石油饱和烃分子组成分析方法综述

高效利用石油资源和生产高质量石油产品要求从分子水平认识石油化学组成,而饱和烃作为石油中最主要的一类组分,其分子组成分析是石油化学研究的重要课题.总结了石油饱和烃的分子组成分析方法并简要介绍其应用,主要包括基于气相色谱技术的单体烃分析方法和基于质谱技术的分子/族组成分析方法.针对石油饱和烃的质谱电离技术,总结了各方法的技术优势及存在的问题,对相关技术和方法的发展前景给予展望.     

MS-IAS:集成的质谱代谢组学数据分析系统

针对代谢组学研究中的数据处理问题,本研究建立了基于质谱的数据分析系统MS-IAS(Mass spectrometry based integrated analysis system).此系统集成了特征选择、聚类、分类等多种方法,用以处理质谱数据,具有多种统计分析方法能对所选的特征变量进行比较,以发现与所研究问题相关的潜在生物标志物.MS-IAS支持数据与多种算法结果可图形化显示,有助于对数据的解释与分析.以肝病患者的质谱代谢组数据为例,展示MS-IAS的功能,两种特征选择算法从数据集中筛选出了40个对肝病具有区分能力的特征变量,展示了MS-IAS成为代谢组学研究中的通用质谱数据分析系统的潜力.     

核分段逆回归集成线性判别分析用于质谱数据分类

针对高维小样本质谱数据在构造模型时易产生的过拟合现象、变量间的严重共线性、及结构与性质间的非线性关系,采用了核分段逆回归(KSIR)特征提取集成线性判别分析(LDA)新技术。首先以KSIR算法完成质谱数据的非线性特征提取,然后在由新特征矢量张成的低维空间构造样本类别的线性判别函数,负责各样本个体类别的判定。将KSIR-LDA方法应用于软饮料的质谱数据分类,结果表明:该方法不仅适应质谱数据与性质间的非线性关系,而且可以更少、解释能力更强的特征变量取得更高的分类精度,并能实现在低维特征空间对数据的解释及可视化。     

由质谱分析数据建立乙肝病人与健康人的分类模型

建立运用表面加强激光解吸电离-飞行时间质谱获取乙肝病人和健康人血清蛋白指纹图谱数据,并用偏最小二乘(PLS)变量筛选法建立乙型肝炎(HBV)病人和健康人的分类模型,最终得到分类模型的交叉检验相关系数达0.97以上,判别准确率显著提高.对模型进行分析,找出对乙型肝炎病人和健康人的差异有重要影响的因素或变量.这些变量为某些质荷比区间内特定蛋白的峰强度值,反映这些质荷比区间内蛋白量的增加或减少,与乙肝病的形成有密切关系,可作为重要的生物标志物,进一步加以研究.本研究采用所得模型的拟合值等一些信息来做分类图,能较好地表达回归模型的分类效果.     

全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱分析焦化柴油中饱和烃的分子组成

建立了全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱(GC×GC-TOF MS)分析柴油馏分中饱和烃的分子组成的方法。结合谱库检索、质谱图解析、沸点与分子结构关系和全二维谱图特征,定性(或归类)了焦化柴油饱和烃组分中1057个化合物单体,其中正构烷烃排列规律性最强,一环~三环环烷烃按照极性和沸点的差异呈瓦片状分布在其上方。另外,还准确区分了在一维气相色谱上共流出的正构烷基环己烷和正构烷基环戊烷,以及正构 α 单烯烃。根据质谱采集的总离子流色谱图,采用峰面积归一化法得到了饱和烃组分的碳数分布结果,并将该方法应用于研究不同类型柴油馏分饱和烃的分子组成特点。结果表明,催化裂化和焦化柴油馏分饱和烃组分的化合物类型和分布各不相同。分子组成分析能为油品加工工艺机理的研究提供方法支持。     

DNA片段的质谱试验中各相关因素的影响分析

利用DNA片断的质谱试验数据,通过分析各相关因素对质谱响应值的影响度,确定了灰色关联分析方法应用于本试验的可行性。并对灰色关联分析、相关分析和回归分析的结果做了比较。结果表明在DNA片段的质谱试验中,应用灰色关联分析能得到满意的分析结果,它克服了相关分析和回归分析等对数据量的要求,是在类似试验中最适合的分析方法。     

