多期碳限额与交易下企业产品减排决策

在碳限额与交易政策约束下,减排企业不仅要考虑当期的碳排放量,还需要考虑在"祖父原则"下当期决策对后期碳配额的影响,以及碳交易价格的时间动态性.文章综合考虑减排投入成本和政府碳政策,研究企业在多期生产中的减排决策和产品定价问题.结论表明:1)在一定成本和碳政策条件下,企业会进行产品减排,最优减排率和产品价格由减排技术参数、下期碳配额比例和多期碳价共同决定;2)企业单期利润是当期碳价的凹函数,是下期碳价和碳配额分配比例的凸函数;3)企业通过产品减排可以增加产品需求和增加企业利润,同时会增加产量,但是企业在进行产品减排时的多期总排放量总是低于传统企业,可降低社会总体排放水平.     

随机需求下考虑碳限额与交易规制的企业生产策略研究

本文从企业的角度出发,建立了在碳限额政策、碳限额与交易政策、碳限额与交易政策加绿色技术投入三种情形下的生产策略模型。研究结果表明:(1)在碳限额政策下,企业的最优生产量和期望利润均不会大于在无限额下的最优生产量和期望利润。(2)在碳限额与交易政策下的最优生产量低于无限额下的最优生产量,高于碳限额下的最优生产量。此时,企业的最优生产量主要取决于限额时的产品边际利润大小,企业的期望利润主要取决于政府的初始碳配额量;(3)在碳限额与交易政策下,进行绿色技术投入后的最优生产量低于无限额下的最优生产量,此时,企业最优生产量主要取决于限额时的产品边际利润大小;(4)在碳限额与交易政策下,适当的绿色技术投入能够增加生产企业期望利润。     

碳排放交易机制下的供应链运作策略及协调研究

碳排放权交易是控制和减少碳排放的有效工具,同时也使得企业的运作成本增加,供应链的决策管理更复杂。考虑由零售商和制造商组成的二阶段供应链,研究不同碳排放权交易政策(供应链成员内部碳排放权交易、外部市场碳排放权交易)下基于数量折扣契约的供应链协调问题,并与无碳排放约束的情形进行比较。研究结果表明:在不同碳排放权交易政策下,数量折扣契约能够实现供应链的协调;无碳排放约束的供应链最优订货量大于外部碳排放权交易的供应链最优订货量,成员内部碳排放交易下的供应链最优订货量和供应链期望利润随着碳排放配额的增加最终等于无碳排放约束下的供应链最优订货量和供应链期望利润;外部市场碳排放交易政策下供应链的期望利润随着碳排放配额的增加而增加。     

C&T条件下碳排放核查三方博弈研究

针对总量控制与交易机制(C&T)条件下的碳排放核查问题,构建了一个三方博弈模型,对控排企业、第三方核查机构和政府监管部门的博弈行为进行了分析,得到了该三方博弈的均衡条件;对于当前给定政府复查行为,分析了企业的最优上报碳强度。研究结果表明,“以历史碳强度为参考,控排企业上报碳强度差异越大复查概率越大”的政府复查机制存在一定的不合理性,尤其当实际碳强度高于参考碳强度时,可能导致控排企业和第三方核查机构的合谋;相对配额分配方式下,碳强度上升比总排放上升更可能导致控排企业瞒报碳排放,而且工业增加值高的大企业瞒报风险更高;当政府复查概率提高到一定程度时,可以有效抑制控排企业和第三方核查机构的合谋行为。本文的研究结果对政府碳排放复查政策的制定具有一定的借鉴意义。     

碳限额下双渠道供应链减排与定价决策

考虑由单一制造商和单一零售商组成的两级供应链系统,零售商可以通过直销渠道将产品销售给顾客,也可以通过传统的零售渠道将产品销售给顾客,两种渠道产品需求受减排量和价格影响.分析了集中式双渠道供应链决策,以及基于Stackelberg博弈时分散式双渠道供应链决策,得到了双渠道供应链的最优定价以及最优减排量.数值算例表明,减排投入对于制造商和零售商的定价决策有重要影响,制造商和零售商的定价决策以及利润与零售渠道的偏好程度以及减排成本的分担比例密切相关,碳排放权的市场价格变化与最优零售价格、最优直销价格、减排量和批发价格变化呈正相关;最后,制造商利润随碳配额的增加而增加.     

