活性碳纳米管的制备及其在有机电解液中的电容性能研究

以KOH为活化剂对碳纳米管进行化学活化制备双电层电容器用高比表面积活性碳纳米管. 采用TEM和N₂吸附法表征活性碳纳米管的结构, 采用恒流充放电、循环伏安、交流阻抗等评价其在1 mol•L^－1 Et₄NBF₄/PC中的电容性能. 随活化剂用量增大、活化温度升高和活化时间的延长, 活性碳纳米管的比表面积和比电容都呈增大的趋势. 活化剂用量为3∶1, 800 ℃活化4 h制备的活性碳纳米管的比表面积663 m²•g^－1, 比活化前提高了3倍, 其比电容达57.2 F• g^－1, 比活化前提高了2倍. 将活性碳纳米管的比电容与其比表面积相关联, 发现两者之间具有非常好的线性关系, 并分析了原因.     

碳纳米管的活化处理及对其电化学容量影响的研究

采用KOH为活性剂,对碳纳米管进行活化处理,经透射电子显微镜和高分辨透射电子显微镜从不同角度观察,发现得到了两端开口,管长较短,管壁粗糙的活性碳纳米管．用氮气自动吸附仪测试了活化前后两种碳纳米管的比表面积,发现活性碳纳米管具有比活化前碳纳米管更高的有效比表面积,将这两种碳纳米管分别作为电极材料应用于电化学超级电容器,经测试,发现活化后的碳纳米管的电化学容量大大提高,在有机电解液中达到了50F／g．     

炭化温度对烟杆基活性炭孔结构及电化学性能的影响研究

以烟杆为原料, 氢氧化钾为活化剂, 通过调节炭化温度(500～800 ℃温度范围)在相同活化条件下制备了具有不同孔隙结构的活性炭材料. N₂吸附测试表明随着炭化温度降低, 活性炭的比表面积和总孔容先增大后减小, 中孔比表面积和平均孔径却一直增大. 其中600 ℃炭化样品经KOH活化后可制得比表面积为3333 m²•g^－1, 总孔容为2.47 cm³• g^－1, 中孔孔容达2.11 cm³•g^－1的高中孔率高比表面积活性炭材料. 采用直流充放电法、交流阻抗法和循环伏安法测定上述多孔炭为电极材料的双电层电容器的电化学性能, 结果表明: 炭化温度不同的烟杆基活性炭电极均表现出良好的功率特性, 充放电流增大50倍, 容量保持率均在80%左右, 其中TS-AC-600活性炭电极在有机电解液中1 mA•cm^－2充放电时, 比电容达到190 F•g^－1. 较高的中孔率和较大的平均孔径使得烟杆基活性炭电极具有良好的高倍率充放电性能.     

热处理对线团状二氧化锰结构及其电化学性质的影响

以氯化锰与高锰酸钾为原料, 在低浓度下大数量合成由无数片状纳米层组成的线团状二氧化锰粒子. 采用X衍射, 扫描电镜, 液氮等温吸附脱附、循环伏安、交流阻抗及恒流充放电等方法研究了温度对产物结构及电化学性质的影响. 结果表明处理温度升高, 微孔减少, 比表面积减小, 孔径变大, 在300 ℃以下二氧化锰粒子的结构保持无定型结构. 交流阻抗测试显示随着处理温度的升高, 样品的法拉第电荷传递能力和离子在电解液与活性材料界面的扩散能力均得到提高. 比电容测试显示在200 ℃处理的二氧化锰具有最高的比电容, 以1 mol·L^-1 Na₂SO₄为工作介质, 扫速为2 mV·s^-1时, 其比电容是210.6 F·g^-1. 该研究表明: 材料的电化学性质可以通过热处理进行调整, 适当的热处理能提高该材料作为超级电容器活性材料的性质.     

