Extended validity of weak measurement

We introduce a modified weak value that is related to the mean value of input meter variable. With the help of the modified weak value, the validity conditions for various modified versions of weak value formalism are investigated, in terms of the dependence of the pointer shift on the mean value of the input meter. The weak value formalism, often used to represent the pointer shift, with the modified weak value is of great use in simplifying calculations and giving guidance of practical experiments whenever the mean value of the input meter variable is nonzero. The simulation in a qubit system is presented and coincident well with our theoretical result.     

Characterization of Critical Values of Branching Random Walks on Weighted Graphs through Infinite-Type Branching Processes

We study the branching random walk on weighted graphs; site-breeding and edge-breeding branching random walks on graphs are seen as particular cases. Two kinds of survival can be identified: a weak survival (with positive probability there is at least one particle alive somewhere at any time) and a strong survival (with positive probability the colony survives by returning infinitely often to a fixed site). The behavior of the process depends on the value of a certain parameter which controls the birth rates; the threshold between survival and (almost sure) extinction is called critical value. We describe the strong critical value in terms of a geometrical parameter of the graph. We characterize the weak critical value and relate it to another geometrical parameter. We prove that, at the strong critical value, the process dies out locally almost surely; while, at the weak critical value, global survival and global extinction are both possible.     

Mathematical modeling of random coupling between polarization modes in single-mode optical fibers: XI. Dependence of the zero drift of fiber ring interferometers on the interval of temperature variation of the fiber

The dependence of the value of the zero drift of a fiber ring interferometer (FRI), which is caused by a change in polarization nonreciprocity as a consequence of a change in the random coupling of polarization modes at inhomogeneities of the FRI loop, on the value of the interval of possible temperature variation of the single-mode optical fiber (SMF) of the FRI loop is considered. It is shown that the value of the zero drift of an FRI with a nonmonochromatic radiation source—a superluminescent diode—in a rather broad interval of temperature variations (about 100 K) is proportional to the value of the interval itself and inversely proportional to the linewidth of the radiation source. Numerical estimations are made, and they show that, for practical values of the interval of temperature variation in a room, the value of the zero drift may be much smaller than the values calculated according to the method of averaging over independent realizations of random inhomogeneities in the SMF of an FRI loop. When temperature stabilization is used, the value of the zero drift of an FRI can be additionally reduced by one to two orders of magnitude.     

R取值对测量并联谐振频率的影响

采用测量电容两端电压最大值的方法来确定RLC并联谐振的谐振频率。发现在RLC电路中,电阻R值愈小,η（η=f实验/f理论）愈接近于1;并且当电阻取值一定时,电容C取值越小,测量越准确。最后给出了简化电路图,即R=0,此时R′=RL。     

Effects of time delay on stochastic resonance of the stock prices in financial system

The effect of time delay on stochastic resonance of the stock prices in finance system was investigated. The time delay is introduced into the Heston model driven by the extrinsic and intrinsic periodic information for stock price. The signal power amplification (SPA) was calculated by numerical simulation. The results indicate that an optimal critical value of delay time maximally enhances the reverse-resonance in the behaviors of SPA as a function of long-run variance of volatility or cross correlation coefficient between noises for both cases of intrinsic and extrinsic periodic information. Moreover, in both cases, being a critical value in the delay time, when the delay time takes value below the critical value, reverse-resonance increases with the delay time increasing, however, when the delay time takes value above the critical value, the reverse-resonance decrease with the delay time increasing.     

改进前处理方法测量土壤中痕量汞的重复性和重现性

为验证新的汞前处理方法,在本次实验中进行4次重现性验证,同一样品汞含量的平行值重复性较好,除第1次外,其他3次重现性均较好;4次实验中的校准曲线线性重现性非常好,斜率和截距变化不大,均在合理变化范围之内;初次实验中标准样品的汞含量测定值与理论值大部分不相符,经分析标准样品中汞元素不高,使得消解液中的汞的含量在检出限以下,导致仪器误差的增大,通过在验证实验中加大标准样品的取样量顺利地解决问题。     

