同系列电子给体与同系列电受体电荷转移络合作用的研究

用电子吸收光谱法, 研究了五个电子受体系列和三个电子给体系列以及非同系列的给、受体共48个化合物间的弱电荷转移络合作用。发现所研究的同系列给体与同一受体作用; 或同系列受体与同一给体作用; 或同系列给体与同系列受体作用, 一般存在着明显的CT络合与表观不络合的现象。通常情况下, 同系序数大的化合物呈现表观不络合;有时, 同系序数大和小的化合物, 即同系物的两头均呈现表观不络合现象, 对此种现象用给、受体间前线分子轨道能级关系进行了讨论。     

同一电子给体与名种电子受体电荷转移配合作用的研究

本文测定了八种电子受体与十五种电子给体间的电荷转移(CT)光谱.利用文献中根据极谱还原电位求得之受体的亲合势,论证了同一电子给体与各种电子受体相作用时,其CT光谱也符合MULLIKEN公式;公式中的C为变化不大的数,可近似地认为是常数.本文还用电子吸收光谱首次研究了同系列电子受体(TCNE,n=0.2,3,4)与六种电子给体的CT配合作月,实验表明其CT吸收光谱也近似地服从同系线性规律;随着同系序数的增加,CT光谱发生紫移,而不象同系列给体与同一受体作用那样发生红移.用差示脉冲极谱法测定了此受体系列的还原峰电位,求得其电子亲合势;并用EHMO法计算了它们的前线分子轨道的能量.结果表明,随着同系序数的增加,亲合势减小,最低空轨道能量升高,从而解释了CT光谱紫移现象.     

同系列电子给体与同系列电子受体CT络合作用的研究 Ⅱ. 几何匹配效应

在研究弱的CT络合物中给体与受体的相对取向时, 认为应更多地考虑分子间的静电作用, 并根据晶体结构分析结果, 提出头并头的几何匹配棋型。用此模型来分析分子间的作用能, 并由平衡常数的测定结果表明, 当同系列给体与同一受体相作用时, 随着同系序数的增加, 由于几何匹配效应, 络合物的基态稳定性不是单调变化的, 而是呈现两头小中间大的现象。在红外光谱中, 某些吸收峰相对强度的变化也有类似的现象。     

同一电子给体与各种电子受体电荷转移配合作用的研究

本文测定了八种电子受体与十五种电子给体间的电荷转移(CT)光谱.利用文献中根据极谱还原电位求得之受体的亲合势,论证了同一电子给体与各种电子受体相作用时,其CT光谱也符合Mulliken公式;公式中的C为变化不大的数,可近似地认为是常数.本文还用电子吸收光谱首次研究了同系列电子受体(TCNE,n=0,2,3,4)与六种电子给体的CT配合作用,实验表明其CT吸收光谱也近似地服从同系线性规律;随着同系序数的增加,CT光谱发生紫移,而不象同系列给体与同一受体作用那样发生红移.用差示脉冲极谱法测定了此受体系列的还原峰电位,求得其电子亲合势;并用EHMO法计算了它们的前线分子轨道的能量.结果表明,随着同系序数的增加,亲合势减小,最低空轨道能量升高,从而解释了CT光谱紫移现象.     

关于同系列教学的几个问题

1893年,法国有机化学家日拉尔(Charles Gerhardt,1816-1856)提出了“同系列”的概念,他认为：有机物存在多个同系列,每一个系列都有自己的代数组成式,在同一个系列中,两个化合物分子式之差为CHZ或CHZ的倍数,同系列中各化合物的物理性质呈现有规律的变化…,它们的化学性质相似…,只要知道其中某一化合物的反应,便可以推断其它化合物的反应。     