合成路径对超级电容器用二氧化锰性质的影响

研究了不同合成路径对二氧化锰结构及电化学性能的影响. 路径1为将0.15 mol/L醋酸锰溶液加入到0.1 mol/L高锰酸钾溶液中; 路径2中, 物料的加料方式与路径1相反. X射线衍射和扫描电镜测试表明合成的产物均为无定型α-MnO2, 晶粒尺寸为200～300 nm. 氮吸附曲线测试结果表明: 路径1所得的二氧化锰具有较大的比表面积(329 m2/g), 其孔径分布比较均一, 孔径6～12 nm, 孔体积较小(0.45 cm3/g); 路径2所得的二氧化锰比表面积较小(298 m2/g), 具有从微孔到大孔的连续分布孔, 平均孔径11.4 nm, 孔体积较大(0.66 cm3/g). 交流阻抗和循环伏安电化学测试结果显示: 路径2所得样品具有较大的法拉第阻抗, 在较低扫描速度下(2 mV•s－1), 其比电容(203 F•g－1)比路径1所得MnO2高(189 F•g－1), 路径1所得二氧化锰的比电容随扫描速度变化的趋势较小. 恒流充放电测试显示路径1合成的二氧化锰具有较好的功率特性. 在2 A•g－1的电流密度下, 其比容量为0.1 A•g－1电流密度下的96.3%, 而路径1的样品的容量保持率为92.5%. 造成上述结果差异的原因是由于不同合成路径导致二氧化锰存在不同的孔结构特征所致.     

碳纳米管微结构的改变对其容量性能的影响

以KOH为活性剂，通过在高温下将碳纳米管进行活化处理来实现对碳纳米管管壁结构的改变，得到了比表面积和孔容分别是活化处理前约3倍和1.5倍的活性碳纳米管.将活化处理前后两种碳纳米管分别制作成电化学超级电容器电极，在充满氩气的无水手套箱组装成模拟电化学超级电容器，在恒流充放电模式下进行电化学可逆容量的测试，发现活性碳纳米管的电化学容量远高于活化前碳纳米管，是它的2倍.从而发现碳纳米管被打断，管壁变粗糙的活性碳纳米管比一般碳纳米管更适合用于电化学超级电容器电极材料.     

镁离子电池正极材料Mg1.2Mn1.8O4的电化学性能研究

用髙温固相合成方法,合成了具有尖晶石结构的Mg_1.2Mn_1.8O₄材料,并用X射线衍射(XRD)实验和扫描电镜(SEM)实验对产物进行了研究,利用充放电和交流阻抗实验,研究了Mg_1.2Mn_1.8O₄在非水有机电解液中脱嵌镁离子的性能.通过交流阻抗研究发现,镁离子嵌入的电化学过程为混合控制.     

α-MnO2微球的制备及其电化学电容性质

以Ag片作催化剂在室温下制备了具有较高比表面积(177m2/g)的电化学电容器材料MnO2。XRD测试和SEM分析表明,所制备的MnO2为纳米纤维组成的仙人球状微球结构的α-MnO2。交流阻抗、循环伏安、恒流充放电和循环寿命等电化学测试均表明,所合成的α-MnO2微球在1mol/LNa2SO4水溶液中具有良好的电化学电容性能,单电极比电容可达187.1F/g,经1000次循环后电极容量仍保持在90%以上。     

Li10GeP2S12固态电解质电极界面特性研究

采用高温固相法合成了固态电解质Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂,其室温离子电导率为2.02×10^-3 S/cm,并组装了LiNbO₃@LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂/Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂/Li全固态电池.恒流充放电测试表明全固态电池首次放电容量121.2 mAh/g,库伦效率40周后稳定在99.8%左右,循环100周后容量保持率达93.7%.电化学阻抗谱的测试结果表明,其典型的阻抗谱图由高频区半圆（HFS）、中频区半圆（MFS）和低频区斜线（LFL）组成,其中,HFS归属于电解质阻抗（R_el//Q_el）,MFS归属于电荷传递过程（R_ct//Q_dl）,LFL归属于锂离子的固态扩散过程.通过选取适当的等效电路,对实验所得的电化学阻抗谱数据进行拟合,并分析了R_el和R_ct随电极电位的变化规律.     