企业价值视角下碳排放权交易机制波特效应的再检验

将2013年6月开始在7个省市实行的碳排放权交易试点政策作为准自然实验,以2011-2018试点行业的上市企业为平衡面板数据建立双重差分模型和中介效应模型,研究碳排放权交易机制是否能通过促进企业技术创新提高企业价值,以检验“强波特假说”在中国是否成立。研究发现,碳排放权交易试点政策不能通过促进试点地区上市企业通过技术创新提高企业价值,实现波特效应;分地区检验发现,只有在北京市能实现波特效应,在全国及其余省市均无法实现波特效应。碳排放初始配额分配过多导致的碳价过低是主要诱因。应鼓励企业通过绿色技术创新提高企业价值。     

碳排放与资金双重约束下企业存货质押与生产决策

在碳排放许可与交易制度下,研究受资金约束的排放依赖性企业的存货质押与生产决策.以利润函数为目标函数构建决策模型,模型包括销售收入、生产成本、产成品存储费用、缺货成本、贷款利息、排放权市场交易费用和净化成本.通过求解,得出质押量、产量及对应的利润,最后对各参数进行敏感性分析.     

可再生能源配额制下异质权力发电商的绿色生产决策研究

基于可再生能源配额的政策背景,本文构造了发电商三种不同市场权力结构下的绿色生产决策模型。讨论了敏感参数对异质权力发电商最优决策结果的影响,基于参数范围分析了不同权力结构下的最优决策效果。通过消费者效用、发电成本、环境保护的社会福利函数,识别出了参数最优取值范围内的最优决策效果的市场结构。结果显示:当绿证交易价格、最低配额比例超过最低临界值时,绿色发电商能够实现最优决策效果,但对传统发电商的最大利润产生了显著的“挤出”效应。若绿证交易价格和电力需求价格弹性系数在最佳区间内,则传统和绿色发电商既能够达到最优决策效果,又可以最大限度促进社会福利效用的单调增加,即存在绿色发电商主导的最优市场决策结构,但不存在最优纳什决策结构。     

不确定性对混合CVaR约束库存系统的影响

运用应用概率中的随机占优研究需求不确定性对混合CVaR约束库存系统最优订购量和最优利润的影响。引入刻画决策者风险态度的“风险偏好系数”,得到系统最优订购量和最优利润关于风险偏好系数的单调性。研究表明随机大需求总会导致系统较高的最优订购量和最优利润;在割准则序意义下,最优订购量可能随需求可变性的增加而增加也可能随需求可变性的增加而减少;在二阶随机占优且风险偏好系数大于等于1的情况下系统最优利润具有随机单调性,然而当风险偏好系数小于1时最优利润在二阶随机占优意义下的结论不一定成立,我们通过一个数值例子来说明。     

基于不同政府补贴策略的供应链绿色努力决策比较研究

研究由单一制造商与单一零售商组成的二级绿色供应链,探讨在同时考虑制造商与零售商绿色努力情况下政府补贴策略对供应链绿色努力与定价决策的影响,比较分析无补贴策略、制造商补贴策略与消费者补贴策略对决策影响的差异性,并进一步考虑零售商的风险规避特征对最优决策的影响。结果表明,政府补贴能够激励制造商与零售商的绿色努力行为,对供应链的绿色发展总是有利的;且制造商补贴策略下的绿色质量水平高于消费者补贴策略,但对供应链利润而言并不是最优的;而在消费者补贴策略下,尽管产品的绿色质量水平不是最优的,但供应链可以获得最高的利润。研究还发现,风险规避特征不会改变参数对最优决策与最优利润的影响趋势,但会降低零售商的绿色努力积极性,导致其利润的下降。     

