低表面能涂层厚度对降噪效果的影响

铝合金模型表面涂上一定厚度的低表面能涂层，在水筒中采用相对比较法进行模型内噪声测量，考察涂层厚度对降噪效果的影响．得出低表面能降噪涂层的厚度在１００μｍ～２００μｍ时，有很好的降噪效果．     

四种陶瓷材料与SUS304不锈钢的高温摩擦学特性研究

为了探索陶瓷与金属组合作为高温润滑材料的可能性，利用端面摩擦磨损试验机测定了４种陶瓷ＳｉＣ、Ｓｉ３Ｎ４、Ａｌ２Ｏ３和ＺｒＯ２与ＳＵＳ３０４不锈钢在室温至５００℃下的摩擦学性能．摩擦试验结果表明，ＳｉＣ、Ｓｉ３Ｎ４和Ａｌ２Ｏ３在低于２００℃时的摩擦系数稳定且都低于０．２，但在２００℃以上时的摩擦性能却都不稳定，摩擦系数在０．２－０．４之间；ＺｒＯ２在２００℃以下时的摩擦性能不稳定，而在２００℃以上时的摩擦系数低于６．２且较稳定。磨损试验结果表明，在４种陶瓷中ＺｒＯ２的磨损率最低［－２．６０×１０－９ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］，ＳｉＣ和Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的磨损率居中［分别为１．８０×１０－６ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）和４．４０×１０－６ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］，Ａｌ２Ｏ３的磨损率最高［３．６４×１０－５ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］；分别与这４种陶瓷对磨的不锈钢的磨损率都高［１．４０×１０－５－４．５２×１０－５ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］．     

等离子体源离子渗氮1Cr18n19Ti奥氏体不锈钢磨损特性的试验研究

用等离子体源离子渗氮，即低能（１－３ｋｅＶ）、超大剂量（１０＾１９－１０＾２０ｉｏｎｓ／ｃｍ＾２量级）Ｎ＾＋注入－同步扩散改性技术，在２８０℃和３８０℃下处理１ｃＲ９Ｔｉ奥氏全不锈钢，获得了最大深度分别为１．６μｍ和１０．６μｍ，固溶Ｎ的最高原子浓度均约为２５％的Ｎ过饱和面心立方相（γＮ）改性层。销－盘磨损试验表明：在２ｍ／ｓ和较宽负荷范围（等效正应力０．２－２．８ＭＰａ）条件下，高硬主（ＨＫ０．     

等离子体源离子渗氮 1Cr18Ni9Ti 奥氏体不锈钢磨损特性的试验研究

用等离子体源离子渗氮，即低能（１～３ｋｅＶ）、超大剂量（１０１９～１０２０ｉｏｎｓ／ｃｍ２量级）Ｎ＋注入－同步扩散改性技术，在２８０℃和３８０℃下处理１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ奥氏体不锈钢，获得了最大深度分别为１．６μｍ和１０．６μｍ，固溶Ｎ的最高原子浓度均约为２５％的Ｎ过饱和面心立方相（γＮ）改性层．销－盘磨损试验表明：在２ｍ／ｓ和较宽负荷范围（等效正应力０．２～２．８ＭＰａ）条件下，高硬度（ＨＫ０．１Ｎ２２００）的γＮ相改性层具有较高的承载能力和较长的耐磨寿命．高度过饱和Ｎ在母相奥氏体中的固溶强化作用，是使等离子体源离子渗氮奥氏体不锈钢耐磨性提高的主要原因．     

输沙量（率）水平分布的非均一性

实验表明：输沙率沿风洞实验段横截面的水平分布具有明显的非均一性。其正负距平变幅可达平均值的４５－６０％。输沙率与有效起沙风成正比关系，其实验式为ｑ＝８．９５×１０（－１）（ＶＬ－Ｖｔ）（１．９）（ｇ／ｃｍ·ｍｉｎ），Ｖｔ＝５．０ｍ／ｓ。与Ｂａｇｎｏｌｄ，ＲＡ理论公式ｑ＝８．７０×１０（－２）（Ｖ－Ｖｔ）３相比（Ｖｔ＝４．０ｍ／ｓ），前者计算结果更接近室内外实测值。     