碳纳米管网/聚苯胺复合材料的制备及电化学储能性能

分别采用粉末碳纳米管(CNT)和带连接点的碳纳米管网(CNTN)为模板,通过与聚苯胺(PANI)有限域聚合得到了CNT/PANI和CNTN/PANI 2种复合材料.采用透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对材料的形貌进行了表征,采用氮气吸附-脱附分析研究了材料的孔结构参数,运用双电四探针测试仪对材料的导电性能进行了测试,利用恒流充放电、循环伏安、循环寿命及交流阻抗等电化学测试手段表征了材料的电化学储能性能.结果表明,CNTN/PANI复合材料比CNT/PANI复合材料表现出更好的导电性能和电化学储能性能,其放电比容量可达到143.2 F/g(有机电解液).     

Chemical activation of carbon mesophase pitches

This paper studies the chemical activation of mesophase pitches of different origins in order to obtain activated carbons suitable for use as electrodes in supercapacitors. The effect that the activating agent (NaOH, LiOH, and KOH), the alkaline hydroxide/pitch ratio, and the activation temperature had on the characteristics of the resultant activated carbons was studied. LiOH was found to be a noneffective activating agent, while activation with NaOH and KOH yielded activated carbons with high apparent surface areas and pore volumes. The increase of the KOH/pitch ratio caused an increase of the chemical attack on the carbon, producing higher burnoffs and development of porosity. Extremely high apparent surface areas were obtained when the petroleum pitch was activated with 5:1 KOH/carbon ratio. The increase of the activation temperature caused an increase of the burnoff, although the differences were not as significant as those derived from the use of different proportions of activating agent.     

Mesopore control of high surface area NaOH-activated carbon

Activated carbon with BET surface areas in a narrow range from 2318 to 2474 m2/g was made by soaking the char made from corncob in a concentrated NaOH solution at NaOH/char ratios from 3 to 6; the mesopore volumes of the activated carbon were significantly changed from 21 to 58%. The relationships between pore properties (Sp, Vpore, Vmicro/Vpore, Dp) and NaOH dosage were investigated. Comparisons between the methods of NaOH and KOH activation revealed that NaOH activation can suitably control the mesopore specific volume of the activated carbon. Elemental analysis revealed that the H/C and O/C values of the activated carbons of NaOH/char ratios from 3 to 6 were significantly lower. SEM observation of surface hole variation of the activated carbon ascertained that the reaction process was inner pore etching. Based on the above three measurements and experimental investigations, the assumption made by previous researchers, namely that NaOH and KOH produce similar results, was challenged. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics was used to investigate the adsorption rate of an Elovich equation to determine the relationships between the adsorption behavior on larger molecules (dyes) and smaller molecules (phenols) and the pore structure of the activated carbon.     

单斜层状LiMn0.97Al0.03O2-x(PO4)x材料的合成及其电化学性能

以Na₂CO₃, (CH₃CO₂)₂Mn·4H₂O, Al₂O₃, Na₃PO₄·12H₂O和CH₃COOLi·2H₂O为原料, 通过2次高温固相法和一步水热离子交换法得到一系列铝和磷掺杂的LiMn_0.97Al_0.03O₂, LiMnO_1.99(PO₄)_0.01和LiMn_0.97Al_0.03O_2-x(PO₄)_x(x=0.01, 0.03, 0.05)化合物. 用X射线衍射(XRD)表征了前驱体及交换产物的晶体结构, 用扫描电镜(SEM) 测定了晶体的形貌. 通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶红外光谱及恒电流充放电测试, 研究了掺杂离子对合成材料结构及电化学性能的影响. 研究结果表明, Al-PO₄复合掺杂综合了Al³⁺掺杂提高材料的电化学反应活性和减低材料的电化学反应阻抗以及PO₄^3-掺杂增大材料的晶胞体积的特点, 提高材料中Li⁺的扩散能力, 有效地抑制了材料由于Jahn-Teller效应引起的结构畸变, 改性后的LiMnO₂正极材料既保持了较高的容量又获得了良好的电化学循环性能.     

