氦、氢直流辉光清洗对杂质的清除实验

直流辉光放电清洗在现代聚变装置上应用非常广泛,如JT－60U,JET,TFTR等。HL－1M装置是单层真空室结构,其材料为00Cr18Ni10Ti不锈钢和石墨孔栏,石墨覆盖整个真空室内壁表面的6％,使用2套超高真空机组抽气。因此真空室内可能有金属杂质Cr,Ni等,主要来源于器壁;还含有杂质Si,B等,主要来源于器壁的原位沉积处理,如硅化[直流辉光放电清洗（GDC）（SiH4 He)],硼化[GDC(C2B10H12 He)]等。而目前运行的聚变装置中主要是来源于石墨的低Z杂质（C和O等）,对第一壁进行He、H2、H2O等。由此可知,真空室器壁内表层的吸附物大致为金属氧化物、非金属氧化物、碳氢化合物、氢氧化合物等,为了更好地控制密度和真空壁条件达到清除其杂质的目的,我们分别用He,H2对真空室器壁进行直流辉光放电清洗。     

HL-1M装置的真空运行与质谱诊断

通过对真空运行模式、真空运行参数、辉光放电清洗和硅化壁处理手段的规范化，显著地降低了HL－1M装置的真空壁出气、本底杂质浓度、放电杂质出气比和再循环，成功地实现了高参数放电、长脉冲放电和装置暴露大气后快速恢复放电，并为验证低混杂电流驱动、离子回旋共振加热、电子回旋共振加热、中性束注入、弹丸注入和分子束注入实验及升级等离子体运行提供了良好的壁条件。描述了HL－1M装置真空系统、壁出气和再循环、质谱诊断和程序脉冲送气等方面的主要实验成果，这些结果为HL－2A装置的真空系统研制和运行提供有益的参考。     

HL—1M装置内壁锂涂覆实验

Li是原子序数最小的金属元素,具有非常活泼的化学活性,是最有希望的第一壁材料。TFTR装置经过锂化后提高了等离子体存储能量、中心离子温度和密度的峰化以及聚变反应速率,表明了原位锂化的巨大优越性。原位硅化已成为HL－1M装置常规壁处理手段,与此同时,HL－1M装置也正在探索先进的锂化工艺技术。本文介绍了HL－1M装置锂化技术的进展、锂化效果和锂化后的内壁状态以及目前锂化技术的不足。     

HL-2A托卡马克装置真空系统

介绍了HL 2A装置真空系统研制。它由真空主抽气系统、抽气偏滤器、直流辉光放电清洗系统组成。主抽气系统提供了装置真空室从大气到高真空、烘烤除气、直流辉光放电清洗所需要的抽气能力。抽气偏滤器初步实现了托卡马克放电过程中边缘粒子的抽运与控制;直流辉光放电清洗系统保证了装置良好的真空器壁条件。介绍了这些系统的初步运行情况,并给出了其测试结果。HL 2A装置首轮物理实验运行时真空室极限真空度达到4.6×10-6Pa,12h总漏放气率为1.8×10-5Pa·m3·s-1。     

托卡马克增强约束态的排氦研究

由于氦在当前托卡马克放电实验和将来D－T聚变反应堆中的特殊作用,通常将氦和其它杂质分开来研究。首先,几乎现有的托卡马克装置都采用氦辉光放电清洗（He-GDC)作为常规壁处理技术。这个技术能有效地清除壁材料表面的氧和排空吸附在壁／孔栏中的氢。He-GDC后氦作为剩余气体留在真空室将继续影响等离子体放电。它不仅直接贡献电子,而且引起壁中的氢解吸,导致增强的壁加料,在HL－1装置的喷氦实验表明,电子密度衰减时间常数τp=τp(1-R)是喷氢的3倍（式中,τp是粒子约束时间,R是氢再循环系数）;对于同样的密度,送入气体的量仅为喷氢的1／5,有利于当前有高密度实验。但另一方面,从长远的观点看,排氦又是磁约束D－T聚变反应堆设计的一个重要问题。热化的α粒子所谓氦灰,作为D－T聚变反应的产物必须从系统中除去,否则,燃料将被累积的氦稀释引起氦中毒。下一代稳态托卡马克,如国际热核实验堆（ITER）设计成在增强约束态下运行。Reiter估计必须在7－15倍能量约束时间内（τHe/τE<7-15)把新产生的氦离子除去,使等离子体芯部的氦浓度保持在10％以下,才能维持堆的连续运行。     

HL—2A磁面位形的计算机绘图软件包的开发与研制

HL－2A是在原德国ASDEX基础上改进的大型托卡马克装置,该装置带有上下两组偏滤器线圈。从目前的HL－2A的改进方案看,其几何尺寸、磁场位形和物理参数大体和ASDEX相似,只是环向磁场、等离子体电流及拉长比稍有不同。由于未来的HL－2A装置上带有偏滤器,而我们以前的位形计算大多在没有偏滤器位形的HL－1及HL－1M上进行的,所以开展有关HL－2A位形的物理研究及相关的数值计算和程序设计是很重要的工作。     

HL-2M 装置真空系统调试运行

在装置初步建成阶段,有序地开展真空系统的调试内容梳理,制定合理的调试步骤和调试方案,有 利于装置各系统的功能确认和故障排除,高效地开展各系统协同运行,为 HL-2M 装置初始等离子体放电提供装 置辅助系统层面的放电条件准备。装置真空系统主要涉及超高真空抽气系统、器壁处理系统和送气加料系统等。 基于制定的联调目标,针对 HL-2M 装置真空相关系统开展了界面关系梳理、子系统调试方案制定、系统工程联 调步骤和方案的拟定等工作,通过联调完成了装置在真空获得、壁处理、加料等方面的条件准备,为初始放电提 供了基本保障。      

HL-1M弹丸云分析和安全因子初步测量

在HL－1M装置上用高速二维成像CCD相机观测了弹丸的注入和消融过程,获得了一次放电的大量高时间分辨率（曝光时间为0.1us）的多幅度多次曝光的弹丸消融云照片,并对HL－1M等离子体的q分布进行了初步测量。描述了基于消融云倾斜角观测进行q分布测量的实验布局、基本问题和结果。根据照片分析了弹丸注入效果,讨论了弹丸与等离子体相互作用的物理机制。     

HL-1M装置的ICRH系统

介绍了HL－1M装置的ICRH系统的主要性能指标。调试获得了频率28－36MHz、脉宽40－60ms、0．8MW的输出功率。测试了RF天线的频率特征。ICRH系统已在HL－1M装置上运动，并获取了初步的实验结果。     

HL—1M多脉冲分子束注入的CCD摄像

HL－1M装置实现了一种新的气体加料改善约束的方法－分子束注入（用多脉冲高速分子束注入加料）。多脉冲分子束注入加料可以控制等离子体密度分布、改善约束性能和提高密度极限。HL－1M托卡马克的多脉冲分子束注入得到了高的加料效率、改进了能量约束并维持了较高的密度峰化截面。分子束加料τE的改善和Qn 值的增加可与HL－１M装置的小弹丸注入和ASDEX的小弹丸注入结果相比拟。脉冲高速分子束是由高压氢分子气体通过拉瓦尔（Laval)喷口形成的。在实验中CCD相机可以用于研究分子束与离子体相互作用的许多复杂物理现象,用它拍摄分子束在等离子体中的辐射云照片是研究分子束辐射过程极其有效的手段。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.