载气对气相沉积BN膜的形成及摩擦学性能的影响研究

以Ａｒ＋１０％Ｈ２（体积分数）Ｈ２及Ｎ２为载气,采用射频ＰＣＶＤ技术在４０Ｃｒ钢表面制备了ＢＮ膜,对沉积ＢＮ膜进行了ＦＴＩＲ,ＴＥＭ和ＳＥＭ等分析,并对不同载气下膜与基体的结合力,膜层残余应力,硬度及耐磨性进行了比较,结果表明,ＢＮ膜中,ｃ－ＢＮ含量分别为５８．１％,２７．７％和２７．４％,膜厚分别为４．６μｍ,２．０μｍ和３．３μｍ。     

水动力试验和流噪声测试

在模型表面上涂敷低表面能涂层会降低航行体阻力和噪声．因此，对水筒中流噪声的测量数据重复性、误差和数据的可信度等，必须有正确的测量和分析方法．在相同时期内，用相对比较法，从模型内测量同一模型的流噪声，其测量数据的重复性好，误差小于２ｄＢ．在８ｋＨｚ４０ｋＨｚ频率范围内，水筒中环境所造成的背景噪声小，这时信噪比大，噪声的测量能较好地反映出涂层的降噪效果．而低频时≤５ｋＨｚ，循环系统引起较高的背景噪声，可能会掩盖涂层的降噪效果．但低频时，相对比较法中，噪声的降低确是涂层引起的结果．     

小问题

３１３．如图１所示，３个相同的均质圆柱，重量为Ｑ，半径ｒ＝１０ｃｍ，搁置在水平倾角均为α的对称夹板ＯＡ，ＯＢ上，且ＯＡ＝ＯＢ＝１００ｃｍ，各接触处摩擦系数均为μ＝３／３，圆心Ｏ１，Ｏ２连线水平，α＝６０°，若不计夹板自重，试求维持系统平衡时，作用在板...     

几种等离子喷涂陶瓷涂层之固体粒子冲蚀磨损的特性与数学模型

研究了几种等离子喷涂陶瓷（Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３、Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３－ＴｉＯ＿２、Ｃｒ＿２Ｏ＿３和ＺｒＯ＿２）涂层的固体粒子冲蚀磨损特性及其冲蚀磨损机理，同时根据冲蚀磨损表面形貌特征的扫描电子显微镜观察，并且从准静态压印断裂分析入手，提出了这类陶瓷涂层在固体粒子于较低速度和较小角度冲击下的冲蚀磨损数学模型（试验选用的粒子冲击速度有３０ｍ／ｓ和７０ｍ／ｓ的两种，冲击角度为３０°）．研究结果表明，固体粒子冲击压印断裂－层状剥落是这类陶瓷涂层的主要冲蚀磨损机理。根据所提出的模型得到涂层的体积冲蚀磨损率Ｅｖ与其硬度ＨＶ呈反比关系（即Ｅｖ∝ＨＶ－１），这与试验结果相符；由该模型推导出涂层的Ｅｖ之速度指数ｎ＝２．１，这与试验结果基本相符。按照这种模型，对于固体粒子以较低速度和较小角度冲击的情况，高硬度的陶瓷涂层具有较高的冲蚀磨损抗力；通过改善陶瓷涂层的断裂韧性，可以有效地提高其在正向冲击时的冲蚀磨损抗力。     

平行运动的粗糙表面润滑承载性能研究

分析了微米级润滑膜条件下,光滑表面在静止粗糙表面上平行运动时的润滑状态及其承载机制,利用Reynolds流体润滑方程分析粗糙度对油膜压力、载荷及摩擦系数的影响,采用有限差分法计算在正弦和随机粗糙峰条件下油膜的压力分布曲面图,通过改变正弦粗糙度的峰高和波长分析油膜承载能力和摩擦系数随粗糙度变化的规律,同时分析了最小油膜厚度对润滑状态的影响.结果表明:两光滑平行运动的平面无法承载,而粗糙表面微粗糙峰的收敛楔形部分可以形成流体动压润滑膜并承受一定载荷;在给定最小油膜厚度的条件下,随着正弦波峰值增加,承载能力达到最大值后缓慢降低,摩擦系数达到最小值后缓慢增大;除了粗糙峰波长很小时摩擦系数很大以外,波长对摩擦系数的影响很小,而承载能力随波长以二次曲线变化并出现最大值;在给定粗糙度幅值条件下,当最小膜厚在1～100 μm时,随着最小油膜厚度的增加,承载能力减小,摩擦系数逐渐增大.     

