低表面能涂层厚度对降噪效果的影响

铝合金模型表面涂上一定厚度的低表面能涂层，在水筒中采用相对比较法进行模型内噪声测量，考察涂层厚度对降噪效果的影响．得出低表面能降噪涂层的厚度在１００μｍ～２００μｍ时，有很好的降噪效果．     

涂层表面粗糙性对流体噪声的影响

在铝合金回转体表面涂上一定粗糙度的低表面能涂层，涂层表面的不平度平均高度在６．３～１０．０μｍ时，涂层模型表面为光滑水力壁，这时表面粗糙所引起的那部分流噪声可忽略不计．在光滑（Ｒｚ＝３．２～６．３μｍ）的铝合金模型表面喷涂涂层后，涂层表面较粗糙（Ｒｚ＝１０．０～２０．０μｍ）时，同样在相应的频率范围内涂层模型仍有降噪的效果，而且对不同涂层材料其表面粗糙度对流噪声的影响也不相同．     

水动力试验和流噪声测试

在模型表面上涂敷低表面能涂层会降低航行体阻力和噪声．因此，对水筒中流噪声的测量数据重复性、误差和数据的可信度等，必须有正确的测量和分析方法．在相同时期内，用相对比较法，从模型内测量同一模型的流噪声，其测量数据的重复性好，误差小于２ｄＢ．在８ｋＨｚ４０ｋＨｚ频率范围内，水筒中环境所造成的背景噪声小，这时信噪比大，噪声的测量能较好地反映出涂层的降噪效果．而低频时≤５ｋＨｚ，循环系统引起较高的背景噪声，可能会掩盖涂层的降噪效果．但低频时，相对比较法中，噪声的降低确是涂层引起的结果．     

CVD TiC—TiN复合涂层球／Pb基固体润滑盘摩擦学性能的研究

本文对球(包括CVD TiC-TiN复合涂层球和GCr15钢球)盘(包括纯Pb与Pb-Sn-Cu电刷镀层盘)滑动摩擦副进行了摩擦与磨损试验。结果表明,真空下的摩擦系数比大气下的低,涂层球的摩擦系数比钢球的低,Pb-Sn-Cu涂层盘的摩擦系数比Pb涂层盘的低。磨损表面的扫描电镜观测发现,在CVD涂层破裂区的后沿形成了固体润滑转移膜,这有助于降低摩擦和磨损。磨损表面的俄歇电子能谱分析表明,在油润滑及干摩擦下,盘的磨痕处仍有可起润滑作用的固体润滑膜存在。这种膜含有Fe元素,表明它是摩擦表面作用后产生的。     

基于虚功率原理的鲹科鱼类波状推进分析

自然界中的大多数鱼类通过波状摆动的方式实现推进,这是动态变形的鱼体和周围流体相互作用的结果,研究推进中流体对鱼体变形的响应不仅可以增强对波状推进的认识,还可以为流动控制提供依据.以鲹科模式推进的仿生二维模型为研究对象,通过数值计算获得鱼体波动产生的流场以及鱼体受到的流体力数据.基于虚功率原理,将鱼体受力分解为4部分,分别是鱼体边界变速运动的瞬时贡献、流场中流体旋转和应变速率相对大小的贡献、壁面剪切应力的类摩阻分量和壁面摩阻分量.结果表明,当鱼体波状摆动产生推力时,鱼体边界变速运动是主要的正推力来源,并且该项80%的推力贡献来源于20%的鱼尾部分的边界变速运动.鱼尾两侧边界层中的流体旋转和应变速率的相对大小和壁面摩阻对推力都是负贡献.对于低雷诺数的情况,流体旋转和应变速率的相对大小的负贡献低于壁面摩阻的负贡献,而在高雷诺数的情况下,流体旋转和应变速率的相对大小的负贡献强于壁面摩阻的负贡献.壁面类摩阻分量相对于其他3项总是较小的.结合标度律分析,在摆动推进的标度关系中,与雷诺数无关的推力部分是由边界的变速运动、流场中流体旋转和应变速率共同提供,且流体旋转和应变速率也贡献了摆动推力中与雷诺数...     