强迫耗散系统的有序结构和系统的发展(Ⅱ)，广义能量极小值原理和系统的发展

利用大气非线性动力学证明了广义能量极小值原理，进一步从理论上证明它是同大气非平衡 态热力学最小熵产生原理在物理上是一致的.前者表明，强迫耗散动力系统的终态广义能量 达极小值；而最小熵产生原理表明，远离热力学平衡态的开放系其终态时系统内部的不可逆 过程最弱.而且，系统广义能量达极小值和系统熵产生达极小值的终态一般是一个稳定的定 态，它对应着系统的某种有序结构.也就是说它是一个“低耗高效”的有序定态.大气系统作 为自然界一个典型的物理复杂系统，其最小熵产生原理和广义能量极小值原理隐示了自然界 复杂系统的一个一 关键词： 强迫耗散系统 能量极值原理 有序结构 动力系统     

Topological structures of boundary value problems in block elements

Block structures are considered; a boundary value problem for a system of inhomogeneous partial differential equations with constant coefficients is formulated in each block of a structure. The problem of matching solutions to boundary value problems in blocks with each other by topological study of the properties of solutions in the block structure is examined in the conditions of correct solvability of boundary value problems in blocks of the block structure. Some new properties of solutions to boundary value problems in block structures are found that are important for applications.     

对称分类在非线性偏微分方程组边值问题中的应用

研究了微分方程对称分类在非线性偏微分方程组边值问题中的应用.首先,利用偏微分方程(组)完全对称分类微分特征列集算法确定了给定非线性偏微分方程组边值问题的完全对称分类;其次,利用一个扩充对称将非线性偏微分方程组边值问题约化为常微分方程组初值问题;最后,利用龙格-库塔法求解了常微分方程组初值问题的数值解.     

辐照和电流注入下电缆耦合响应的计算

 采用传输线模型，利用时域有限差分方法计算了辐照和电流注入两种试验环境中电缆屏蔽层电流对芯线的耦合响应，并对响应规律进行了研究。计算结果表明：电流注入时近端负载电压峰值最小，辐照时次之，电流注入时远端最大；负载电压峰值、负载能量与屏蔽层电流源幅度等比例变化；相比较前沿的变化而言，改变屏蔽层电流源前沿对负载电压峰值和负载能量的影响不大；屏蔽层电流源半高宽较小时，负载电压峰值、负载能量与半高宽是非线性关系，屏蔽层电流源半高宽较大时，负载电压峰值、负载能量与半高宽成线性关系；电缆较短时，改变电缆长度对负载电压峰值有影响，而电缆较长时，只会影响电缆负载能量。     

Notes on technique in the laboratory determination of e/m for electrons by the magnetron method

The paper concerns a fairly common basic error in the formulation of the laboratory experiment on the determination of e/m for electrons by the magnetron method, in that a diode is replaced by a tube with several grids connected to the cathode. It is shown that in that case the experimental value for the specific charge as given by the usual formula is dependent on the plate voltage. Above some plate voltage (the critical value), the relationship to the plate voltage becomes linear, so a value exceeding the tabulated value by a substantial factor can be obtained by increasing the plate voltage appropriately. On the other hand, the tabulated value is obtained only for a single plate voltage. However, even this value lies in the range of voltages where the working formula is inapplicable. Therefore, this approach is simply one of adjusting the observed result to the tabulated value.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 4, pp. 79–88, April, 1976.     

Relative carrier-envelope phase dependence of resonant propagation of two-colour femtosecond pulses in V-type atomic medium

Using numerical solution of the full Maxwell--Bloch equations, which is obtained by the finite-difference time-domain method and the iterative predictor--corrector method, we investigate the modulation effect of relative carrier--envelope phase (hereinafter referred to as the relative phase) on resonant propagation of two-colour femtosecond ultrashort laser pulses in a V-type three-level atomic medium. It is found that the pulse splitting occurs for a smaller value of relative phase; when the value of relative phase increases to a certain value, only the variation of pulse shape is present and the pulse splitting does not occur any more; moreover, when the value of relative phase is smaller, the pulse group velocity is larger. The relative phase also has an obvious effect on population and spectral property. Different population transfers can be realized by adjusting the value of relative phase. Generally speaking, for the pulses with smaller areas their spectral strengths and frequency ranges decrease obviously with the value of relative phase increasing; for the pulses with larger areas, with value of the relative phase increasing, their spectral strengths decrease remarkably but the relative strengths of the higher frequency components increase significantly, while the spectral frequency range is not varied evidently.     

Effect of a gap opening on the conductance of graphene superlattices

The electronic transmission and conductance of a gapped graphene superlattice were calculated by means of the transfer-matrix method. The system that we study consists of a sequence of electron-doped graphene as wells and hole-doped graphene as barriers. We show that the transmission probability approaches unity at some critical value of the gap. We also find that there is a domain around the critical gap value for which the conductance of the system attains its maximum value.     