由微孔棒状羟基磷灰石为模板合成的新型层次孔炭材料的电化学电容性能

电化学电容器已经成为极具潜力的可满足高功率需求的储能系统器件. 多孔炭具有大比表面积、高导电性、化学惰性、廉价及可调孔结构等优势, 因此成为电化学电容器最为常用的电极材料. 本文报道由微孔棒状羟基磷灰石为模板及蔗糖为碳源合成的新型具有层次孔道结构的孔炭材料的电化学电容器的性能. 采用X射线衍射分析仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱及BET表面分析仪表征了合成的多孔炭的形貌及表面特性. 采用循环伏安法、交流阻抗图谱分析及恒流充放电评价多孔炭材料在1 mol·L^-1硫酸中的电化学电容性能. 多孔炭具有高的比表面积(719.7 m²·g^-1)和大的孔容(1.32 cm³·g^-1), 其无序的孔道由任意分布的微孔、坍塌的中孔及类模板形状的相互交织的棒状中孔组成. 随着炭化温度的增加, 微孔及棒状中孔的密度随之降低, 在炭化温度高达900℃时, 孔径分布图上出现了三个峰. 正是由于这些特殊的结构特征, 由900℃炭化得到的多孔炭制成的电极展示出很好的电化学电容性能.     

酚醛基活性炭纤维孔结构及其电化学性能研究

利用水蒸汽活化法制备了酚醛基活性炭纤维(ACF-H2O), 对其比表面积、孔结构与在LiClO4/PC(聚碳酸丙烯酯)有机电解液中的电容性能之间的关系进行了探讨. 用N2(77 K)吸附法测定活性炭纤维的孔结构和比表面积, 用恒流充放电法和交流阻抗技术测量双电层电容器(EDLC)的电容量及内部阻抗. 研究表明, 在LiClO4/PC有机电解液中, ACF-H2O电极的可用孔径(d)应在0.7 nm以上. 随着活化时间的延长, ACF-H2O的孔容和比表面不断增大, 但微孔(0.7 nm ＜ d ＜ 2.0 nm)和中孔(d ＞ 2.0 nm)率变化很小, 活化过程中孔的延伸和拓宽同步进行, 但过度活化则造成孔壁塌陷, 孔容和比表面迅速下降. 因此, 除活化过度的样品外, 电容量随比表面积呈线性增长, 最高达到109. 6 F•g-1. 但中孔和微孔的孔表面对电容的贡献不同, 其单位面积电容分别为8.44 μF•cm-2和4.29 μF•cm-2, 中孔具有更高的表面利用率. ACF-H2O电极的电容量、阻抗特性和孔结构密切相关. 随着孔径的增大, 时间常数减小, 电解液离子更易于向孔内快速迁移, 阻抗降低, 电极具有更好的充放电倍率特性. 因此, 提高孔径和比表面积, 减少超微孔(d ＜ 0.7 nm), 是提高 EDLC能量密度和功率密度的重要途径. 然而仅采用水蒸汽活化, 只能在小中孔以下的孔径范围内进行调孔, ACF-H2O电极电容性能的提高受限.     

活性炭二次活化对其电化学容量的影响

为进一步提高作为电化学超级电容器电极材料活性炭的电化学容量, 采用KOH作为二次活性剂, 将所得活性炭进行二次化学活化处理, 从而得到二次活化活性炭. 将原始活性炭材料与二次活化活性炭材料都分别经过系列处理, 组装成电化学超级电容器进行电化学性能测试. 测试结果表明, 二次活化活性炭材料的电化学容量达到145.0 F·g-1(有机电解液), 远远大于原活性炭材料的容量(45.0 F·g-1). 为研究二次活化活性炭材料电化学容量大幅提高的原因, 将这两种材料分别进行微观结构数据测试, 包括比表面积、N2吸脱附等温曲线和孔径分布. 研究结果表明, 二次活化处理大大增加了二次活化活性炭材料在孔径为2-3 nm的中孔分布, 从而证实对于有机电解液, 电极材料在2-3 nm的中孔对其电化学容量的提高具有重要意义.     