涂层低表面能各分量降低流体噪声的试验研究

水下航行在高速运动时,由于物体和流体的相互作用、边界层中产生了速度和压力脉动鸸 流体噪声。针对低表面能涂层改变流体边支的状态,考察了其在水洞中的降噪效果。涂层表面具有很好的疏水性和低的表面能色散分量与水相互作用力分量,使边界是层增厚,降低由于壁面与流体界面的作用所产生的偶极子声源,从而达到降人氏流体噪声的效果。     

Supersonic boundary layer transition induced by roughness on the attachment line of a yawed cylinder

The effect of a single two-dimensional irregularity and sandy roughness on boundary layer transition in supersonic flow over a yawed cylinder (M = 6)-has been experimentally investigated. The characteristic flow regimes beyond the roughness are identified, and their limits are determined as a function of the Reynolds number and the ratio of the height of the roughness to the characteristic thickness of the boundary layer. A qualitative comparison is made with the flow regimes induced by roughness on the attachment line in incompressible flow over a cylinder [1–3]. The thermal indicator coating method is used to measure the heat fluxes along the attachment line and a comparison is made with calculations carried out in accordance with the methods of other authors.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 28–35, November–December, 1991.The authors are grateful to A. F. Kiselev for helping to calculate the heat flux in the turbulent boundary layer.     

Polymer drag reduction with surface roughness in flat-plate turbulent boundary layer flow

Experimental results from a study of surface roughness effects on polymer drag reduction in a zero-pressure gradient flat-plate turbulent boundary layer are presented. Both slot-injected polymer and homogeneous polymer ocean cases were considered over a range of flow conditions and surface roughness. Balance measurements of skin friction drag reduction are presented. Drag reductions over 60% were measured for both the injected and homogeneous polymer cases even with fully rough surfaces. As the roughness increased, higher polymer concentration was required to achieve a given level of drag reduction for the homogeneous case. With polymer injection, increasing surface roughness caused the drag reduction to decrease to low levels more quickly when the polymer expenditure was decreased or the freestream velocity was increased. However, the percent drag reductions on the rough surfaces with polymer injection were often substantially larger than on the smooth surface. Remarkably, in some cases, the skin friction drag force on a rough surface with polymer injection was less than the drag force observed on a smooth surface at comparable conditions. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Turbulent Drag Reduction by Uniform Blowing Over a Two-dimensional Roughness

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent channel flow over a two-dimensional irregular rough wall with uniform blowing (UB) was performed. The main objective is to investigate the drag reduction effectiveness of UB on a rough-wall turbulent boundary layer toward its practical application. The DNS was performed under a constant flow rate at the bulk Reynolds number values of 5600 and 14000, which correspond to the friction Reynolds numbers of about 180 and 400 in the smooth-wall case, respectively. Based upon the decomposition of drag into the friction and pressure contributions, the present flow is considered to belong to the transitionally-rough regime. Unlike recent experimental results, it turns out that the drag reduction effect of UB on the present two-dimensional rough wall is similar to that for a smooth wall. The friction drag is reduced similarly to the smooth-wall case by the displacement of the mean velocity profile. Besides, the pressure drag, which does not exist in the smooth-wall case, is also reduced; namely, UB makes the rough wall aerodynamically smoother. Examination of turbulence statistics suggests that the effects of roughness and UB are relatively independent to each other in the outer layer, which suggests that Stevenson’s formula can be modified so as to account for the roughness effect by simply adding the roughness function term.     

The effects of surface roughness geometry of flow undergoing Poiseuille flow by molecular dynamics simulation

Numerical simulation of Poiseuille flow of liquid Argon in a rough nano-channel using the non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation is performed. Density and velocity profiles across the channel are investigated in which roughness is implemented only on the lower wall. The Lennard–Jones potential is used to model the interactions between all particles. The effects of surface roughness geometry, gap between roughness elements (or roughness periodicity), surface roughness height and surface attraction energy on the behavior of the flow undergoing Poiseuille flow are presented. Results show that surface shape and roughness height have a decisive role on the flow behaviors. In fact, by increasing the roughness ratio (height to base ratio), the slip velocity and the maximum velocity in the channel cross section are reduced, and the density fluctuations near the wall increases. Results also show that the maximum density near the wall for a rough surface is less than a smooth wall. Moreover, the simulation results show that the effect of triangle roughness surface on the flow behavior is more than the cylindrical ones.     