翼型空化绕流数值研究

空化是发生在流体机械上的复杂过程，理论研究遇到很大困难。本文引入合适的空化数值模型，将空腔界面近似为自由面，用界面构造精度较高的流体体积方法求解空腔位置，通过直接求解原始变量的NavuerStokes方程，数值模拟了无界域中空化在翼型上发生、发展和脱落的周期过程；并分析了空化产生对翼型表面的压力分布、翼型收到的阻力和升力的影响。结果表明，空化出现在翼型上表面；由于空化的产生，翼型表面压力分布不稳定，导致升力、阻力和流场压力出现波动，这是实际中产生噪声和损失的主要原因。     

边界膜剪切弹性模量对于微接触性能的影响

建立接触模型,理论分析了微接触中边界膜剪切弹性模量对于接触性能的影响. 接触区由两平行平面形成,属一维接触. 上接触表面为粗糙表面,具有矩形微凸体. 下接触表面为光滑平面. 两接触表面均处理成刚性表面. 微接触区中充满流体. 它分成两个子区,在微接触的出口区由于极小的接触间隙充满边界膜,在微接触的入口区由于接触间隙较大充满流体膜. 边界膜和流体膜行为决定整个微接触性能. 当膜厚较大时,这里边界膜可看成纳米级薄膜. 由于上接触表面处有限的剪应力承受能力,边界膜可于上接触表面滑移. 设下接触表面处剪应力承受能力很大而边界膜在下接触表面不滑移. 由于边界膜-接触表面间相互作用,边界膜黏度、密度和剪切弹性模量均沿膜厚变化,在理论分析中使用它们的等效值,这些值与边界膜厚度有关. 流体膜在两个接触表面均不发生滑移,分析中不考虑流体膜剪切弹性模量. 流体膜采用传统分析法. 给出了理论分析和若干变工况参数下的计算结果.      

土—水下储油罐—可压缩流体相互作用体系地震响应分析

本文主要对地基土——钢筋混凝土水下储油罐——可压缩流体相互作用体系在地震荷载作用下的地震响应进行了分析。考虑了流体可压缩性对齐水面和潜水圆柱体结构物的动水压力的影响。在数值计算中,分析了自由表面重力波及流体可压缩性及考虑流体的可压缩性与不可压缩性对相互作用体系动水压力和地震响应的影响。     

制动盘材料表面织构化处理对摩擦噪声影响的试验分析

在列车制动盘材料表面加工出径向均匀分布的具有不同宽度的沟槽,采用列车制动片为配副材料,在面-面接触模式下对其进行了销-盘式摩擦噪声试验研究,探讨织构表面对摩擦尖叫噪声特性的影响及其作用机理.结果表明:具有特定合理尺寸参数的织构表面能有效地抑制摩擦尖叫噪声.表面沟槽的存在,一方面能提高界面的排屑效率,抑制尖叫噪声的产生,另一方面沟槽棱角与摩擦片平面的碰击能有效地抑制界面摩擦自激振动的高频成分,并达到降低噪声的效果.沟槽的棱角在整个试验过程中保持完好,其降噪作用寿命时间较长.     

火炮用PCrMo钢激光熔覆MoS2润滑涂层摩擦学性能研究

PCrMo钢是导致火炮系统故障的磨损失效零部件主要材料.为了提高零部件的寿命,将固体润滑技术引入火炮抗磨减磨设计中.选取8 ～ 10 μm和3～5 μm两种粒度下二硫化钼作为固体润滑材料,采用激光熔覆工艺在PCrMo钢试样表面制备润滑涂层.通过对涂层宏观性能表征,发现粒度小的涂层熔覆厚度较好;采用扫描电镜和能谱仪分别对涂层表面、剖面微观形貌和化学成分进行分析,发现涂层表面有凹坑产生,且凹坑中氧的含量明显高于光滑表面;涂层剖面与基体结合处存在一定的缝隙,涂层元素与基体元素发生了熔渗.进一步开展的摩擦磨损试验表明:与PCrMo钢裸基材试样相比,两种粒度下润滑涂层试样摩擦系数和磨损量皆降低,磨损量分别为14.84％和42.01％,其中大粒度下涂层摩擦性能较优.二硫化钼润滑涂层起到了很好的润滑效果,可以作为火炮磨损零部件减磨的有效手段.     

