三维有序大孔SnO_2基固溶体用于有效燃烧碳烟颗粒（英文）

柴油车尾气排放的碳烟颗粒对人类的生存环境和身体健康带来了严重危害.催化燃烧是消除碳烟颗粒污染的有效途径.碳烟颗粒催化燃烧是固-固-气相反应,因此催化剂本身具有活泼的氧中心且其能与碳烟颗粒有效接触是提高反应效率的关键因素.为改善碳烟颗粒与催化剂的接触,设计制备三维有序大孔(3DOM)催化剂,使碳烟颗粒可以进入催化剂孔道内部,增加其与催化剂的有效接触,是提高反应活性的有效途径.此外,在催化剂晶格中掺杂其它金属离子形成固溶体结构,可提高其氧化还原性能,也可有效提高其碳烟燃烧活性.SnO_2富含活泼的表面缺位氧和可还原的晶格氧,且其熔点高达1630℃,具有良好的热稳定性,被广泛用于制备气体传感、电化学和催化等材料.在过去的6年中,本课题组在SnO_2催化化学领域做了大量系统的工作,将SnO_2基催化材料用于多种环保和能源反应.发现通过其它阳离子Fe~(3+),Cr~(3+),Ta~(5+),Ce~(4+)和Nb~(5+)等的掺杂,替换晶格中部分Sn~(4+)形成金红石型SnO_2固溶体结构,可显著提高催化剂氧物种的流动性、活性和本身的热稳定性.本文采用胶体晶体模板法制备出了Ce~(4+),Mn~(3+)和Cu~(2+)离子掺杂的SnO_2三维有序大孔固溶体催化剂用于松散接触条件下的碳烟催化燃烧.采用SEM,TEM,XRD,STEM-mapping,O_2-TPD和XPS等手段对催化剂进行表征,研究其碳烟催化燃烧性能.SEM和TEM结果表明已成功合成三维有序大孔结构样品.XRD,Raman和STEM-mapping结果表明,Ce~(4+),Mn~(3+)和Cu~(2+)离子均进入四方金红石型SnO_2晶格形成固溶体结构.另外,Raman,H_2-TPR,XPS和O_2-TPD等结果发现上述离子掺杂三维大孔SnO_2后,催化剂表面形成了更活泼、丰富的氧物种,有利于碳烟颗粒燃烧.其中3DOM-Cu_1Sn_9催化剂具有最丰富的活泼氧中心,因此表现出最高的活性.     

钾元素掺杂对铈锆固溶体中氧物种的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了一系列不同摩尔比K+掺杂的铈锆固溶体xK-Ce0.7Zr0.3O2(x=0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20,0.25,0.30,0.35,0.40),对其催化碳烟颗粒物(PM)燃烧的活性进行了评价,并采用XRD,H2-TPR,O2-TPD,XPS测试方法对催化剂样品进行了表征。结果表明:K+掺杂后均形成了具有立方面心萤石结构的K-Ce-Zr-O固溶体催化剂。K+掺杂量的改变导致铈锆固溶体产生不同程度的晶格畸变及表面活性氧的含量改变;掺杂K+有利于晶格氧的流动性和铈锆固溶体的释放氧能力的增强,促进催化活性的提高。当0.10≤x≤0.40时,催化剂具有较好的催化性能。     

SnO2基固溶体用于甲烷深度氧化：X射线衍射外推法测定 SnO2晶格容量

CH4和 CO是两种主要的温室效应气体和空气污染物,催化氧化是最有效的消除 CH4和 CO的方法.研发不含贵金属的金属氧化物催化剂或者减少催化剂中贵金属用量为该领域研究热点. SnO2是一种重要的宽禁带 n型半导体材料,广泛应用于气敏器件、锂离子电池以及光电设备. SnO2表面富含活泼的缺位氧且具有良好的热稳定性,因此其在催化方面的性能近年来逐渐受到人们关注.在过去的5年中,本团队深入研究了 SnO2材料在空气污染治理和绿色能源生产等领域的应用及其催化性质.发现通过其它阳离子如 Fe3+, Cr3+, Ta5+, Ce4+和Nb5+等的掺杂,替换晶格中部分 Sn4+,形成金红石型 SnO2固溶体结构,显著提高了催化剂氧物种的流动性、活性和催化剂本身的热稳定性.固溶体材料是一类重要的催化剂,受到广泛关注.一个典型的例子是铈锆固溶体,其作为储氧材料已广泛应用于汽车尾气净化器.形成固溶体结构后,氧化铈的储氧能力和热稳定性得到显著提高.为有效形成固溶体,两个阳离子需要具有相似的离子半径和电负性.以往,人们基于结构中金属阳离子和氧阴离子的离子半径提出了容忍因子的判别方法,以此来判断固溶体是否能有效形成及所生成固溶体的稳定性.我们在前期工作中,以 Sn-Nb固溶体为例,提出了简单的X射线衍射(XRD)外推法来计算固溶体晶格容量,即形成稳定固溶体时客体阳离子取代主体晶格阳离子的最大值.作为延续工作,本文采用共沉淀法制备了一系列 Sn/M (M = Mn, Zr, Ti, Pb)摩尔比为9/1的 SnO2基催化剂,并用于 CH4和 CO催化氧化.结果表明, Mn3+, Zr4+, Ti4+和 Pb4+均可以掺杂进四方金红石型 SnO2晶格中,形成稳定的固溶体结构.其中 Sn-Mn-O固溶体表现出最高活性.为了深入研究 Mn2O3在 SnO2中的晶格容量及最优催化剂配比,采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同 Sn/Mn摩尔比的样品,采用 XRD, N2-BET, H2-TPR, SEM和XPS等手段对其物理化学性能进行了表征,并考察了对 CH4的催化氧化性能.通过 XRD外推法测定了 Mn3+离子在 SnO2中的晶格容量为0.135 g Mn2O3/g SnO2,相当于 Sn/Mn摩尔比为79/21.这表明形成稳定的固溶体后, SnO2晶格中最多只有21% Sn4+可以被 Mn3+替代;当 Mn3+含量超过晶格容量时,过量的 Mn3+在催化剂表面形成 Mn2O3,对催化剂活性不利.类似于 Sn-Nb-O固溶体,在 Sn-Mn-O催化剂体系中亦观察到明显的晶格容量效应.纯相的 Sn-Mn-O固溶体比含过量 Mn2O3晶相的 Sn-Mn-O催化剂具有更高活性.     