苯多烯酮、酯类三岔共轭体系结构性能定量关系的研究 Ⅰ.电子吸收光谱

制备和合成了三个线性系列(A_n,K_n,T_n)和三个三岔系列(P_n,E_n,M_n)共34个化合物,其中14个为新化合物。测定了它们在环己烷、乙醇、氯仿中的电子吸收光谱。实验表明,三岔系列的电子吸收光谱频率也遵守同系线性规律,与同系因子之间的相关系数均在0.995以上。三岔体系与相应的线性系列的同系直线相比较表明,一个吸电子分岔的引入导致了红移。用同系直线间的相似三角形计算法,可计算出三岔体系中一个分岔的当量仅为一个链节的0.4～0.8;用同系线性规律的专一性证明,分岔端基的当量是2而不是3.这都表明,分岔端基中只有一岔起端基作用,而另一岔只起代基的作用。取起代基作用的分岔基团的代基当量,并考虑位置效应,则可用线性体系扩大的同系方程来计算三岔化合物的电子吸收光谱。计算值与实验值的误差在±5nm以内。这些结果都与前文的结论相符。三岔体系的溶剂效应比较显著,而且随链增长而增大;线性体系的溶剂效应不如三岔体系的明显,且随链增长变化不大(K_n,A_n)或变小(T_n)。所以,在比较三岔体系与线性体系的同系直线时,必须考虑溶剂的影响。若用溶剂效应较强的溶剂时,三岔同系直线与线性体系的同系直线几乎平行.     

三发色基团体系分子内激基复合物形成的环境效应

芳香烃的荧光可以被电子给体如叔胺化合物淬灭,这一现象早为人们所熟知.随着芳烃分子荧光的淬灭出现一个向红移无结构的新荧光峰,它被认为是激发态芳香烃分子A与电子给体D相互作用形成的激基复合物(exciplex)DA所发射的荧光.将两个、三个或更多个发色基团用非共轭链连接起来,受光激发后则可以形成分子内激基复合物.通过这些体系我们可以研究电子给体和电子受体相互作用的机制,研究在复杂的氧化、还原体系(如光合作用)     

供电子基团修饰对NNI-R系列分子光物理性质的影响

设计了一系列具有不同供电子基团的N-苯基-1,8-萘二甲酰亚胺衍生物(NNI-R), 对它们在二氯甲烷和气相中的几何结构、 电子结构以及室温磷光性能进行了研究. 在二氯甲烷极性溶剂中, NNI-R系列分子的最低单重激发态(S₁)有2个异构体, 分别表现为局域激发(LE)和电荷转移激发(CT). 具有弱给电子体(R=OMe, OH)时的NNI-R分子, 其S₁态为LE结构, 给体和受体间二面角垂直, 其总能量远低于CT结构, 会抑制系间窜越(ISC)的发生, 不会发生磷光现象. 在气相下, NNI-R系列分子的S₁态只有一种稳定的CT结构, 该特征能显著抑制荧光发射, 并有效促进系间窜越, 使NNI-R系列分子的室温磷光发射成为一种可能.     

同系物分子结构与物理化学性能间的定量关系Ⅳ.共轭多炔链物电子光谱中的同系线性规律

本文讨论了23个共轭多炔链物系列中电子吸收光谱的同系线性规律。在具有非共轭端基或单共轭端基的炔链物中(L-1至L-8),同系线性规律与近似线性叠合规律[式(2)与式(3)]的关联情况都很良好,并且与多烯链物完全一致。但是在具有两个共轭端基的炔链物中(L-9至L-23),需将同系序数加以校正(校正的同系序数N'=(1/2)N+4),才能保持良好的同系线性关系。在这一类中,β值的递变情况与烯链物不同,而与骈苯链物一致。     

电子等排体的噻吩多烯与苯多烯同系递变的比较I

为了进一步研究苯多烯化合物的电子等排体噻吩多烯化合物的结构与性能间的定量关系,确定噻吩基的端基当量,合成了三个末端带拉电子基团的噻吩多烯化合物,测定了它们在乙醇和环己烷中的电子光谱,结果表明,和相应苯多烯化合物的电子光谱相比 ,普通红移25-30nm,即相差一个插烯双键引起的红移.以2-噻吩基的端基当量为3,噻吩多烯化合物的电子光谱波数与同系因子(1/2)^2^/^N形成良好的直线,相关系数r>0.99;并与相应苯多烯化合物的同系直线相距很近.其差距可用苯多烯系列增加一个烯链的增量与改换一个电子等排体2-噻吩基的增量之比作定量描述.结果证明2-噻吩基的端基当量比苯基大.     

