Scattered-light optical isodynes—Basis for three-dimensional isodyne stress analysis

The paper presents the principles, theory, basic techniques, reliability and efficacy of the three-dimensional, non-destructive isodyne stress analysis. Analytical isodynes constitute the analytical component of the theoretical basis of two-dimensional and three-dimensional isodyne analysis of stresses in plates and some bulky bodies. The analytical isodynes can be obtained experimentally by means of optical isodynes which can be produced by scattered radiation under specified conditions. Theoretical bases of optical isodynes are discussed with regard to their theoretical admissibility, technical feasibility, and compatibility with the present state of knowledge. Included is discussion of the accepted mathematical models of the major physical phenomena, and discussion of the related reliability and efficacy of the isodynes. Within such a framework, isodyne stress analysis is compared with some related, typical procedures of stress analysis. Examples characterize the reliability and efficiency of the isodyne stress analysis in determination of components of actual three-dimensional stress states in plates, local effects including contact problems, fracture mechanics, and composite structures. Conclusions are based on the recognition that determination of the actual three-dimensional stresses in structures is of importance to the progress in modern design procedures, and is intellectually challenging.     

A new method of studying the statistical properties of speckle phase

A new theoretical method with generality is proposed to study the statistical properties of the speckle phase. The general expression of the standard deviation of the speckle phase about the first-order statistics is derived according to the relation between the phase and the complex speckle amplitude. The statistical properties of the speckle phase have been studied in the diffraction fields with this new theoretical method.     

新型傅里叶变换光谱探测系统相位误差校正方法

为了降低基于MEMS(micro-electro-mechanical systems)微镜的傅里叶变换光谱探测系统复原光谱仪的畸变,提高复原光谱的质量,减小系统相位误差的影响,提出了一种系统相位误差的修正方法。首先分析了基于MEMS微镜的傅里叶变换光谱探测系统中相位误差的主要来源,分析结果表明：该新型傅里叶变换光谱探测系统的相位误差来源于光程差的零点漂移,该相位误差可以通过改进该系统干涉仪的结构引入过零采样并利用Mertz乘积法进行修正。搭建了光谱探测系统的实验平台,对该相位误差校正方法进行了实验验证,实验结果表明：采用了改进干涉仪并利用Mertz乘积法校正误差后的光谱探测系统所测得的复原光谱质量得到明显改善,去除了原复原谱畸变产生的负峰,且旁瓣得到明显抑制。该相位误差校正方法能够很好的降低相位误差对系统性能的影响,能够有效地提高系统的光谱探测性能。在提出的基于MEMS微镜的新型傅里叶变换光谱探测系统的基础上,分析了该系统相位误差的来源,提出了一种系统相位误差的修正方法,提高了系统的光谱探测性能。     

一种新的快速解相位方法

提出了一种快速可靠的4步相移编码-解相位算法。通过对中心条纹的光强进行摄动,将编码信息加入到基本相移光栅中,使4幅基本相移图不但包含了相位场主值信息,还包含了解相位所需的编码信息。建立了摄动度函数描述相移图的摄动信息进而得到编码信息,解出完整的相位值。对摄动度函数的误差和噪声进行分析,提出方向滤波方法来消除噪声,极大地减少了编码信息的误判情况。仿真和实验证实了本算法的可行性。与传统相移法相比,解相位的速度和可靠性得到明显的提高。     

ReALE: A reconnection-based arbitrary-Lagrangian–Eulerian method

We present a new reconnection-based arbitrary-Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method. The main elements in a standard ALE simulation are an explicit Lagrangian phase in which the solution and grid are updated, a rezoning phase in which a new grid is defined, and a remapping phase in which the Lagrangian solution is transferred (conservatively interpolated) onto the new grid. In standard ALE methods the new mesh from the rezone phase is obtained by moving grid nodes without changing connectivity of the mesh. Such rezone strategy has its limitation due to the fixed topology of the mesh. In our new method we allow connectivity of the mesh to change in rezone phase, which leads to general polygonal mesh and allows to follow Lagrangian features of the mesh much better than for standard ALE methods. Rezone strategy with reconnection is based on using Voronoi tessellation. We demonstrate performance of our new method on series of numerical examples and show it superiority in comparison with standard ALE methods without reconnection.     

