BiOCl/ZnO异质结型复合光催化剂的水热合成及其光催化性能

以醋酸锌、氯化钠、硝酸铋和氧氧化钠为原料,利用水热法合成了含BiOCl为1wt;、2wt;、4wt;、8wt;和16wt;的异质结型BiOCl/ZnO复合光催化剂.采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和光致发光(PL)谱等系列手段对所制备的光催化剂进行了表征.以紫外光(254 nm)为光源,酸性橙Ⅱ为光催化反应降解模型,进行光催化活性测试,考察了复合BiOCl对ZnO光催化剂反应活性和稳定性的影响.研究表明,异质结型BiOCl/ZnO复合光催化剂的光催化性能明显优于纯ZnO.当复合BiOCl的含量为4wt;时,光催化活性最佳,为纯ZnO的3.4倍,同时该催化剂在循环使用中具有更好的稳定性.     

Ag掺杂Sm2O3/TiO2对甲基橙光降解性能的影响

采用光沉积法制备Ag掺杂的光催化剂Ag-Sm2 O3/TiO2,并对其在紫外光区对甲基橙的光降解行为进行了研究.采用XRD、FT-IR、N2吸附、SEM、TEM和XPS等手段对样品Ag-Sm2 O3/TiO2进行了表征,考察了Sm2 O3和Ag掺杂量对甲基橙紫外光降解活性的影响和催化剂Ag-Sm2 O3/TiO2的催化稳定性.结果表明,Sm2 O3/TiO2在紫外光照射下对甲基橙的光降解活性随着Sm2 O3的增大而减小;与样品Sm2 O3/TiO2相比,催化剂Ag-Sm2 O3/TiO2对甲基橙具有更好的紫外光降解活性,其催化活性随着Ag掺杂量的增加而减小.Ag和Sm2 O3掺杂量均为3.0wt;的催化剂Ag(3)-Sm2 O3(3)/TiO2对甲基橙紫外光降解的活性最高,在相同条件下的6次循环实验未出现明显失活.     

CeO2/TiO2异质结纳米花的制备及光催化性能研究

异质结催化剂以其优异的光电性能、光催化性能及在降解有机污染物上的实用性,吸引了广大研究者的注意.采用水热法,制备了CeO2/TiO2异质结纳米花,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、和紫外-可见光吸收(UV-vis)等分析手段对制备的样品形貌和结构进行表征,并以甲基橙为目标污染物,考察了样品的光催化性能,并且对光催化降解的机理进行了分析.我们发现,这种异质结构将其紫外-可见光吸收边由紫外光区域拓宽到可见光区域,从而提高光响应范围.研究表明CeO2/TiO2异质结纳米花表现了优异的催化活性,在60 min内降解了98;的甲基橙,这主要是源于其特殊的异质结构,能增强光催化活性.     

NiCo2O4纳米棒的制备及其光催化性能研究

以氯化钴、氯化镍、尿素和聚乙二醇为原料,通过水热反应合成钴酸镍前驱体材料,经过煅烧得到NiCo2 O4样品.研究不同反应温度对样品形貌的影响,并采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)检测样品的结构和形貌,结果表明:在300℃煅烧后,得到NiCo2 O4纳米棒,纳米棒直径为100 nm,表面有多孔结构.以NiCo2 O4纳米棒为催化剂,在紫外光照射下光催化降解罗丹明B(Rh B),在120 min后对Rh B的降解率达93.1;.     

BiOCl/AgCl复合材料可见光光催化活性和稳定性研究

采用化学共沉淀法合成BiOCl/AgCl复合催化剂,利用XRD、SEM、XPS、ICP、DRS、EIS等表征对所制备的样品进行了分析,通过在可见光下降解甲基橙(MO)来评价催化剂的催化活性和稳定性,结果表明与纯AgCl相比,BiOCl/AgCl复合催化剂具有较好的光催化活性和稳定性,这是因为BiOCl的复合既能加速电子的转移,提高光生电子-空穴对的分离率,又能够有效地抑制AgCl在光催化反应过程中的溶解.     