A multi-scale constitutive model for the sintering of an air-plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating, and its response under hot isostatic pressing

A micromechanical model is developed for the sintering of an air-plasma-sprayed, thermal barrier coating, and is used to make predictions of microstructure evolution under free sintering and under hot isostatic pressing. It is assumed that the splats of the coating are separated by penny-shaped cracks; the faces of these cracks progressively sinter together at contacting asperities, initially by the mechanism of plastic yield and subsequently by interfacial diffusion. Diffusion is driven by the reduction in interfacial energy at the developing contacts of the cracks and also by the local contact stress at asperities. The contact stress arises from the remote applied stress and from mechanical wedging of the rough crack surfaces. Sintering of the cracks leads to an elevation in both the macroscopic Young's modulus and thermal conductivity of the coating, and thereby leads to a degradation in thermal performance and durability. An assessment is made of the relative roles of surface energy, applied stress and crack face roughness upon the sintering response and upon the evolution of the pertinent mechanical and physical properties. The evolution in microstructure is predicted for free sintering and for hot isostatic pressing in order to provide guidance for experimental validation of the micromechanical model.     

Drag reduction of a 3D bluff body using coherent streamwise streaks

Separation on the rear-end of an Ahmed body is suppressed by means of large-scale coherent streaks forced on the roof of the model. These streaks originate from an array of suitably shaped cylindrical roughness elements and are amplified by the mean shear through the lift-up effect. Interacting with the mean velocity field at leading order, they induce a strong controlled spanwise modulation. The resulting streaky base flow is observed to sustain the adverse pressure gradient since PIV measurements as well as static wall pressure distributions show that the re-circulation bubble completely vanishes. These modifications of the topology of the flow are associated with a substantial drag reduction, which can be of about 10% when the roughness array is optimally placed on the roof of the bluff body.     

Görtler vortices promoted by wall roughness

Numerical experiments are conducted to investigate spatially developing Görtler vortices and the way in which wall roughness promotes their formation and growth. Several different types of walls are examined and their relative merits as vortex promoters assessed. The only disturbances of the flow are due to the rough wall; hence, at each downstream station the local field feels (1) the upstream flow distribution (produced by the upstream wall conditions) and (2) the local forcing at the wall. Rapid vortex formation and growth, like in the case of ribleted walls, can be qualitatively explained by the positive combination of these two effects; when the two influences on the local flow field compete, e.g. for randomly distributed wall roughness, the equations with the boundary conditions filter the disturbances over some streamwise length, function of the roughness amplitude, to create coherent patches of vorticity out of the random noise. These patches can then be amplified by the instability mechanism. If a thin rough strip is aligned along the span of an otherwise smooth wall to trip the boundary layer, the filtering region is shorter and growth of the vortices starts earlier. Also for the case of an isolated three-dimensional hump a rapid disturbance amplification is produced, but in this case the vortices remain confined and a very slow spanwise spreading of the perturbation occurs. In all naturally developing cases, where no specific wavelengths are explicity favored, the average spanwise wavelengths computed are very close to those of largest growth from the linear stability theory.     

THE SURFACE EFFECT ON THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF MICROMACHINED POLYSILICON FILMS FOR MEMS

In order to accomplish reliable mechanical design of MEMS, the influences of surface roughness and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on the mechanical properties of micromachined polysilicon films for MEMS are investigated. Surface effect on the fracture properties of micromachined polysilicon films is evaluated with a new microtensile testing method using a magnet-coil force actuator. Statistical analysis of the surface roughness effects on the tensile strength predicated the surface roughness characterization of polysilicon films being tested and the direct relation of the mechanical properties with the surface roughness features. The fracture strength decreases with the increase of the surface roughness. The octadecyltrichlorosilane self-assembled monolayers coating leads to an increase of the average fracture strength up to 32.46%. Surface roughness and the hydrophobic properties of specimen when coated with OTS films are the two main factors influencing the tensile strength of micromachined polysilicon films for MEMS.