强制减排规制下基于碳减排利润增量分享契约的供应链协调研究

碳减排会增加制造商的成本,导致批发价和零售价提高,从而抑制市场需求。以此为背景,本文针对由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链,研究了强制减排规制下考虑消费者低碳偏好时的供应链决策与协调。通过设计碳减排利润增量分享契约协调制造商和零售商的决策,实现帕累托改进,利用Rubinstein讨价还价模型最终确定减排利润分享比例。研究发现,实施碳减排利润分享契约能有效提高零售商的订货量,并降低批发价格;制造商的利润随着消费者低碳意识提高而提高;当净化率较低时,零售商的利润随消费者低碳意识提高而提高;当净化率较高时,零售商的利润随消费者低碳意识提高而降低;最后,论文通过数值模拟验证了碳减排利润分享契约的有效性。     

A study on the effect of yield uncertainty in price-setting newsvendor models with additive-multiplicative demand

Random yield and uncertain demand usually both exist in many industries, such as the semiconductor industry. In this paper, the price-setting newsvendor model is studied which involves a single manufacturer and a single retailer with random yield and uncertain demand respectively. Under the condition of additive-multiplicative demand, we investigate the varying effects of random yield on the optimal price, order quantity, and expected profit in two situations with different cost structures. The first case is an in-house production case where the firm pays for the raw material quantity it has ordered, and the second one is a procurement case where the firm pays for the real product quantity it receives only. By using the theory of stochastic comparisons, we find that a less variable and a stochastically larger yield rate both lead to a lower optimal price and a higher expected profit for the in-house production case. Moreover, a less variable yield rate also results in a lower optimal price and a higher profit for the procurement case, but this is not true for a stochastically larger yield rate. Numerical examples illustrate that the effect of yield randomness on the optimal order quantity is not general.     

Joint pricing and production decisions for new products with learning curve effects under upstream and downstream trade credits

Today's leading companies generate a substantial portion of their sales from new products. For example, Apple Inc. generates almost 60% of its sales revenue from products launched in the past four years. Hence, the importance of new products cannot be overestimated. Pricing strategy is particularly important during the introductory stage of a new product, when the learning curve effect is most pronounced. Although the learning curve effect reduces production cost significantly during the introduction period of a new product, most researchers have assumed that the production cost remains constant throughout a product's lifecycle. In our opinion, failing to consider this learning curve phenomenon may lead to biased solutions. Furthermore, suppliers often offer manufacturers a short-term interest-free loan (i.e., trade credit) to stimulate sales, while manufacturers adjust price to influence consumer purchasing decisions. However, most researchers have not considered the combined effects of pricing strategy on demand, learning curve effect on production cost, and trade credit influence on lot size. Therefore, we propose an inventory model to determine optimal lot-sizing and pricing strategies with both upstream and downstream trade credit, manufacturer's production cost which follows a learning curve effect, and production quantity influenced by both selling price and trade credit. Then we derive the conditions of the optimal solution. Numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are performed to examine results and provide managerial insights. These results show that the learning curve effect significantly lowers selling price, while tremendously increasing both profit and demand.     

Optimal procurement strategies for online spot markets

Spot markets have emerged for a broad range of commodities, and companies have started to use them in addition to their traditional, long-term procurement contracts (forward contracts). In comparison to forward contracts, spot markets offer products at essentially negligible lead time, but typically command a higher expected price for this added flexibility while also exhibiting substantial price uncertainty. In our research, we analyze the resulting procurement challenge and quantify the benefits of using spot markets from a supply chain perspective. We develop and solve mathematical models that determine the optimal order quantity to purchase via forward contracts and the optimal quantity to purchase via spot markets. We analyze the most general situation where commodities can be both bought and sold via a spot market and derive closed-form results for this case. We compare the obtained results to the reference scenario of pure contract sourcing and we include results for situations where the use of spot markets is restricted to either buying or selling only. Our approaches can be used by decision makers to determine optimal procurement strategies based on key parameters such as, demand and spot price volatilities, correlation between demand and spot prices, and risk aversion. The results of our analysis demonstrate that significant profit improvements can be achieved if a moderate fraction of the commodity demand is procured via spot markets. The results also show that companies who use spot markets can offer a higher expected service level, but that they might experience a higher variability in profits than companies who do not use spot markets. We illustrate our analytical results with numerical examples throughout the paper.     