判别分析用于烃类化合物分类及汽油样品的族组成分析

研究了判别分析用于烃类化合物分类的可行性，以198个烃类化合物在BD－1和BD－5固定相上同一柱温下的保留指数差及其在各柱上的温度系数为判别变量，成功地建立了烷烃、环烷烃、芳烃和烯烃的判别函数，以此对裂化汽油，重整生成汽油、石脑油和蒸馏常顶汽油进行了族组成分析，经气相色谱－质谱分析验证了结果的正确性，为汽油产品的族组成分析提供了一种新的方法。     

基于表面解吸常压化学电离质谱法快速评价咖啡种子活力

为快速、无损地区分不同活力的咖啡种子,采用自行研制的表面解吸常压化学电离质谱(DAPCI-MS),在无需样品预处理的前提下,获得咖啡种子表面的化学指纹图谱,并分别进行了主成分分析(PCA)、聚类分析(CA)和判别分析(DA),获得不同活力的咖啡种子样品的质谱信息特征.结果表明,在正离子模式下,DAPCI-MS结合多变量分析方法能有效区分不同活力的咖啡种子.PCA提取了3个主成分,累计贡献率达到92.2％;CA可以将相同活力的咖啡种子聚在一起,准确率为100％;DA对训练样本的回判正确率为100％,交叉验证分析成功率为100％,对外部验证样本进行DA,正确率95.7％.本方法具有无需样品预处理,分析速度快,灵敏度高,对种子无损伤等优点,能为其它种子活力测定提供参考.     

PCW第42次环境样品水平考试洗消废水中化武相关化合物的液相色谱-质谱分析

采用液相色谱-质谱技术（LC-MS）对禁止化学武器组织（OPCW）第42次水平考试洗消废水中化武相关化合物进行了详细地分析。首先用高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间高分辨质谱（HPLC-Q-TOF MS）从3个洗消废水样品中分辨出空白、控制与模拟真实样品,在模拟真实样品中初步找到3种化武相关化合物;随后采用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱（UPLC-QQQ MS）对这3种化武相关化合物进一步分析,鉴定出模拟真实样品中的2 羟乙基乙烯基硫醚、二乙烯基砜和1,2-双-（2-羟乙基巯基）乙烷。并对流动相中添加的缓冲剂以及质谱电离碎裂电压与裂解途径进行了优化。所得结果与OPCW提供的配样清单完全一致。该方法可为芥子气洗消产物的分析研究提供参考。     

同位素质谱与无机质谱分析

本文是《分析试验室》定期评述中“无机质谱分析”课题的第二篇评述文章,它增加了同位素质谱分析的内容,故将题目改为现今题目,它综述了1985年～1990年间同位素质谱和无机质谱的发展概况。其中包括同位素示踪、同位素稀释、火花源质谱、二次离子质谱、等离子体质谱等。内容以国内为主,也收集了少量代表学科先进水平的外国文献。     

等离子体质谱法测定珊瑚锶和钙

研究了珊瑚中Ｓｒ（～８０００ｕｇ／ｇ）、Ｃａ（～４００ｍｇ／ｇ）在同一份溶液中的等离子体质谱的同时测定。所有样品均加入Ｓｃ和Ｙ作内标元素分别控制测定Ｃａ和Ｓｒ时的仪器波动。本方法Ｓｒ、Ｃａ测量精度（ＲＳＤ％）分别～０．３％、～１％。９０个珊瑚样品Ｓｒ分析结果中,仅有７个样品Ｓｒ数据与同位素稀释热电离质谱法数据相比,相对偏差较大（～１％）,其它数据相互吻合。本方法适合珊瑚样中Ｓｒ的快速测定,并可以此     

气相色谱-质谱法测定食品接触材料中五氯苯酚含量的不确定度评定

对气相色谱-质谱联用法测定食品接触材料中五氯苯酚含量过程中可能引入的不确定度进行了分析和评定.通过实验数据计算得出食品接触材料中五氯苯酚含量的不确定度,当置信水平为95%,包含因子k=2时,其相对扩展不确定度为4.04%.通过对不确定度的分析.指出在检测过程中质量控制的关键在于标准物质的浓度和气相色谱分析过程,并提出了...     

Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry of the star‐shaped propoxylated diethylenetriamine polyols

The collision‐induced dissociation of the protonated five‐arm star propoxylated diethylenetriamine polyols was studied under electrospray conditions. Two product ion series were detected because of the cleavage of the C? N bonds in the initiator moiety. No backbone fragmentation of the polyether chains was observed, which allowed to explore the initiation and side‐chain propagation process of the oligomers. On the basis of MS/MS spectra, it is probable that the rate of the initiation is larger than that of the chain propagation. The propylene oxide repeat units attach to the five arms with approximately the same probability. Furthermore, it was found that the collision energy necessary to obtain 50% fragmentation (CE₅₀) was linearly dependent on the molecular weight of the polyols. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of the Method of Repeated Mixing to Non-Uniformly Contaminated Bulky Samples

The method of repeated mixing was applied to soil samples containing hot particles. The results were interpreted using a developed mathematical formulation, which describes the frequency distribution of results in the presence of one or more hot particles in a sample, the statistical characteristics such as mathematical expectancy and dispersion, and includes an approach to estimate the activity of a hot particle without its separation from the sample. It was shown that by application of the method to a limited number of repeated mixings/measurements, the estimated activity of hot particles can be referred as a value determining the uncertainty of the results at a given level of confidence. For instance: for 5 mixings/measurements in a 10³ cm³ vessel, the difference between the actual activity of a sample and the averaged result with a probability of about 64% does not exceed the estimated value of the hot particle activity. The probability is increasing with increasing number of mixings (to about 84% for the same uncertainty range at 10 mixings). For a fixed number of mixings the probability is increasing with increasing uncertainty range. The probability is increasing with decreasing size of the measuring vessel, but in many situations small samples can not be a representative subject of study.     

Local energy as an indicator of the accuracy of wave functions and probability densities for helium

The local energy is examined as an indicator of the accuracy of approximate wave functions for the ground state of helium. It is observed that at a given point (1) an inaccurate local energy may or may not correspond to an inaccurate value of the wave function or probability density, but (2) a value of the local energy within 0.1 a.u. of the ground-state energy corresponds to a value of the approximate wave function or probability density within about 10% of that for the ground-state wave function.     

On the inter‐instrument and the inter‐laboratory transferability of a tandem mass spectral reference library. 3. Focus on ion trap and upfront CID

Mass spectral libraries represent versatile tools for the identification of small bioorganic molecules. Libraries based on electron impact spectra are rated robust and transferable. Tandem mass spectral libraries are often considered to work properly only on the instrument that has been used to build the library. An exception from that rule is the ‘Wiley Registry of Tandem Mass Spectral Data, MSforID’. In various studies with data sets from different kinds of tandem mass spectrometric instruments, the outstanding sensitivity and robustness of this tandem mass spectral library search approach was demonstrated. The instrumental platforms tested, however, mainly included various tandem‐in‐space instruments. Herein, the results of a multicenter study with a focus on upfront and tandem‐in‐time fragmentation are presented. Five laboratories participated and provided fragment ion mass spectra from the following types of mass spectrometers: time‐of‐flight (TOF), quadrupole–hexapole–TOF, linear ion trap (LIT), 3‐D ion trap and LIT–Orbitrap. A total number of 1231 fragment ion mass spectra were collected from 20 test compounds (amiloride, buphenin, cinchocaine, cyclizine, desipramine, dihydroergotamine, dyxirazine, dosulepin, ergotamine, ethambutol, etofylline, mefruside, metoclopramide, phenazone, phentermine, phenytoin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamoxole, sulthiame and tetracycline) on seven electrospray ionization instruments using 18 different instrumental configurations for fragmentation. For 1222 spectra (99.3%), the correct compound was retrieved as the best matching compound. Classified matches (matches with ‘relative average match probability’ >40.0) were obtained for 1207 spectra (98.1%). This high percentage of correct identifications clearly supports the hypothesis that the tandem mass spectral library approach tested is a robust and universal identification tool. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The chemical potential for dilute hard-sphere mixtures

Accurate Monte Carlo evaluation of the probability of inserting an additional particle of arbitrary size into a hard-sphere fluid at various densities allows a quantitative check on the scaled particle interpolation formula for this probability, which is rigorously known when the added particle is either very small or very large. The simple scaled particle formula is remarkably accurate due to a favorable choice of the functional dependence of the surface tension on curvature. The biggest deviation occurs at liquid-like densities where the insertion probability is about 20% larger for larger particles, indicating a larger probability of occurrence of larger density fluctuations, and resulting in a smaller (3%) excess chemical potential than the simple theory predicts. On the other hand, at lower densities the insertion probability for large particles is slightly smaller than the theory predicts.     