高速磁浮列车气动噪声分布规律研究

本文基于上海线高速磁浮列车现场噪声测试，结合数值仿真分析了磁浮列车行驶时的噪声特性以及气动噪声分布规律．数值仿真采用延时分离涡结合声比拟的方法，并对比现场测试噪声数据，给出了高速列车气动噪声特性以及噪声源分布规律．研究结果表明：列车行驶时噪声时程呈现很强脉冲性，频率小于100 Hz噪声主要来源于与高架桥梁结构振动相关的二次辐射噪声，特别是次声频段内，桥梁自振会产生显著的噪声．磁浮列车表面气动噪声分布规律与噪声频率相关，低频噪声与列车的车尾涡脱相关，高频噪声由车头边界层分离以及再附着、车身边界层流动等引起，而中频噪声主要产生于列车底部、抱轨与轨道梁表面相对运动作用．因此，高速磁浮列车除了要重点考虑车头、车尾的气动外形对气动噪声的影响外，还应考虑轨道间隙处气动噪声及其分布规律．     

Solid/free-surface juncture boundary layer and wake

 The Reynolds-averaged flow for a solid/free-surface juncture boundary layer and wake is documented. The three mean-velocity components and five of the Reynolds stresses are measured for a surface-piercing flat plate in a towing tank using a laser-Doppler velocimeter system for both boundary-layer and wake planes in regions close to the free surface. The experimental method is described, including the foil-plate model, laser-Doppler velocimeter system, conditions, and uncertainty analysis. The underlying flow data is in excellent agreement with benchmark data. Inner (near the plate and wake centerplane and below the free surface) and outer (near the free surface) regions of high streamwise vorticity of opposite sign are observed, which transport, respectively, high mean velocity and low turbulence from the outer to the inner and low mean velocity and high turbulence from the inner to the outer portions of the boundary layer and wake. For the wake, the inner region of vorticity is relatively weak. The physical mechanism for the streamwise vorticity is analyzed with regard to the Reynolds-averaged streamwise vorticity equation. The anisotropy of the crossplane normal Reynolds stresses closely correlates with the vorticity and, additionally, indicates similarity, i.e., its nature is such that it only depends on the proximity to the plate and free surface boundaries or wake centerplane symmetry plane. Free-surface effects on the Reynolds stresses are analyzed with regard to the behavior close to the free surface of the turbulent kinetic energy and the normal components of the anisotropy tensor and the anisotropy invariants. Close to the free surface, the turbulent kinetic energy is nearly constant and increases for the inner and outer portions, respectively, of the boundary layer and wake and the normal components of the anisotropy tensor and the anisotropy invariants roughly correspond to the limiting values for two-component turbulence. The similarities and differences between the present results and analysis with those from related studies are discussed. The data and analysis should have practical application with regard to the development of turbulence models for computational fluid dynamics methods for the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. Received: 27 May 1997/Accepted: 1 August 1997     

Quasilinear Theory of Generation of Hydroelastic Waves in a Turbulent Boundary Layer over an Elastic Coating

Wave generation in an incompressible turbulent boundary layer over an elastic coating is investigated. A deviation of the coating surface is represented in the form of a superposition of random-phase harmonics. The response of the flow to wavy surface deflection is determined in the quasilinear approximation. Calculations are carried out on the basis of the local turbulent boundary layer model and a numerical solution of the Prandtl equation. The competition equations for fast waves excited on a low-loss coating are obtained. The results of solving these equations are compared with the known experimental data.     

暖季强降雨对多年冻土南界斜坡路基稳定性影响分析

为阐明表面活性剂水溶液的减阻作用,使用LDV对零压梯度的二维湍流平板边界层中的CTAB 表面活性剂水溶液的湍流特性进行了实验研究. 结果表明：与牛顿流体相比,CTAB水溶液边 界层的粘性底层增厚;主流时均速度分布有被层流化的趋势,对数分布域上移;主流方向速 度湍动强度峰值减小,且远离壁面,在靠近边界层中部,出现第2峰值;垂直于主流方向的 速度湍动强度受到了大幅度抑制,雷诺应力沿着边界层厚度方向几乎为零. 结果说明CTAB 水溶液具有减弱湍流湍动各个成分相关度的作用,从而能够使雷诺应力降低、湍流能量生成 项减小最终降低流体的输送动力.     