两步相移实现投影栅相位测量轮廓术

提出一种新的投影栅相位测量方法--两步相移法。该方法只需两幅相移条纹图，因此计算量小，速度快。给出了实验及计算结果，并同四步相移法进行了比较，证明了该方法具有较高的精度。     

Accurate and fast simulation of Kolmogorov phase screen by combining spectral method with Zernike polynomials method

A new method is proposed to simulate the Kolmogorov phase screen. A hybrid phase screen is achieved by linearly combining two phase screens simulated by both spectral and Zernike polynomials methods. Unlike the imperfection of phase structure function existing at some spatial frequencies in each of the two methods, the mean structure function of the hybrid phase screens coincides remarkably well with theory in the whole spatial frequency domain. Apart from advantage on accuracy, the proposed method also saves considerable computational time. For a phase screen with certain accuracy, the new method is ten times and seven times faster compared with the spectral method and Zernike polynomials method, respectively.     

Noise immune unwrapping based on phase statistics and self-calibration

Unwrapping is an important step for precise phase measurement in an interferometric technique. Due to the effects of noises and speckles, an accurate unwrapping has been quite difficult. To address this issue, a new phase unwrapping method is proposed. The new method uses the wrapped phase statistics together with the limited smoothness characteristics of the interference phase. In this method, statistical parameters of the wrapped phase are firstly obtained. The step is then followed by a self-calibration process to identify and correct corrupted data points to obtain preliminary unwrapped phases. Finally, a phase revision step is taken to remove the effects of the residual errors. A computational testing was carried out to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method at six different levels of noise injection. An experimental test was also carried out using a lateral shearing interferometer. The success and the precision achieved using the proposed algorithm show that the method is quite effective and accurate for phase recovery under the condition of noise contaminations.     

光栅投影相位法系统模型及标定方法

本文针对传统投影光栅相位法的光学三角法模型进行了改进,采用直入射光路并配合使用一种简便易行的标定方法,只需使用相移公式求取相位差,而不会引入与系统几何位置关系有关的量,简化了求取高度矩阵的要求。实验结果表明,新系统模型精度良好,测量误差为0.107 mm。采用该模型和标定方法可以克服传统方法系统模型的局限性,最大限度减少误差源并提高抗干扰性。     

Phase contrast image synthesis

A new method is presented for synthesizing arbitrary intensity patterns based on phase contrast imaging. The concept is grounded on an extension of the Zernike phase contrast method into the domain of full range [0; 2π] phase modulation. By controlling the average value of the input phase function and by choosing appropriate phase retardation at the phase contrast filter, a pure phase to intensity imaging is accomplished. The method presented is also directly applicable in dark field image synthesis.     

SEM扫描云纹法的相移技术研究

提出一种扫描电镜(SEM)扫描云纹法的相移新技术,通过SEM系统控制电镜电子束扫描线移动,对获取的云纹图像实现0-2π范围内的四步相移,从而获得了更高的位移测量灵敏度。同时对SEM扫描云纹法的测量原理以及相移实验技术的原理进行了详细的阐述。并将该技术应用到电子封装试件栅的相移分析中。实验结果证明了该方法的可行性,该方法为微米云纹法的条纹处理提供了一种新途径。     

A method for enlarging absolute phase unwrapping range by active phase setting

An active phase-setting method applied to a frequency-modulated grating is proposed for enlarging the absolute phase unwrapping range. It is found that the absolute phase unwrapping range is related to initial phase of grating. Therefore, the grating is optimized by presetting two different initial phases, which one is constant in frequency-modulation term and the other is related to the ratio of two frequency in linear phase-modulation term. By using absolute phase unwrapping algorithm, which is improved for suiting the new grating, absolute phase unwrapping range successfully is enlarged and achieves the theoretical range. The experimental results show the feasibility and validity of new method.     

Determination of the lattice parameters near the first-order phase transition in the Pb<Subscript>3</Subscript>(PO<Subscript>4</Subscript>)<Subscript>2</Subscript> ferroelastic

A new method for determining the lattice parameters near the first-order phase transition is proposed. The method is based on the model of a thin phase boundary and a linear dependence between the lattice parameters within a phase.     