Structural studies of the allelic wheat glutenin subunits 1Bx7 and 1Bx20 by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Structural studies of the high molecular mass (HMM) glutenin subunits 1Bx7 (from cvs Hereward and Galatea) and 1Bx20 (from cv. Bidi17) of bread wheat were conducted using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC/ESI-MS). For all three proteins, MALDI-TOFMS analysis showed that the isolated fractions contained a second component with a mass about 650 Da lower than the major component. The testing and correction of the gene-derived amino acid sequences of the three proteins were performed by direct MALDI-TOFMS analysis of their tryptic peptide mixture. Analysis of the digest was performed by recording several MALDI mass spectra of the mixture at low, medium and high mass ranges, optimizing the matrix and the acquisition parameters for each mass range. Complementary data were obtained by RP-HPLC/ESI-MS analysis of the tryptic digest. This resulted in coverage of about 98% of the sequences. In contrast to the gene-derived data, the results obtained demonstrate the insertion of the sequence QPGQGQ between Trp716 and Gln717 of subunit 1Bx7 (cv. Galatea) and a possible single amino acid substitution within the T20 peptide of subunit 1Bx20. Moreover, the mass spectrometric data demonstrated that the lower mass components present in all the fractions correspond to the major components but lack about six amino acid residues, which are probably lost from the protein C-terminus. Finally, the results obtained provide evidence for the lack of glycosylation or other post-translational modifications of these subunits.     

Immunomodulatory Properties of Polysaccharide-Rich Young Green Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Extract and Its Structural Characterization

Young green barley (YGB) water extract has revealed a beneficial impact on natural killer (NK) cells’ ability to recognize and eliminate human colon cancer cells, without any side effects for normal colon epithelial cells. The direct anticancer effect of the tested compounds has been also shown. The mixture of oligosaccharides found in this extract was characterized by chemical analyses and via FT-IR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF MS techniques. The YGB preparation contained 26.9% of proteins and 64.2% of sugars, mostly glucose (54.7%) and fructose (42.7%), with a small amount of mannose (2.6%) and galactose (less than 0.5%). Mass spectrometry analysis of YGB has shown that fructose oligomers contained from 3 to 19 sugar units. The number of fructans was estimated to be about 10.2% of the dry weight basis of YGB. The presented results suggest the beneficial effect of the consumption of preparations based on young barley on the human body, in the field of colon cancer prevention.     

Seven-minute synthesis of pure C(s)-C60Cl6 from [60]fullerene and iodine monochloride: first IR, Raman, and mass spectra of 99 mol % C60Cl6

Three previously reported procedures for the synthesis of pure C(s)-C60Cl6 from C60 and ICl dissolved in benzene or 1,2-dichlorobenzene were shown to actually yield complex mixtures of products that contain, at best, 54-80% C(s)-C60Cl6 based on HPLC integrated intensities. MALDI mass spectrometry was used for the first time to identify other components of the reaction mixtures. An improved synthetic procedure was developed for the synthesis of about 150 mg batches of chlorofullerenes containing 90% C(s)-C60Cl6 based on HPLC intensities. The optimum reaction time was decreased from several days to seven minutes. Small amounts of the product were purified by HPLC (toluene eluent) to 99% purity. The pure compound C(s)-C60Cl6 is stable for at least three months as a solvent-free powder at 25 degrees C. The Raman, far-IR, and MALDI mass spectra of pure C(s)-C60Cl6 are reported for the first time. The Raman and far-IR spectra, the first reported for any C60Cl(n) chlorofullerene, were used to carry out a vibrational analysis of C(s)-C60Cl6 at the DFT level of theory.