Study on spatial dispersion theory of excess conduction loss in normal metals surface below terahertz frequencies

We have developed a rigorous model for analyzing excess conduction loss in normal metals surface by using the spatial dispersion theory. We have used the model to account excess conduction loss and dissect the discrepancies between excess conduction loss measurements and classical theoretical predictions in normal metals surface below terahertz frequencies. Our analysis shows that the conductivity is not only frequency but also wave vector dependent. We demonstrate good quantitative agreement with the published experimental data for the room temperature excess conduction loss of normal metals surface below terahertz frequencies.     

An improved formula for the surface resistance of normal metals at millimetre wavelengths

A number of researchers have reported discrepancies between surface resistance (SR) measurements and classical theoretical predictions in normal metals for millimetre wavelengths (MW). In this paper, a rigorous model is developed for analysing SR of normal metals. This model is based on quantum mechanical analysis of the spatial dispersion within the metal. We use the model to predict SR and eliminate the discrepancies between SR measurements and classical theoretical predictions in normal metals for MW. Moreover, we have compared the results of this model with that of the classical skin-effect model and classical relaxation-effect model. Our analysis shows that the conductivity is not only frequency- but also wave-vector-dependent for MW. We demonstrate that our model has good quantitative agreement with the published experimental data for the room temperature surface resistance of normal metals for MW.     

STUDY ON EXCESS CONDUCTION LOSS IN NORMAL METALS AT/BELOW SUB-MILLIMETER WAVELENGTHS

We have used the spatial dispersion theory to develop a rigorous model to investigate excess conduction loss in normal metals. We have used the model to account excess conduction loss and dissect the discrepancies between excess conduction loss measurements and classical theoretical predictions in normal metals at/below sub-millimeter wavelengths. Moreover, we have compared the results of this model with the results of the classical skin-effect model and classical relaxation-effect model. Our analysis shows that the conductivity is not only frequency but also wave vector dependent. The results of the calculations indicate a good quantitative agreement with the published experimental data for the room temperature excess conduction loss of normal metals at/below sub-millimeter wavelengths.     

Effect of dielectric properties of metals on terahertz transmission subwavelength hole arrays

We study the influence of dielectric function of metals on the transmission properties of terahertz pulses through periodically patterned subwavelength holes. Because of a drastic increase in the value of dielectric constants, most metals become highly conductive at terahertz frequencies. Extraordinary terahertz transmission is observed in subwavelength hole arrays made from both good and poor electrical conductors. The measured transmittance of terahertz pulses is found to be enhanced with increasing ratio of the real to the imaginary dielectric constant of the constituent metals, for which the dielectric function follows the Drude model.     

Accurate calculation of terahertz attenuation of a dielectric-coated metal wire with an intervening air gap using the engineering approach

A dielectric-coated metal wire with an intervening air gap between the conductor and inner surface of the dielectric is presented and demonstrated by theoretical calculation at terahertz frequencies. The characteristic equation of such a modified Goubau surface-wave transmission line is derived for the general case of a lossy dielectric and imperfect conductor. The terahertz attenuation of the modified Goubau line is investigated by using the accurate classical relaxation-effect frequency dispersion model. The influences of the different dimensions, different metal and dielectric materials on terahertz attenuation are also analyzed. In addition, the errors introduced by adopting the traditional and much simpler classical skin-effect model are also quantified. By using various conductivity models, the variation of the conductor loss is changed from 2.8% to 5.5%, and the variation of total loss is changed from 2.4% to 4.7%. It is shown that for certain combinations of the electrical dimensions of the structure the improvement in the attenuation constant over the Goubau line can be higher than 5 dB and realize stronger field confinement at terahertz frequency. The numerical results are very useful for the development of the surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) devices in the fields of terahertz spectroscopy, sensors and detectors.     

A synthesis technique of single square loop frequency selective surface at terahertz frequency

In this paper, we have explored and extended the use of frequency selective surface towards the terahertz regime of the electromagnetic spectrum where interesting applications such as imaging, sensing and communication exist. We have discussed a synthesis technique to design the single square loop frequency selective surface (SSLFSS) at 150 and 300 GHz which have found suitable application in the fast analysis and fabrication of the frequency selective surface. Moreover, the analytical results have been supported by the CST Microwave Studio and Ansoft HFSS commercial simulators. We have discussed the angular insensitivity of the SSLFSS at 150 GHz as well as 300 GHz. However, the specific problems arise at terahertz frequencies as compared to the radio and microwave frequencies are the ohmic losses. The proposed analysis has been extended from 100 GHz to 350 GHz to discuss the ohmic and dielectric losses. We have also discussed the other important issues which are very much significant in the terahertz regime of the spectrum such as skin depth and surface roughness.     

