大气压电离源中的电离特性。APPI谱图中主要为[M+H]~+峰,同时存在M.~+峰。ESI谱图中主要为[M+Na]~+(不加甲酸)或[M+NH4]~+峰(加甲酸)。DART谱图中主要为[M+NH4]~+峰,而EI谱图中基峰为m/z 57(叔丁基),次强峰为[M-CH3]~+峰。     

基于单颗粒气溶胶质谱的人体呼出颗粒物粒径分布与化学成分的分析方法研究

人体呼出气中内源性颗粒物和外源性颗粒物的粒径和化学成分信息可为肺部疾病诊断、环境暴露评价等研究提供参考。该文初步考察了单颗粒气溶胶质谱(Single particle aerosol mass spectrometry,SPAMS)同时获取人体呼出气中颗粒物(Exhaled breath particles,EBPs)粒径分布和化学成分的可行性。结果表明,健康成人的EBPs数浓度为227~1 043个/L,获取具有统计意义的粒径分布所需的EBPs检出限为2 500个颗粒物,粒径范围为200~1 000 nm,峰值出现在460 nm。与环境空气颗粒物的粒径分布相比,EBPs更多分布在200~300 nm和440~660 nm,从化学成分来看,这两段粒径范围内的EBPs含有更多的碳元素,不易在体内发生吸湿增长,提高了被呼出的概率。EBPs的化学成分可能反映内源性颗粒物和外源性颗粒物组成,如HSO_4~-、PO_3~-、CN~-、CNO~-和C_xH_yO_z~+(x=1~3,y=1~7,z=1~3)可能与内源性颗粒物中的蛋白含量、磷酸酯酰甘油等成分有关,碳簇峰C_3~-、C_4~-、C~+、C_3~+、C_3H~+和C_4~+推测与外源性颗粒物中的碳元素有关。     

人体呼出气分析的技术进展及其在非侵入式医学诊断方面的临床应用前景

人体呼出气被视为血液顶空气体,通过肺泡交换排出体外,可在一定程度上反映人体的内源代谢情况。近些年,随着医学诊断无损化的不断发展,呼出气分析由于其无创性,无痛性,便捷性,具有临床疾病早期诊断与大规模筛查的潜力,受到越来越多的关注。研究表明,呼出气中包含的挥发性有机化合物和人体的疾病代谢状态密切相关,如丙酮与糖尿病,醛类物质与乳腺癌,烷烃类与氧化应激水平等。现代分析方法(如气相色谱、质谱、光谱、传感器等)对呼出气中上千种痕量组分的定性定量分析,使得呼出气分析成为可能。此文总结了呼出气分析的技术发展:样品采集手段,预富集技术和定性定量分析技术。评价了呼出气生物标识物在糖尿病,乳腺癌,以及肺癌等疾病中的临床诊断前景。最后讨论了呼出气分析的技术在国内的发展现状及其面临的主要问题。     

加速溶剂萃取-液相色谱-质谱/质谱法分析动物组织中的壬基酚、辛基酚和双酚A

建立了测定内分泌干扰物质烷基酚、双酚A的液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(负离子模式)分析方法,优化了样品前处理方法。以二氯甲烷作提取溶剂,采用加速溶剂萃取法萃取动物组织样品,萃取液用500 mg OASIS氨基固相萃取柱进行浓缩净化。对流动相组分和流动相添加剂对质谱的离子化效率进行了考察,测得3种化合物在高、中、低3个添加水平的回收率为88%~101%,相对标准偏差小于15%;双酚A、壬基酚和辛基酚的方法检出限分别为0.3, 0.05和0.1 μg/kg。对从北京市场上采集的27份动物组织样品进行检测,结果表明壬基酚广泛存在于各种动物源性食品中,检出含量为0.49~55.98 μg/kg,其中鱼肉组织中都检出壬基酚,而且其含量也较高(9.13~55.98 μg/kg)。     