平行式向列液晶实现相移剪切电子散斑干涉术的研究

研究了向列型液晶的相位调制特性，采用平行式向列液昌作为相移器建立了相移剪切电子散斑干涉计量系统。该方法将相移技术引入到剪切电子散斑干涉术中，提高了检测精度，采用了相关条纹法求解相位，简化了计算；相移方法简单，可靠。用该系统进行应变场的测量实验，取得了满意的效果。     

Modeling Three-Dimensional Multiphase Flow Using a Level Contour Reconstruction Method for Front Tracking without Connectivity

Three-dimensional multiphase flow and flow with phase change are simulated using a simplified method of tracking and reconstructing the phase interface. The new level contour reconstruction technique presented here enables front tracking methods to naturally, automatically, and robustly model the merging and breakup of interfaces in three-dimensional flows. The method is designed so that the phase surface is treated as a collection of physically linked but not logically connected surface elements. Eliminating the need to bookkeep logical connections between neighboring surface elements greatly simplifies the Lagrangian tracking of interfaces, particularly for 3D flows exhibiting topology change. The motivation for this new method is the modeling of complex three-dimensional boiling flows where repeated merging and breakup are inherent features of the interface dynamics. Results of 3D film boiling simulations with multiple interacting bubbles are presented. The capabilities of the new interface reconstruction method are also tested in a variety of two-phase flows without phase change. Three-dimensional simulations of bubble merging and droplet collision, coalescence, and breakup demonstrate the new method's ability to easily handle topology change by film rupture or filamentary breakup. Validation tests are conducted for drop oscillation and bubble rise. The susceptibility of the numerical method to parasitic currents is also thoroughly assessed.     

Color image encryption based on orthogonal composite grating and double random phase encoding technique

A new method of color image encryption based on orthogonal composite grating and double random phase encoding technique is proposed. The red (R), green (G) and blue (B) components of a color image to be encrypted is modulated into an orthogonal composite grating. The deformed composite grating is subsequently encrypted using double random phase encoding technique. At the decoding end, the deformed composite grating is decrypted through double random phase decoding system. By filtering in frequency domain and phase demodulating, the modulated RGB components can be recovered. Computer simulation experiments have proved the validity of the new method. The proposed method is also applicable to encrypt three color images simultaneously after they have been transformed respectively into indexed formats.     

功率谱反演大气湍流随机相位屏采样方法的研究

从产生大气湍流随机相位屏的功率谱反演法原理出发,分析了均匀采样造成的随机相位屏大量低频信息泄漏的不足,提出利用非均匀采样方法对功率谱进行滤波产生随机相位屏.建立了非均匀采样模型,并分析比较了两种采样方法覆盖的采样频率范围和单边采样频率区域的湍流功率,理论证明了非均匀采样功率谱反演产生大气湍流随机相位屏的可行性和有效性.针对大气湍流的Kolmogorov谱,分别仿真计算了两种采样模型下功率谱反演生成的大气湍流随机相位屏.仿真结果表明,在不增加采样点和计算量条件下,非均匀采样方法生成的大气湍流随机相位屏具有丰富的低频和高频信息,有效改善了传统功率谱反演大气湍流随机相位屏时低频信息严重不足的缺陷.     

用自散焦介质观测Ce：BaTiO3晶体的自泵浦相位共轭频移

提出利用自散焦介质作为载体测量光折变晶体自泵浦相位共轭的微小频移的新方法，适宜用于区分二波耦合，四波辊频对频移的贡献，为研究光折变自泵浦相位共轭频移的产生机制提供了一种新的可能的途径。     

一种新的单幅条纹图的相位解调方法

基于非载波条纹图的条纹灰度分布的极值准确定位,提出了一种新的由单幅条纹图解调相位方法.该方法首先准确定位每个条纹灰度的极值包括最大和最小,再基于极值图将条纹的强度值分布线性地变换到-1和1之间,最后利用arcos反余弦取代传统的atan2反正切算法求出相位,结合极值图就能快速准确地解调出含有封闭条纹的条纹图相位.本方法仅用一幅条纹图,不需要传统的条纹定级和对分数级条纹插值与拟合,自动判别条纹相位变化的波谷,准确获得条纹相位分布.这一方法使光测法研究动态和瞬态问题成为可能,而不需引入载波法调制条纹.文中通过实例说明了本方法的处理过程.     

Automatic Deformation Analysis in Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry Using One Speckle Interferogram of Deformed Object

We propose a new fringe analysis method that uses only one speckle interferogram of a deformed object to obtain phase change distribution by deformation. This method uses cos^-1 operations to extract absolute, not signed, values of new phase after deformation. Considering the phase changes in a small local area, true phase changes retain almost the same value by assuming a continuous deformation in the area. This retention determines the sign of the new phase. From the new phase and the initial phase, the phase change distribution by the deformation can be obtained. Experimental results show the usefulness of this method.