摩擦-电化学噪声法研究Mo改性钛合金的腐蚀-磨损行为

利用等离子表面改性技术在Ti6Al4V合金基体上制备Mo渗镀复合改性层,考察改性层组织结构,利用微动摩擦学试验机并结合电化学噪声技术对比研究基材及改性层在0.5 mol/L NaCl溶液中的腐蚀-微动摩擦学行为,对腐蚀-摩擦过程中的噪声参数进行分析.结果表明:纯Mo改性层能够明显改善钛合金的耐磨和减摩特性;同时提高了合金在0.5 mol/L NaCl溶液中的自腐蚀电位及降低了腐蚀电流,改善了合金表面的腐蚀-摩擦学性能.     

Attenuating performance of a polymer layer coated onto floating structures subjected to water blasts

The water blast attenuating performance of a polymer layer coated onto floating structures has been experimentally investigated. A series of contrastive live fire tests were conducted on a rectangular metal box before and after coating a layer of polymer on its outer hull. The blast responses of the box and water pressure near the wet surface were monitored and analyzed. Test results show that the transmitted impulse at the initial FSI stage can be reduced by almost 50%, owing to the rubber wall flexibility. Consequently, both acceleration and strain peaks of the box induced by the first shock wave can be effectively reduced. Further shock response spectrum analysis indicates that the coating performs like a low pass filter with cutoff frequency at about 50 Hz. Response components higher than 50 Hz can be attenuated effectively, but for components lower than the cutoff frequency, the attenuating effect is limited.     

An experimental-based model for prediction of flow noise with drag reducing polymers

The drag reduction characteristics of certain high molecular weight polymers have been studied by various investigators. Because of the polymer’s ability to reduce turbulent shear stress and dependence of the boundary layer wall pressure spectral amplitude on the shear stress, polymer has the potential to suppress noise and vibration caused by the boundary layer unsteady pressures. Compared to its effect on drag reduction, polymer additive effects on turbulent boundary layer (TBL) wall pressure fluctuations have received little attention. Kadykov and Lyamshev [Sov. Phys. Acoust. 16 (1970) 59], Greshilor et al. [Sov. Phys. Acoust. 21 (1975) 247] showed that drag reducing polymer additives do indeed reduce wall pressure fluctuations, but they have not established any scaling relationship which effectively collapse data. Some effort has been made by Timothy et al. [JASA 108 (1) (2000) 71] at Penn State University to develop a scaling relationship for TBL wall pressure fluctuations that are modified by adding drag reducing polymer to pure water flow. This paper presents a theoretical model based on the work of the Timothy et al. team at ARL, Penn State University. Through this model one can estimate, reduction in TBL flow induced noise and vibration for rigid smooth surfaces due to release of drag reducing polymers in boundary layer region. Using this theoretical model, flow noise as experienced by a typical flush mounted hydrophone has been estimated for a smooth wall plate as a function of polymer additive concentration. Effect of non-dimensionalisation of the wall pressure fluctuations frequency spectra with traditional outer, inner and mixed flow variables will also be addressed in the paper. The paper also covers a model based on molecular relaxation time in polymer additives which not only reduce drag but also flow induced noise up to certain polymer concentration.     

Analytical study of heat transfer from circular cylinder in liquid metals

In this study the influence of a thin hydrodynamic boundary layer on the heat transfer from a single circular cylinder in liquid metals having low Prandtl number (0.004–0.03) is investigated under isothermal and isoflux boundary conditions. Two separate analytical heat transfer models, viscous and inviscid, are developed to clarify the discrepancy between previous results. For both models, integral approach of the boundary layer analysis is employed to derive closed form expressions for the calculation of the average heat transfer coefficients. For an inviscid model, the energy equation is solved using potential flow velocity only whereas for a viscous model, a fourth-order velocity profile is used in the hydrodynamic boundary layer and potential flow velocity is used outside the boundary layer. The third-order temperature profile is used inside the thermal boundary layer for both models. It is shown that the inviscid model gives higher heat transfer coefficients whereas viscous flow model gives heat transfer results in a fairly good agreement with the previous experimental/numerical results.