Channel coordination under two-level trade credits and demand uncertainty

This study considers a decentralized supply chain where a retailer has an opportunity to order a product from a supplier prior to the sales season to satisfy uncertain demand. The retailer provides trade credit to end customers and makes credit period and order quantity decisions to maximize profits. The end demand is both random and credit period-dependent. On the basis of the newsvendor model, this paper focuses on channel coordination when a retailer provides trade credit to end customers. When the supplier also provides trade credit to the retailer, we show that the traditional trade credit contract cannot coordinate the channel. Four composite contracts based on trade credit (trade credit cost sharing with buy back or quantity flexibility; modified trade credit with buy back or quantity flexibility) are provided to induce the retailer to make decisions while optimizing the channel profit. This paper shows that the retailer provides a longer credit period to its customers and orders a larger quantity from the supplier under the composite contracts. With these contracts, the profit sharing between both parties depends on the wholesale price (Pareto improvement) for the fixed retail price and the purchasing cost.     

Optimal lot-sizing under strict carbon cap policy considering stochastic demand

Due to stringent laws and increasing awareness of customers, organizations are becoming environmental conscious and looking beyond conventional cost minimization/profit maximization approach and striving to curb carbon emission. In this article, we have considered strict carbon cap policy to determine the optimal order quantity, reorder point and number of shipments in a two-echelon supply chain under stochastic demand considering partial backorders. All the major sources of emission such as production, inventory, and transportation have been considered. The objective is to minimize the total expected supply chain cost while satisfying the carbon emission constraint. A numerical example is given to illustrate the solution procedure. Further, sensitivity analyses have been carried out to get insight that how with operational adjustments both cost and emission can be controlled.     

需求依赖价格下港口存货质押业务中质押率研究

港口与银行合作办理质押贷款业务,不仅能增加港口的存储收入和金融收入,同时也能吸引更多的客户,从而增加其主营业务收入。在银行统一授信港口情况下,本文分析了质押物品的需求依赖价格条件下,风险中性的港口质押贷款业务中的最优质押率计算方法。并分别分析了在乘积型和加型随机需求函数条件下,质押产品价格、企业违约概率和质押物品数量以及质押期限对最优质押率和港口最大期望收益的影响,并通过数值分析验证了所有结论。     

持股策略下随机需求低碳供应链融资决策均衡

随机市场需求且受制造商减排水平影响,考虑碳限额与交易机制,研究制造商进行单纯银行借贷和供应商投资持股的组合融资时的最优决策和利润情况,分析消费者低碳偏好、碳交易价格和供应商的投资持股比例对供应链的最优决策变量和利润的影响。研究发现:无资金约束、单纯银行借贷和组合融资下,消费者低碳偏好、碳交易价格和持股比例与制造商的减排水平和利润以及供应链系统的利润正相关,而供应商的批发价格和制造商的生产量与消费者低碳偏好正相关,与碳交易价格负相关,而持股比例与供应商的批发价格负相关,与制造商的生产量和减排水平正相关;持股策略下制造商的减排水平和生产量最大,无资金约束时次之,单纯银行借贷时最小;而无资金约束时供应商的批发价格最高,单纯银行借贷时次之,持股策略时最低;在持股比例满足一定条件下,供应商和制造商的利润优于单纯银行借贷时的利润,并且可以优于无资金约束时的利润,提高了供应链的竞争力和效率。