Synthesis and Investigation of Polysubstituted Triphenylenes with a Predictable Type of Mesomorphism

This paper reports on synthesis and investigation of columnar mesophases of the new members of the homologous series of nitro and amino derivatives of hexaalkoxytriphenylenes, whose mesomorphism was predicted earlier. The forecast is in good agreement with the experimental data. The effect of the introduction of the donor and acceptor groups into the central fragment of triphenylene on the phase transition temperature, texture, and range of existence of columnar mesophases is examined. The predicting ability of the molecular parameters suggested previously for the series under analysis is discussed. It is found that introduction of a nitro group, which is a strong electron acceptor, into the central fragment of triphenylene lowers the melting temperature of the compound versus its analog and does not promote columnar mesomorphism in the lower nonmesomorphous homologs. At the same time, this slightly expands the range of existence of the mesophase in higher homologs.     

Through-Space Charge-Transfer Polynorbornenes with Fixed and Controllable Spatial Alignment of Donor and Acceptor for High-Efficiency Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence

Through-space charge transfer polynorbornenes with fixed and controllable spatial alignment of donor and acceptor in edge-to-face/face-to-face stacking patterns are developed for achieving high-efficiency blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The alignment is realized by using the cis, exo-configuration of norbornene to confine donor and acceptor in close proximity, and utilizing orthogonal and dendritic structures of donors to provide either perpendicular or parallel stacking motif relative to acceptors. Compared to edge-to-face counterparts, polynorbornenes with face-to-face aligned donor and acceptor exhibit much larger oscillator strength and higher photoluminescence quantum yield. The resulting polymers exhibit deep blue (422 nm) to sky blue (482 nm) emission and TADF effect with reverse intersystem crossing rates of 0.4–5.9×10⁶ s⁻¹, giving the maximum external quantum efficiency of 18.8 % for non-doped blue organic light-emitting diodes by solution process.     

Origin of simultaneous donor-acceptor emission in single molecules of peryleneimide-terrylenediimide labeled polyphenylene dendrimers

F?rster type resonance energy transfer (FRET) in donor-acceptor peryleneimide-terrylenediimide dendrimers has been examined at the single molecule level. Very efficient energy transfer between the donor and the acceptor prevent the detection of donor emission before photobleaching of the acceptor. Indeed, in solution, on exciting the donor, only acceptor emission is detected. However, at the single molecule level, an important fraction of the investigated individual molecules (about 10-15%) show simultaneous emission from both donor and acceptor chromophores. The effect becomes apparent mostly after photobleaching of the majority of donors. Single molecule photon flux correlation measurements in combination with computer simulations and a variety of excitation conditions were used to determine the contribution of an exciton blockade to this two-color emission. Two-color defocused wide-field imaging showed that the two-color emission goes hand in hand with an unfavorable orientation between one of the donors and the acceptor chromophore.     

Manipulating active layer morphology of molecular donor/polymer acceptor based organic solar cells through ternary blends

The development of molecular donor/polymer acceptor blend(MD/PA)-type organic solar cells(OSCs) lags far behind other type OSCs. It is due to the large-size phase separation morphology of MD/PAblend, which results from the high crystallinity of molecular donors. In this article, to suppress the crystallinity of molecular donors, we use ternary blends to develop OSCs based on one polymer acceptor(P-BNBP-f BT) and two molecular donors(DR3 TBDTT and BTR) with similar chemical structures.The ternary OSC exhibits a power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 4.85%, which is higher than those of the binary OSCs(PCE=3.60% or 3.86%). To our best knowledge, it is the first report of ternary MD/PA-type OSCs and this PCE is among the highest for MD/PA-type OSCs reported so far. Compared with the binary blends, the ternary blend exhibits decreased crystalline size and improved face-on orientation of the donors. As a result, the ternary blend exhibits improved and balanced charge mobilities, suppressed charge recombination and increased donor/acceptor interfacial areas, which leads to the higher shortcircuit current density. These results suggest that using ternary blend is an effective strategy to manipulate active layer morphology and enhance photovoltaic performance of MD/PA-type OSCs.     