热解析低温等离子体电离源用于糯高粱中农药残留的快速筛查

本研究设计并搭建了一套热解析低温等离子体电离源(TD-LTP),与质谱联用实现了糯高粱中农药残留的快速和高灵敏检测.TD-LTP由热解析装置和低温等离子体放电源两部分组成,农药残留样品首先在热解析进样器内汽化,再由载气载带进入等离子体区域被电离.热解析进样器使LTP产生的气相等离子体与样品之间的气-固或气-液相互作用转变为气-气相互作用,大大提高了难挥发样品(如农药)的电离效率;电离源与质谱进样口之间采用同轴连接,提高了离子的利用率和传输效率.与传统的LTP电离源相比,TD-LTP电离源的灵敏度提高了8倍以上,稳定性提高了4倍.本研究对热解析低温等离子体电离源的各参数进行了优化,并与自制的矩形离子阱质谱相结合,研究了12种农药在该电离源下的特征离子.最后,将此电离源与商品化的三重四极杆质谱仪联用,对糯高粱样品中的12种农药残留进行了快速筛查,结果表明,本方法灵敏度高,可以满足食品安全国家标准规定的谷物中农药残留最大限量检测要求.     

电喷雾电离源结合傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱分析地下水中可溶性有机质分子组成

应用电喷雾电离源结合傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(ESI FT-ICR MS)对地下水进行分析,基于高精确度的分子量检测结果,鉴定出O_x,N_1O_x和N_2O_x3大类,共计27小类含杂原子的化合物。杂原子化合物中O_x类化合物占绝大多数,而含N化合物则以结合大量氧原子的形式广泛存在。结合各类杂原子化合物的等效双键数(DBE)及碳数分布,发现O_x类化合物中存在大量的羧酸结构,推测含氮化合物可能来自于O_x类化合物的衍生反应。实验结果拓宽了对地下水中可溶性有机质的认识,为进一步确定其中杂原子化合物的结构类型奠定了基础。     

1-苯基3-甲基-吡唑啉酮-5电喷雾质谱裂解途径的研究

电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)是近年来发展并完善起来的一种分析手段.作为一种新的软电离技术,其ESI源中化合物离子化行为不同于传统的电子轰击(EI)源,离子碎裂相对简单,但容易出现复杂的加合离子,同时其独有的CID-MSn技术可选择性地提供有用的碎片信息,研究这些碎裂和加合离子对有效确认化合物的准分子离子峰、研究化合物的结构和性质以及优化ESI条件有重要意义[1].     

基于呼出气挥发性有机物检测的肺癌筛查技术研究进展

肺癌已成为当前全球发病率和死亡率最高的癌症.早期肺癌的治愈率高,"早诊早治"已成为共识.呼出气检测具有非侵入性、取样方便且对人体友好的优势,通过对呼出气中特征代谢物的检测,寻找早期肺癌的疾病标志物,有望作为一种简单有效的早期肺癌筛查手段而备受关注.本文从临床常用肺癌筛查方法、呼出气组分及肺癌标志性挥发性有机物(VOCs...     

快原子轰击质谱

电子轰击、化学电离和场电离质谱由于要求样品在电离前气化,不适于分析极性高的热不稳定化合物。场解吸电离法的出现扩大了质谱的应用范围。现在,场解吸电离法与高场强度磁铁配合,可以分析分子量为3000的化合物。但是应当指出,场解吸电离法还是有局限性的。用场解吸法得到的谱图随分析时间改变,重现性差;实验操作难度大,不容易掌握;碎片离子峰少,提供的结构信息少;解吸需要一定的加热电流,从而使一些化合物发生热分解;对于一些极性特别大的化合物,场解吸法也无能为力。     

质谱的无机痕量分析进展

概述了电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、激光电离质谱(LIMS)和共振电离质谱(RIMS)、火花源质谱(SSMS)、辉光放电质谱(GDMS)、二次离子质谱(SIMS)、热电离同位素稀释质谱法(ID-TIMS)等无机质谱分析方法的基本原理、方法特点和应用进展,概括了ICE-MS和IDMS方法的优缺点;采用溶液进样的ICP-MS和TIMS稀释法,给出的测量结果不确定度要高于固体进样的质谱法。     

Application of femtosecond laser mass spectrometry to the analysis of volatile organic compounds

Femtosecond (fs) lasers have high intensity and ultrashort pulse duration. Tunneling ionization occurs for molecules subject to such intense laser fields. We have studied the mass spectra of a variety of molecules irradiated by intense fs laser pulses. These molecules include some typical volatile organic compounds contained in human breath and in the atmosphere. The results demonstrate that all of these molecules can be ionized by intense fs laser pulses. Dominant parent ion and some characteristic ionic fragments are observed for each molecule. The degree of fragmentation can be controlled by adjusting the laser intensity. Moreover, saturation ionization can occur for each molecule by increasing the laser intensity. These features indicate that fs laser mass spectrometry can be a sensitive tool to identify and quantify volatile organic compounds in human breath.     