Effect of pressure on photoinduced changes in chalcogenide vitreous semiconductors

The effect of pressure on the photodarkening value in chalcogenide vitreous semiconductors (ChVS) is predicted on the basis of a configurational model analysis and experimentally observed. The photodarkening value change at application of pressure is shown to be of the order of the photodarkening value itself. A comparison between the effects of pressure and temperature on the photodarkening value is made.     

Improving the accuracy of aerosol extinction coefficient inversion

This paper considers the relationship between the accuracy of aerosol extinction inversion and the boundary value, and derives a theoretical high-accuracy aerosol extinction coefficient inversion. Aerosol extinction coefficient profiles depend on the boundary value. The relationship function of the differential extinction coefficient and differential boundary value is expressed by a maximum value. The smaller the differential boundary value, the smaller the differential extinction coefficient. The clean atmosphere layer is easily found from the lidar range-corrected signal, and the extinction coefficient of the clean atmosphere layer can be obtained using the slope method. By relating the extinction coefficient of the clean atmosphere layer to the extinction coefficient profiles at different boundary values, an accurate aerosol extinction coefficient profile can be obtained.     

光谱对煤粉发热量检测系统的研究

在现有近红外检测技术的基础上,设计了一种基于近红外的煤粉发热量检测系统。选取100个煤粉样品建立煤粉发热量的近红外模型,利用验证集的50个样本对模型的精度和稳定性进行了验证分析,结果表明:煤粉发热量的预测值与真实值的相关系数达到0.995 8,相对偏差小于2%。系统具有良好的预测精度和稳定性,能够满足对煤粉发热量的快速检测的需求,而且该系统体积小、结构简单、操作方便,具有很好的可移植性。     

Measurement of the maximum value of non-uniform strain using a temperature-insensitive fibre Bragg grating method

This paper presents an optoelectronic method for measuring the maximum value of non-uniformly distributed strain at varying temperature. Use of conjugate a gradient algorithm and a sensor model makes it possible to determine the maximum non-uniform strain value and the temperature at which the measurement is performed. The described sensor system enables the maximum strain value to be determined with a linear resolution of 0.003 m. A specially designed measurement system is proposed to verify the plausibility of using uniform fibre Bragg gratings for the simultaneous measurement of two quantities. The possibility of using the spectrum of two grating sensors to determine the maximum value of a non-uniform distribution of strain and temperature values is demonstrated.     

Ultraviolet and infrared spectra of cubic boron nitride

Ultraviolet absorption spectra of cubic boron nitride crystals indicate a minimum value for the band gap of 6.4 ± 0.5 eV. This value is in good agreement with a previously reported maximum value of 6.0 ± 0.5 eV obtained experimentally from soft X-ray spectra. Infrared absorption spectra differ significantly from previously published data.     

The amount and value of information in biology

The notion of the value of information is discussed. The value one attributes to information is determined by the result of its reception by an open nonequilibrium system. Qualitative reasoning shows that the concept of value of information makes sense only in nonequilibrium situations, and is directly connected with the nonredundancy of information. In biology it is the value and not the amount of information that is important. The value of information is especially high if there are instabilities in the system; these are connected with the notions of purpose and of freedom of will. The notion of selective value, introduced by Eigen in the theory of the prebiological evolution of macromolecules, is discussed. The amount of information in various codons is calculated and the conventional definition of its value is given based on the determination of the danger of the replacement of one amino acid by another with a different value of hydrophobicity. It is shown that the relative probability of transversion is considerably lower than that of transition. As most nonsense mutations are transversions, the genetic code provides decreased probability for the most dangerous mutations. It is shown that the information of the codonUGG(Trp) is highest in both amount and value.     

Stability of GOY Model Under Modulation of Periodic External Force

There is a phase transition between quasi-periodic state and intermittent chaos in GOY model with a critical value δ0. When we add a modulated periodic externa/force to the system, the phase transition can also be found with a critical value δe. Due to coupling between the force and the intrinsic fluctuation of the velocity on shells in GOY model, the stability of the system has been changed, which results in the variation of the critical value. For proper intensity and period of the force, δe is unequal to δ0. The critical value is a nonlinear function of amplitude of the force, and the fluctuation of the velocity can resonate with the external force for certain period Te.