Thermal switching of the enhanced transmission of terahertz radiation through subwavelength apertures

We demonstrate that the extraordinary transmission of terahertz radiation through semiconductor gratings of subwavelength apertures can be switched completely by varying the temperature. The enhanced transmission, which is due to the resonant tunneling of surface plasmon polaritons that can be excited in semiconductors at terahertz frequencies, is controlled by thermally modifying the density of free carriers. The transmission through metal gratings cannot be switched in the same way since the carrier density is temperature independent. Thus semiconductors offer an interesting alternative to metals in enhancing the transmission of electromagnetic radiation.     

THE SPATIAL DISPERSION THEORY OF EXCESS CONDUCTION LOSS IN NORMAL METALS AT SUB-MILLIMETER WAVELENGTHS

On using the spatial dispersion theory, we have developed a rigorous model for analyzing excess conduction loss in normal metals. We have used the model to account excess conduction loss and dissect the discrepancies between excess conduction loss measurements and classical theoretical predictions in normal metals for sub-millimeter wavelengths. Our analysis shows that the conductivity is not only frequency but also wave vector dependent. We demonstrate good quantitative agreement with the published experimental data for the room temperature excess conduction loss of normal metals for sub-millimeter wavelengths.     

The influence of surface roughness on conductor at terahertz frequencies

In this paper, a theoretical study of the influence of surface roughness on conductor is proposed at terahertz frequencies. By using the analytic small perturbation method, the effects of a random rough surface on the absorption by a metallic surface at terahertz frequencies are analyzed. And the effect of rough surface on reflectivity and power spectral density are also demonstrated. The numerical results are very useful for the development of terahertz devices and terahertz material.     

Effect of metal permittivity on resonant properties of terahertz metamaterials

We investigate the effect of metal permittivity on resonant transmission of metamaterials by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Our experimental results on double split-ring resonators made from different metals confirm the recent numerical simulations [Phys. Rev. E 65, 036622 (2002)] that metamaterials exhibit permittivity-dependent resonant properties. In the terahertz regime, the measured inductive-capacitive resonance is found to strengthen with a higher ratio of the real to the imaginary parts of metal permittivity, and this remains consistent at various metal thicknesses. Furthermore, we found that metamaterials made even from a generally poor metal become highly resonant owing to a drastic increase in the value of the permittivity at terahertz frequencies.     

Dispersion of surface plasmon polaritons on metal wires in the terahertz frequency range

We report the experimental and theoretical study of the dispersive behavior of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on cylindrical metal surfaces in the terahertz frequency range. Time-domain measurements of terahertz SPPs propagating on metal wires reveal a unique structure that is inconsistent with a simple extrapolation of the high frequency portion of the dispersion diagram for SPPs on a planar metal surface, and also distinct from that of SPPs on metal nanowires observed at visible and near-infrared frequencies. The results are consistent with a numerical solution of Maxwell's equations, showing that the dispersive behavior of SPPs on a cylindrical metal surface at terahertz frequencies is quite different from that of SPPs on a flat surface. These findings indicate the increasing importance of skin effects for SPPs in the terahertz range, as well as the enhancement of such effects on curved surfaces.     

欧姆损耗对太赫兹频段同轴表面波振荡器的影响

为了研究欧姆损耗对太赫兹波段真空电子器件工作特性的影响, 本文推导了2.5维全电磁粒子模拟软件UNIPIC的表面阻抗边界条件, 并采用软件对不同金属材料慢波结构的同轴结构表面波振荡器进行了数值模拟研究, 分析了不同金属材料慢波结构器件的输出功率与电导率的关系, 模拟结果表明: 金属电导率对器件的输出功率有非常大的影响, 对于0.14 THz 同轴表面波振荡器, 铜材料和不锈钢材料慢波结构器件的输出功率分别下降13.4%和63.9%, 起振时间分别延迟0.4 ns 和15 ns.     

表面粗糙样品的太赫兹光谱参数提取方法研究

很多物质在太赫兹波段内的光谱参数具有指纹特征,这是太赫兹技术在安检等众多领域有所应用的基础.但是,目前常用的太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)技术提取物质光学参数的Duvillaret算法,要求样品上下表面平行且充分光滑.然而在很多有潜力的实际应用场合中,尤其是对于固体样品,表面粗糙度不可避免,并且不能使用模具压片等实验...     

Compact multiband left-handed metamaterial at terahertz frequencies

We design and analyze a novel multiband left-handed metamaterial based on a fishnet-like structure at terahertz (THz) frequencies.The metamaterial exhibits simultaneous negative refractions around the frequencies of 0.48,1.05,and 1.19 THz for the electromagnetic (EM) wave normal incidence,and around the frequencies of 0.20,0.79,and 1.13 THz for parallel incidence.The simulated results verify the left-handed properties.A particularly important observation is the capability of the proposed metamaterial with a single geometrical structure to display multifrequency operations in a unit cell.The compact metamaterial is a major step toward the miniaturization of THz materials and devices suitable for multifrequencies.     