High mass resolution breath analysis using secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry assisted by an ion funnel

In this study, we used secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry assisted by an ion funnel (IF) operating at ambient pressure to find compounds in the mass range of 100–500 m/z in online breath fingerprinting experiments. In low‐resolution experiments conducted on an ion trap instrument, we found that pyridine is present in breath of individuals long after drinking coffee. In high‐resolution experiments conducted on a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, we found more than 30 compounds in the mass range of 100–500 m/z in analogous online breath experiments. More than a third of these compounds have molecular weights above 200 Daltons and have not been mentioned in previous studies. In low‐resolution experiments as well as experiments without the IF, these compounds could not be detected. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人体呼出气中挥发性有机化合物的检测方法

呼出气检测作为一种潜在的新型临床检测手段受到广泛关注。本文详细综述了人体呼出气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的各类检测方法和技术,分别对色谱法、质谱法和光谱及传感器法的原理、特点和最新研究进展进行了介绍,对照总结了目前已确定的异戊二烯、丙酮等疾病生物标志物的各种分析方法和实测数据,并展望了未来的研究动向。     

Detection of volatile organic compounds indicative of human presence in the air

Volatile organic compounds were collected and analyzed from a variety of indoor and outdoor air samples to test whether human‐derived compounds can be readily detected in the air and if they can be associated with human occupancy or presence. Compounds were captured with thermal desorption tubes and then analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Isoprene, a major volatile organic compound in exhaled breath, was shown to be the best indicator of human presence. Acetone, another major breath‐borne compound, was higher in unoccupied or minimally occupied areas than in human‐occupied areas, indicating that its majority may be derived from exogenous sources. The association of endogenous skin‐derived compounds with human occupancy was not significant. In contrast, numerous compounds that are found in foods and consumer products were detected at elevated levels in the occupied areas. Our results revealed that isoprene and many exogenous volatile organic compounds consumed by humans are emitted at levels sufficient for detection in the air, which may be indicative of human presence.     

Comparative study on ambient ionization methods for direct analysis of navel orange tissues by mass spectrometry

It is of sustainable interest to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of the ionization process, especially for direct analysis of complex samples without matrix separation. Herein, four ambient ionization methods including desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (DAPCI), heat‐assisted desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (heat‐assisted DAPCI), microwave plasma torch (MPT) and internal extractive electrospray ionization (iEESI) were employed for comparative analysis of the navel orange tissue samples by mass spectrometry. The volatile organic compounds (e.g. ethanol, vanillin, leaf alcohol and jasmine lactone) were successfully detected by non‐heat‐assisted DAPCI‐MS, while semi‐volatile organic compounds (e.g. 1‐nonanol and ethyl nonanoate) together with low abundance of non‐volatile organic compounds (e.g. sinensetin and nobiletin) were obtained by heat‐assisted DAPCI‐MS. Typical nonvolatile organic compounds [e.g. 5‐(hydroxymethyl)furfural and glucosan] were sensitively detected with MPT‐MS. Compounds of high polarity (e.g. amino acids, alkaloids and sugars) were easily profiled with iEESI‐MS. Our data showed that more analytes could be detected when more energy was delivered for the desorption ionization purpose; however, heat‐sensitive analytes would not be detected once the energy input exceeded the dissociation barriers of the analytes. For the later cases, soft ionization methods such as iEESI were recommended to sensitively profile the bioanalytes of high polarity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of microscopic, zwitterionic ionization constants, isoelectric point and molecular speciation of organic compounds

Mathematical models based on structure-activity relationships and perturbed molecular orbital theory have been developed to calculate the ionization pK(a)s for a large number of organic molecules. These models include resonance, direct and indirect electrostatic field effects, sigma induction, steric effects, differential solvation and hydrogen bonding. The thermodynamic microscopic ionization constants, pk(i), of molecules with multiple ionization sites and the corresponding complex speciation as a function of pH have been determined using these chemical reactivity models. For a molecule of interest SPARC (SPARC performs automated reasoning in chemistry) calculates all of the microscopic ionization constants and the fraction of each species as a function pH along with the titration (charge) curve. The system has been tested on several biologically and environmentally important compounds.     