The effect of chemical activation method on properties of activated carbons obtained from pine cones

A method for obtaining carbonaceous adsorbents from pine cones by chemical activation with NaOH is described. Activated carbons were obtained by two methods of activation (physical mixing and impregnation) and two variants of thermal treatment. It has been shown that pine cones can be successfully used as cheap precursor of carbonaceous adsorbents of well-developed surface area, large pore volume and good sorption properties. All activated carbon samples obtained show strongly microporous structure and surface of acidic character. The best physicochemical properties and greatest sorption capacity towards iodine were found for the carbon samples obtained by physical mixing of the precursor with the activating agent and then subjected to thermal activation at 600°C.     

A microscopic view of physical and chemical activation in the synthesis of porous carbons

The nanostructure and porosity of activated carbon fibers (ACFs) prepared by physical activation with CO2 and by chemical activation with H3PO4 of the highly ordered polymer poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) have been investigated and compared by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and gas adsorption measurements. In general terms, both types of activation led to porous carbons with similar nanometer-scale structure, which consisted of relatively ordered and homogeneous arrays of platelets below 10-nm wide, the porous structure being mainly comprised by the network of narrow trenches present between neighboring platelets. This similarity was attributed to the influence of the crystalline structure of the polymeric precursor, which should favor a homogeneous, uniform transformation of the polymer into the final carbon material. Such influence was only lost in chemical activation with the use of very large amounts of activating agent. A comparison of samples before and after physical activation allowed a direct identification of the local areas where gasification (activation) took place. For chemical activation, the STM measurements suggested that porosity was developed at a lower temperature than the highly cross-linked nanographitic structure of the final ACF. This result was discussed in terms of the thermal transformation mechanism of the precursor polymer into a carbonaceous solid in the presence of H3PO4.     

Adsorption of NH3 onto activated carbon prepared from palm shells impregnated with H2SO4

Adsorption of ammonia (NH3) onto activated carbons prepared from palm shells impregnated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was investigated. The effects of activation temperature and acid concentration on pore surface area development were studied. The relatively large micropore surface areas of the palm-shell activated carbons prepared by H2SO4 activation suggest their potential applications in gas adsorption. Adsorption experiments at a fixed temperature showed that the amounts of NH3 adsorbed onto the chemically activated carbons, unlike those prepared by CO2 thermal activation, were not solely dependent on the specific pore surface areas of the adsorbents. Further adsorption tests for a wide range of temperatures suggested combined physisorption and chemisorption of NH3. Desorption tests at the same temperature as adsorption and at an elevated temperature were carried out to confirm the occurrence of chemisorption due to the interaction between NH3 and some oxygen functional groups via hydrogen bonding. The surface functional groups on the adsorbent surface were detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The amounts of NH3 adsorbed by chemisorption were correlated with the contents of elemental oxygen present in the adsorbents. Mechanisms for chemical activation and adsorption processes are proposed based on the observed phenomena.     

含磷活性炭作为双电层电容器电极材料的电化学性能

采用磷酸活化和磷酸改性制备了不同种类的含磷活性炭,采用元素分析、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和氮气吸附等手段分析了活性炭的元素含量、表面化学性质和孔隙结构,采用恒电流充放电、循环伏安和交流阻抗分别考察了活性炭在KOH和H₂SO₄电解质溶液中作为超级电容器电极材料的电化学性能,采用自由截距多元线性回归拟合统计分析研究了活性炭电极比电容量的影响因素,应用三电极体系分析了磷元素对活性炭电化学性能的影响机理。研究结果表明,活性炭掺杂的磷引入了赝电容,提高了活性炭电极的比电容量,磷元素含量为5.88%(w)的活性炭的比电容量在0.1 A·g^-1下达到185 F·g^-1。统计分析结果显示,活性炭的中孔有利于电解质离子向微孔内的扩散。在6 mol·L^-1 KOH电解质溶液中,孔径在1.10-1.61 nm、2.12-2.43nm及3.94-4.37 nm范围内是电解质离子在活性炭孔隙内部形成双电层的主要场所;在1 mol·L^-1 H₂SO₄电解质溶液中,孔径在0.67-0.72 nm范围内有利于双电层电容的形成。