Al3+掺杂ZnS纳米晶的合成、表征及其光催化性能

在较温和的溶剂热条件下制备了一系列Al3+掺杂的ZnS纳米晶光催化剂.利用N2物理吸附、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和光致发光(PL)谱等技术对合成的样品进行了表征.考察了不同含量的Al3掺杂对ZnS的结晶度、比表面积、表面羟基、光吸收性能及其对不同染料的光催化降解性能的影响.结果表明,在140℃下合成的球状ZnS纳米晶具有较好的结晶度;Al3+掺杂在增加催化剂的比表面积的同时丰富了催化剂的表面羟基;此外,掺杂的Al3+可以明显抑制光生电子(e-)和空穴(h+)的复合,提高光催化反应效率.当掺杂最佳含量的6mol; Al时,可使催化剂光催化降解染料酸性橙Ⅱ、亚甲基蓝和罗丹明B的降解率分别提高3.5、1.0和0.9倍.     

片状和球状纳米CeO2的可控制备及其光催化性能

以乙二醇、水和丙酸为溶剂,使用无模板溶剂热法通过改变溶剂中乙二醇的体积比在180 ℃的条件下制备了前驱体,将前驱体在500 ℃的空气中焙烧2 h得到分散性较好的片状和球状纳米CeO2.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)对样品进行表征,以亚甲基蓝(MB)的光催化降解为目标反应评价其光催化活性.结果表明:焙烧后试样仍保持前驱体的片状或球状形貌,由纳米颗粒组装而成,片状纳米CeO2直径为0.3~1 μm,厚度为20~60 nm,球状纳米CeO2径为120~200 nm;超细纳米结构使得CeO2光学带隙能减小、光吸收阀值红移、比表面积增大,因而光催化活性大幅提高,片状和球状纳米CeO2在可见光下光催化降解亚甲基蓝的3 h降解率由棒状结构CeO2的12.3;分别提高至80.1;和91.2;.     

不同沉淀剂下水解法制备BiOCl的光催化性能研究

以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O为原料,乙二醇(ethylene glycol,EG)为溶剂,采用水解法,在不同沉淀剂(NH3·H2O,Na2CO3和CO(NH2)2)条件下制备了BiOCl光催化剂.使用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N2物理吸附、紫外可见漫反射(DRS)、光致发光(PL)光谱等手段对所制样品进行了表征.以甲基橙染料为降解物,评价了不同沉淀条件对BiOCl光催化性能的影响.结果表明,不同沉淀条件对BiOCl光催化剂的结晶度、晶粒尺寸、形貌、禁带宽度、光生电子空穴对分离效率有明显的影响,进而影响了其光催化活性.其中以尿素为沉淀剂制得的催化剂BiOCl-3在模拟太阳光下降解甲基橙(MO)实验中显示了良好的光催化效率,光照60 min后对MO的降解效率达97;.BiOCl-3较高的光催化活性是由于其具有较高的结晶度、均匀的片状结构、较窄的带隙(2.9 eV)和较高的光生电子-空穴对分离效率.自由基和空穴捕获实验证明,光生空穴是BiOCl-3光催化反应体系中的主要活性物种.此外,所制备的BiOCl-3光催化剂具有较高的光催化稳定性,重复使用4次后对甲基橙的降解率仍保持在89;以上.     

纳米SnO2的水热法合成及光催化性能研究

以SnCl2·2H2O为原料、酒石酸为络合剂,采用水热法制备了SnO2纳米颗粒,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM),紫外-可见(UV-Vis)光谱及荧光光谱(PL)等对样品的物相结构、微观形貌、光吸收性能等进行分析表征,以酸性红B模拟染料废水,考察了其光催化性能.结果表明:不同水热温度下所合成的样品均为四方晶系SnO2,空间群为P42/mnm,晶胞参数a=b=0.4738nm,c=0.3187 nm;160℃下所得样品具有优异的光催化性能,颗粒基本呈球形,尺寸约为13～23 nm.当催化剂用量为20 mg/50 mL,紫外光为光源,反应时间为50 min时,酸性红B的降解率可达97.1;,且降解反应属于一级反应动力学机理.     

晶面可控氯氧铋的制备及光催化性能研究

利用水热法通过调节溶液的pH值制备了[001]晶面和[010]晶面的BiOCl.利用XRD、Raman、DRS及BET等对其结构及性能进行了表征,通过双酚A(BPA)降解及CO2还原实验考察了样品的光催化性能.研究表明,BiOCl[010]面催化剂的BPA降解速率及产生甲酸甲脂(MF)的速率分别是BiOCl [001]面催化剂的1.75倍、1.2倍.BiOCl[010]具有较高光催化活性的原因在于BiOCl[010]具有较大的比表面积和开放的孔道特性.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.