Doped gelatin films as a model matrix for molecular secondary ion mass spectrometry studies of biological soft tissue

Porcine gelatin films doped with a number of biological compounds at various concentrations and prepared by spin-casting have been used as model biological tissue matrices for studying organic ion emission in molecular secondary ion mass spectrometry. For many compounds, portions of the working curves were found to be linear over several orders of magnitude in concentration. Detection limits for the, analyzed compounds were in the parts per million range for several organic salt compounds but high (0.1 wt%) for others. Owing to the presence of a significant chemical background, the poorest detection limits were generally obtained from compounds with low molecular weights. Secondary ion yield matrix effects, indicated by a reduction in ionization efficiency at higher concentrations, were observed for several organic salt compounds.     

Determination of acetone, 2-butanone, diethyl ketone and BTX using HSCC-UV-IMS

A combination of a custom-designed ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) with a UV ionization source and a high speed capillary column (HSCC) has been developed as an analytical device for the sensitive detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), e.g. 2-propanone (acetone), 2-butanone and 3-pentanone (diethyl ketone) in the gas phase. A fast separation of the three selected substances and benzene, toluene and m-xylene (BTX) - all of which occur in human breath - has been achieved within less than four minutes at a carrier gas flow rate of 4.5 mL x min(-1). Multi-dimensional correlations presented support the interpretation of the acquired spectra of mixtures. Method detection limits were 2.7 microg x L(-1) for acetone and 2-butanone and 3.0 microg x L(-1) for diethyl ketone in nitrogen, respectively. The assay linear dynamic range is 4-320 microg x L(-1).     

Mass spectrometry studies on meso-substituted corroles and their photochemical decomposition products

Corroles, ring-contracted analogs of porphyrins, are an important class of compounds which have attracted the attention of many researchers in the fields of organic, coordination and physical chemistry. In the present work, the stability and the decomposition pathways of a diverse set of meso-substituted corroles have been studied using mass spectrometry (MS), UV-Vis absorption and preparative methods combined with NMR spectroscopy. Four different ionization methods (electrospray ionization, field desorption, atmospheric pressure photoionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization) were utilized to investigate light- and oxygen-induced decomposition in various solvents. It was found that the rate of decomposition in MeCN is significantly higher than in CH(2)Cl(2), hexane, MeOH and ethyl acetate. HR-MS combined with CID-MS/MS enabled us to identify the products of initial decomposition. Surprisingly, numerous smaller open-chain compounds were also detected. Large-scale decomposition of a corrole bearing sterically hindered substituents at positions 5 and 15 allowed us to isolate mg quantities of three decomposition products: isocorrole and isomeric biliverdin-type species. These are formed as a result of oxygen attack on the meso-10 position.     

常压激光离子源辅助基质的研究进展及其在食品领域的应用

基于激光的电离质谱具有空间分辨率高、样品预处理简单、易于便携化和可实现成像分析等特点。基质辅助的激光离子源质谱可以避免高能量对分子结构的破坏,在生物大分子分析和检测方面获得了广泛应用。传统辅助基质在低分子量范围的干扰较强,极大地限制了常压基质辅助激光离子源的应用,为解决这一问题,一系列基于新型材料的辅助基质被设计和开发出来。这些新型材料可分为两大类:新型有机基质和无机材料。质量范围的扩展和目标化合物灵敏度的增强,显著扩展了常压基质辅助激光离子化技术在原位分析中的应用。该文针对新型辅助基质在常压激光离子源及其在食品安全领域的应用进行了综述,并展望了未来的研究趋势。