Laser seeding of the storage-ring microbunching instability for high-power coherent terahertz radiation

We report the first observation of laser seeding of the storage-ring microbunching instability. Above a threshold bunch current, the interaction of the beam and its radiation results in a coherent instability, observed as a series of stochastic bursts of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) at terahertz frequencies initiated by fluctuations in the beam density. We have observed that this effect can be seeded by imprinting an initial density modulation on the beam by means of laser "slicing." In such a situation, most of the bursts of CSR become synchronous with the pulses of the modulating laser and their average intensity scales exponentially with the current per bunch. We present detailed experimental observations of the seeding effect and a model of the phenomenon. This seeding mechanism also creates potential applications as a high-power source of CSR at terahertz frequencies.     

基于Kramers-Kronig关系建立金属太赫兹色散模型

提出了一种基于测量反射率谱、使用Kramers-Kronig(KK)关系建立金属太赫兹色散模型的方法.结合合金铝和合金铜4—40 THz的测量反射率谱,通过反射系数振幅和相位的KK关系,采用高频端指数外推,低频端常数外推的方法,反演金属复折射率.以KK反演的复折射率作为实验值,以拟合复折射率和实验值误差最小为准则,使用遗传优化算法,拟合了合金铝和合金铜的Drude色散参数(等离子频率和碰撞频率).基于优化的Drude模型计算了0.1—40 THz材料的复折射率,与椭偏仪的实测结果符合,验证了模型的准确性.该方法理论与实验相互验证,以测量的复折射率作为实验定标,将远红外频段的色散信息拓展到太赫兹频域,确定了太赫兹频段金属的微观物理参数,提供了太赫兹频段色散和散射机理的研究依据.     

Design concept of cryogenic accelerating structures of a copper accelerator

The surface resistance of copper is studied in the region of classical and anomalous skin effect. The surface resistance gain (equal to the ratio of the surface resistances of copper at room and helium temperatures) is determined as a function of the electromagnetic field frequency. It is shown that the gain has an inverse power dependence on frequency. The frequencies at which the gain for copper is equal to 10 are determined. It is found that high-frequency power losses in the walls of the accelerating structure of the accelerator, which is prepared from nonsuperconducting metals at T ≥ 4.2 K, can be reduced by more than an order of magnitude as compared to an accelerating structure operating at room temperature. This confirms the possibility of developing a high-efficiency accelerator.     

Measurements of terahertz electrical conductivity of intense laser-heated dense aluminum plasmas

We report the electrical conductivity of laser-produced warm dense aluminum plasmas measured using single-shot ultrafast terahertz (THz) frequency spectroscopy. In contrast with experiments performed at optical frequencies, measurements based upon THz probe reflectivity directly determine a quasi-dc electrical conductivity, and therefore the analysis does not require a free-electron Drude model based extrapolation to recover the near zero frequency conductivity. In fact, our experimental results indicate that the Drude model breaks down for warm (>0.6 eV), moderate-dense (<1.6 g/cm(3)) aluminum at THz frequencies. A calculation of THz reflectivity over a non-Fresnel boundary in dense plasmas is also presented.     

An improved fishnet three-dimensional metamaterial with multiband left-handed characteristics at terahertz frequencies

We present the design of a multiband left-handed three-dimensional (3D) metamaterial based on improved fishnet structure at terahertz frequencies. The design realizes a three-dimensional material by mechanical stacking of multiple layers. The electromagnetic properties of the metamaterial have been investigated by numerical simulation. The results show that simultaneously negative values of permittivity, permeability and refractive index are found around the frequencies of 0.73, 0.85 and 1.12 THz for the electromagnetic wave normal incidence. The proposed metamaterial with independent polarization and compact effect offers a way to develop THz 3D materials and devices suitable for multifrequencies.     

Some novel plane trajectories for carbon atoms and fullerenes captured by two fixed parallel carbon nanotubes

The movement of atoms and molecules at the nanoscale constitutes a fundamental problem in physics, especially following the motion of atoms in many-body systems condensing together to form molecular structures. A number of simplified nanoscale dynamical problems have been analyzed and here we investigate the classical orbiting problem around two centers of attraction at the nanoscale. An example of such a system would be a carbon atom or a fullerene orbiting in a plane which is perpendicular to two fixed parallel carbon nanotubes. We model the van der Waals forces between the molecules by the Lennard-Jones potential. In particular, the total pairwise potential energies between carbon atoms on the fullerene and the carbon nanotubes are approximated by the continuous approach, so that the total molecular energy can be determined analytically. Since we assume that such interactions occur at a sufficiently large distance, the classical two center problem analysis is legitimate to determine various novel trajectories of the atom and fullerene numerically. It is clear that the oscillatory period of the atom for some bounded trajectories reaches terahertz frequencies. We comment that the continuous approach adopted here has the merit of a very fast computational time and can be extended to more complicated structures, in contrast to quantum mechanical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations.