上海天文台近年来氢脉泽的技术改进与性能评价

氢脉泽具有优秀的中长期频率稳定度,由于环境温度的变化及谐振腔老 化会引起谐振腔频率的变化,导致氢脉泽长期性能降低。通过采用自动调谐器可确保谐振腔 的频率始终工作在所需的频率上,从而改善了氢脉泽的长期性能,日稳定度可达到1.0～10 -14。这篇文章描述了上海天文台研制的氢脉泽的技术改造与性能。     

一种基于非标准矩形微波腔的铷频标腔泡系统

针对超薄型铷频标应用需求,本文研制了一种基于开槽管腔原理的非标准矩形微波腔.它的厚度仅为12 mm,仿真结果显示其微波场方向因子约为0.9.测量了基于该微波腔设计的腔泡系统的⁸⁷Rb原子双共振跃迁信号,并通过外推法得到铷原子吸收泡内双共振谱线的本征线宽约为452 Hz.在优化后的实验参数下,该腔泡系统散弹噪声对铷频标短期频率稳定度的限制可达到5.2×10^-13τ^-1/2.     

一种用于高精度小型化铷频标的开槽管微波腔

针对小型化高精度铷原子频标应用需求,设计了体积为11 m L的小型化开槽管微波腔.实验测量了微波腔内微波场的方向因子,结果为0.83.利用该微波腔设计了小型化铷频标物理系统,形成了铷频标桌面系统.测试了系统的短期频率频率稳定度,结果优于2×10~(-12)/τ~(1/2),远高于一般商用小型化铷原子频标.     

被动型氢脉泽微波腔优化仿真设计

利用电磁场微波理论, 对简化近似后的被动型氢脉泽微波腔模型建立了微波腔频率谐振方程、无载Q值以及填充因子的解析表达式. 通过计算找到了无载Q值与填充因子乘积最大时的微波腔尺寸. 实验表明, 新设计的微波腔的各项性能完全满足被动氢脉泽的使用要求. 该腔体的无载Q值达到9800, 填充因子值达到1.2, 并且该微波腔的原子填充区域是已有文献报道中体积最大的.     

利用钟跃迁谱线测量超稳光学参考腔的零温漂点

在87Sr光晶格钟实验系统中,通过将自由运转的698 nm激光频率锁定在由超低膨胀系数的玻璃材料构成的超稳光学参考腔上,从而获得短期频率稳定性较好的超稳窄线宽激光.超稳光学参考腔的腔长稳定性决定了最终激光频率的稳定度.为了降低腔长对温度的敏感性,使激光频率具有更好的稳定度和更小的频率漂移,利用锶原子光晶格钟的钟跃迁谱线,测量了698 nm超稳窄线宽激光系统中超稳光学参考腔的零温漂点.通过对钟跃迁谱线中心频率随温度的变化曲线进行二阶多项式拟合,得到698 nm超稳窄线宽激光系统的零温漂点为30.63℃.利用锶原子光晶格钟的闭环锁定,测得零温漂点处698 nm超稳窄线宽激光系统的线性频率漂移率为0.15 Hz/s,频率不稳定度为1.6×10^–15@3.744 s.     

CPT原子频标实验研究

介绍了相干布居囚禁（CPT）原子频标的小型、低功耗物理系统,并应用它开展实现了CPT原子频标的激光锁定、微波锁定方案的实验室研究.通过采用电流负反馈将激光频率锁定在原子对激光的吸收峰上,电压负反馈将微波频率锁定在电磁感应透明共振峰上,用该物理系统实现了闭环锁定的实验室桌面CPT频标实验系统.对该实验系统的频率稳定度测量获得200 s内优于5×10^-11τ^-1/2的结果. 关键词： CPT原子频标 频率稳定度 激光稳频     

采用偏振光谱对外腔半导体激光器稳频时反馈环路带宽的影响

在采用磁光阱实现单个铯原子俘获的实验中, 运用无调制偏振光谱方法将光栅外腔半导体激光器(提供冷却/俘获光)的频率锁定在铯原子6S1/2 F=4→6P3/2 F′=5的超精细跃迁线上.采用偏振光谱技术得到的类色散曲线作为鉴频信号, 并同时对光栅外腔半导体激光器的电流调制端口和光栅外腔的压电陶瓷电压调制端口进行反馈, 以拓展反馈环路的带宽, 实现激光器的频率锁定.与通常的饱和吸收光谱稳频技术相比, 激光频率锁定之后的频率稳定度得到了明显改善.在取样时间τ=300 s时, 阿仑方差σy(τ)=4.6×10-12.     