Increasing Electron‐Transfer Rates with Increasing Donor–Acceptor Distance

Electron transfer can readily occur over long (≥15 Å) distances. Usually reaction rates decrease with increasing distance between donors and acceptors, but theory predicts a regime in which electron‐transfer rates increase with increasing donor–acceptor separation. This counter‐intuitive behavior can result from the interplay of reorganization energy and electronic coupling, but until now experimental studies have failed to provide unambiguous evidence for this effect. We report here on a homologous series of rigid rodlike donor‐bridge‐acceptor compounds in which the electron‐transfer rate increases by a factor of 8 when the donor–acceptor distance is extended from 22.0 to 30.6 Å, and then it decreases by a factor of 188 when the distance is increased further to 39.2 Å. This effect has important implications for solar energy conversion.     

Two-photon Pumped Up-conversion Lasing Properties of A Series of Organic Salts with Different Side-chains

Two-photon processes, perceived until recently to be of only academic interest, are now receiving a great deal of interest for their many potential technological applications1-3, This area offers numerous opportunities both for fundamental research and for new application development. From the fundamental research point of view, there are numerous challenges for computational and synthetic chemists. In exploring strong TPA (two-photon absorption) compounds, Albota et al. have focused on symm…     

Charge transfer and van der Waals states of jet-cooled dialkylaniline complexes with anthracene

We report here a study of the influence of a physical parameter (i.e. the ionization energy of different donor aromatic molecules) on the spectroscopic and dynamic properties of a series of molecular complexes A-D (A acceptor, D donor) where A is the anthracene molecule and D is one of the following dialkylanilines: dimethyl, diethyl, dipropyl or dibutyl. All complexes exhibit the same spectroscopic behavior already observed for dimethylaniline and diethylaniline cases and tentatively explained by the existence of two isomeric forms for each complex. Decay times and the broad band maximum frequency shifts for the exciplex-like emission type are experiencing a continuous variation in agreement with the change of the ionization energy of the donors. This is confirmed by calculations done using a very simple model based on the interactions between the diabatic A*D and A⁻D⁺ states of the complexes. This agreement is in favor of the initial assumption, that most physical parameters (complexation geometry, coupling between the diabatic states) are only weakly perturbed when changing the donor molecule and this despite an expected increased steric hindrance.     

Diarylindenotetracenes via a selective cross-coupling/C-H functionalization: electron donors for organic photovoltaic cells

A direct synthesis of new donor materials for organic photovoltaic cells is reported. Diaryindenotetracenes were synthesized utilizing a Kumada-Tamao-Corriu cross-coupling of peri-substituted tetrachlorotetracene with spontaneous indene annulation via C-H activation. Vacuum deposited planar heterojunction organic photovoltaic cells incorporating these molecules as electron donors exhibit power conversion efficiencies exceeding 1.5% with open-circuit voltages ranging from 0.7 to 1.1 V when coupled with C(60) as an electron acceptor.     

Metallophilic interactions in closed-shell d10 metal-metal dicyanide bonded luminescent systems Eu[Ag(x)Au(1-x)(CN)2]3 and their tunability for excited state energy transfer

We report on the heterobimetallic system, Eu[Ag(x)Au(1-x)(CN)(2)](3) (x = 0-1) in which sensitization of europium luminescence occurs by energy transfer from [Ag(x)Au(1-x)(CN)(2)](-) donor excited states. The donor states have energies which are tunable and dependent on the Ag/Au stoichiometric ratio. These layered systems exhibit interesting properties, one of which is their emission energy tunability when excited at different excitation wavelengths. In this paper, we report on their use as donor systems with Eu(III) ions as acceptor ions in energy transfer studies. Luminescence results show that the mixed metal dicyanides with the higher silver loading have a better energy transfer efficiency than the pure Ag(CN)(2)(-) and Au(CN)(2)(-) donors. The better energy transfer efficiency is due to the greater overlap between the donor emission and acceptor excitation. Additionally, more acceptor states are available in the high silver loading mixed metal Eu(III) complexes. The results from a crystal structure determination and Raman experiments are also presented in this paper and provide information about metallophilic interactions in the closed-shell d(10) metal-metal [Ag(x)Au(1-x)(CN(2)](-) dicyanide clusters.