散弹噪声极限稳定度优于1×10-13τ-1/2的铷频标物理系统

近年来,铷原子频标研究取得长足进展,频率稳定度达到10^-13τ^-1/2量级.为进一步改善铷频标稳定度性能,本文设计了一种高信噪比物理系统.物理系统中的腔泡组件采用微波场磁力线与量子化轴方向高度平行的开槽管式微波腔,滤光泡和吸收泡独立控温.抽运光源采用了光学滤光和同位素滤光双重滤光方案.本文实测了背景光电流I₀和鉴频斜率K_d,结果分别为95 μA和7.7 nA/Hz,在此基础上计算物理系统的散弹噪声极限稳定度为7.5×10^-14τ^-1/2.研究结果表明,只要锁频环路的电子学噪声得到有效控制,铷频标的频率稳定度突破1×10^-13τ^-1/2,进入10^-14τ^-1/2量级是完全可能的.     

小型化10 MHz恒温晶体振荡器设计

设计了用于高精度铷原子频标的一种小型化恒温压控晶体振荡器.振荡电路采用了稳定性好的并联型皮尔斯电路方案,采用2级?型LC级联滤波器抑制谐杂波,利用互补对称式金属-氧化物-半导体(CMOS)反相器实施隔离.振荡和放大电路选用了低噪声晶体管.晶体的温度控制在频率-温度曲线拐点处.实现了体积为4 mL晶振样件.晶振的短期频率稳定度为1.8?10-12/s,相噪对铷频标频率稳定度的贡献仅为3.2?10-13-1/2.     

一种用于铷原子频标的小型化低噪声10 MHz晶体振荡器设计

本文设计了一种应用于铷原子频标的小型化低噪声石英晶体振荡器,其振荡电路采用柯尔匹兹并联形式和SC切晶体谐振器.基于Leeson模型对石英晶体振荡器相位噪声进行分析,并利用ADS射频仿真软件对振荡电路进行仿真模拟,为振荡器设计与调试提供指导.最终实现体积为22 mm×28.5 mm×13 mm低噪声晶体振荡器,它具有良好的相位噪声特性,其近端相噪为−102.7 dBc/Hz@1 Hz、远端相噪为−164.2 dBc/Hz@10 kHz,且实测短期频率稳定度为1.73×10⁻¹²/s.     

激光抽运铯束贮存泡激射器

本文提出一种铯原子束激射器的建议,其中利用了双束激光抽运选态技术和原子贮存泡方法。用密度矩阵理论分析了振荡条件,给出了激射器的振荡功率和进泡的原子束流之间的关系式。在使用TE₀₂₁模腔和石腊作涂层的环状石英泡的情况下,计算了激射器的振荡功率、线宽和腔的填充因子,对激射器的短稳亦作了相应的估计。还给出了双原子束双隔离泡的此类激射器的设想。     

脉冲微波激发氢原子Ramsey干涉研究

该文开展利用Ramsey干涉现象设计被动型氢原子钟的可行性研究. 该方案的核心是用脉冲微波激励氢原子发生共振跃迁. 通过理论计算确定了关键参数,研制了脉冲微波发生电路. 利用现有的被动型氢原子钟的物理部分,成功观察到氢原子共振跃迁的Ramsey干涉,将原子跃迁谱线宽度从原来的3 Hz压缩至1.2 Hz. 这为进一步提高被动型氢原子钟的稳定度指标提供了一种新思路.     

Hydrogen maser frequency shifts due to coherently excited Δm F =±1 transitions betweenF=1 levels of the atomic hydrogen ground state

Hydrogen maser frequency shifts, caused by the multiple quantum transition nonlinearities of a resonant multiple frequency excitation of the atomic hydrogen four level ground state system have been investigated. The oscillation characteristics of hydrogen maser operation with simultaneously excited, low frequencyΔm _F =±1 transitions between theF=1 states of the atomic hydrogen ground state have been analysed theoretically and explicit formulas for hydrogen maser frequency shifts and amplitude response have been derived for arbitrary maser oscillation amplitude and a small signal approximation for theΔm _F =±1 “Zeeman” transitions. The comparison with experimentally observed hydrogen maser frequency shifts was specialized to small magnetic fields, for which the difference between the resonance frequencies of the two low frequency,Δm _F =±1 Zeeman transitions is small compared to the linewidth. Special emphasis was placed on the evaluation of frequency pulling effects for a Zeeman transition excitation at off-resonance conditions. For this case the theoretical formulation of frequency pulling effects becomes insensitive against simplifying assumptions about the radiation damping phenomena and a particular good agreement between experiment and theory can therefore be expected. Experimental conditions have been specified, for which the uncertainty of hydrogen maser frequency due to Zeeman transition induced frequency shifts does not restrict the present frequency stability of a hydrogen maser frequency standard.     

Atomic beam preparation for hydrogen maser operation with unpolarized atoms

The conventional atomic beam preparation technique for hydrogen maser operation consists of a six pole magnetic field focussing in combination with adiabatically changing magnetic fields in the transition region between focusser and maser cavity, which results in a state selected, polarized ensemble of hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen maser operation with state selected, but unpolarized atoms has the advantage to reduce considerably the sensitivity of hydrogen maser frequency on coherently excited, low frequency,Δm _F =±1 Zeeman transitions. The influence of the magnetic field pattern in the transition region on the energy level population probabilities for the focussed hydrogen beam has been analysed. Atomic beam preparation techniques using non-adiabatically changing magnetic field configurations in the transition region are described. The dependence of hydrogen maser oscillation on the energy level population within the atomic beam is theoretically investigated and the results are used for the analysis of the experimentally achieved atomic beam populations. It has been shown that a pulsed magnetic spin guidance field in the transition region, which switches between adiabatically changing magnetic field configurations and a sudden magnetic field reversal, results in an ensemble of hydrogen atoms with vanishing time averaged polarization, which does not deteriorate the conventionally achieved maser oscillation amplitude.     

铷激射器频率的光强和温度效应研究

本文从实验上研究铷激射器频率的光强和温度特性,对与光强无关的激射器频率及与此对应的腔频随泡温的变化作了满意的解释。在降低光强影响的同时,提出降低激射器频率的温度效应的可行方案。 关键词：     

Frequency metrology with a turnkey all-fiber system

The repetition rate and carrier-envelope phase offset frequencies of a turnkey, all-fiber-based continuum generator were phase locked to a hydrogen maser. The frequency of the hydrogen maser was calibrated with a highly stable cesium atomic clock, and therefore a fully phase-locked optical frequency comb with well-defined absolute frequencies was obtained. In contrast with the commonly used Ti:sapphire-laser-based systems, we have accomplished a fully turnkey system with no user-adjustable parts. To evaluate the performance of this novel system, we performed absolute frequency measurements in the telecommunications region and at 1064 nm and compared them with our traditional Ti:sapphire-based comb.     

Regeneratively mode-locked fiber laser with a repetition rate stability of 4.9x10-15 using a hydrogen maser phase-locked loop

We demonstrate an ultrastable regeneratively mode-locked fiber laser that employs a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit with a hydrogen maser. The stability for an integration time of 1s was 6.2x10(-13), which is 16 times better than that of a conventional PLL laser. For an integration time of 1000s, the stability reached as high as 4.9x10(-15). The repetition-rate stability was limited by the synthesizer used for the PLL operation, and there was no additional fluctuation induced by the laser operation.     

Nuclear spin maser and experimental search for 129 Xe atomic EDM

The present status of an active spin maser which is being developed for an experimental search for ¹²⁹Xe atomic electric dipole moment (EDM) is presented. In order to realize the long term stability of maser frequency, systematic effects for the spin maser operation were investigated. The correlations in the maser frequency with the solenoid current, the environmental field and the cell temperature were found. With the solenoid current and environmental field being stabilized and the cell temperature lowered, a frequency precision of 7.9 nHz has been achieved for the maser operation.