氧化碳烟的MnOx(0.4)-CeO2催化剂表面活性物种研究

采用柠檬酸配合燃烧法和共沉淀法制备了MnOx(0.4)-CeO2催化剂,用于模拟碳烟的燃烧.通过XRD、BET、Raman、H2-TPR、O2-TPD与XPS表征催化剂的结构和表面活性物种,并借助原位拉曼研究碳烟的催化氧化机理.结果表明柠檬酸配合燃烧法制备的MnOx(0.4)-CeO2-CA催化剂中有更多的Mn进入了CeO2的立方萤石结构,比表面积更大,氧空位、Mn4+和Ce4+更多,因而氧化还原性能更好,催化氧化碳烟的活性更高.O-在碳烟的氧化中起重要作用,Mn4+和Ce4+有利于氧化反应的进行,氧空位的增加能提高氧的吸附、迁移和转化能力,促进了碳烟的氧化.反应路径为O-溢出参与碳烟的氧化,同时产生氧空位,部分晶格氧O2-补充O-,气相氧不断吸附到氧空位上得到活化生成O2-,O2-转化为O-(可进一步转化为O2-),O-迁移至碳烟颗粒表面参与反应,生成CO2.     

纳米CeO2基固溶体催化柴油机碳颗粒物燃烧性能

采用柠檬酸溶胶鄄凝胶法制备CeO2基固溶体催化剂(Ce0.7Zr0.3O2-δ、Ce0.7Pr0.3O2-δ和Ce0.7Gd0.3O2-δ), 并考察了固溶体和三种常用载体(TiO2、SiO2和Al2O3)及其负载KNO3后的催化碳黑燃烧活性. 结果表明, CeO2基固溶体催化剂具有很高的催化燃烧活性, 其活性接近TiO2、SiO2和Al2O3负载30%KNO3催化剂的活性. 因为纳米CeO2基固溶体的形成, 提高了催化剂的抗烧结能力, 使氧更活泼, 从而提高氧化还原性能, 有利于碳颗粒燃烧. 由于CeO2基固溶体本身的高活性, 因此KNO3的添加不能明显提高CeO2基固溶体催化剂(尤其是Ce0.7Zr0.3O2-δ和Ce0.7Pr0.3O2-δ)的催化燃烧活性, 但KNO3能显著提高TiO2, SiO2和Al2O3的催化燃烧活性.     

镍促进CuO-CeO2催化剂的结构表征及低温CO氧化活性（英文）

制备了一系列CO低温氧化的Ce20Cu5NiyOx催化剂,并采用氮气低温物理吸附、X射线衍射、程序升温还原、X射线光电子能谱以及拉曼光谱等手段对催化剂进行表征.结果表明,Ce20Cu5Ni0.4Ox催化剂活性最高.NiO的添加可以使得较多的Cu物种掺杂到CeO2晶格中,通过形成铈镍固溶体产生更多的氧空位.表征结果显示,Ce20Cu5Ni0.4Ox催化剂中存在大量的Cu+,Ce3+及晶格氧,催化剂中的Cu+很容易进入到氧化铈晶格,形成Cu-O-Ce固溶体,从而增强了在还原气氛下晶格氧的释放能力.Ce20Cu5Ni0.4Ox催化剂高的催化活性主要归因于大量Cu+以及形成的Cu-O-Ce和Ni-O-Ce固溶体.     

Cu^2+离子掺杂SnO2固溶体催化剂的晶格容量效应:NH3选择性还原NOx反应性能提高的本质原因

NOx排放给人类健康和环境带来了严重的危害,目前已发展了多种消除其污染的方法.其中氨选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)技术是固定源和移动源柴油机排放NOx的有效消除方法之一.非贵金属氧化物催化剂由于廉价、且原料来源丰富,用于NH3-SCR反应在过去几十年一直备受人们关注.由于晶格畸变和不等价取代等原因,与单组分氧化物催化剂相比,替代型金属氧化物固溶体催化剂通常具有更优异的物理化学性能.其中典型的例子是已被广泛用作汽车尾气净化转化器储氧材料的铈锆固溶体.与纯CeO2相比, Zr^4+离子溶入立方萤石CeO2晶格形成固溶体结构后,显著提高了其稳定性和储氧能力.近八年来,我们以四方金红石型SnO2为溶剂,系统地研究了系列金属阳离子在其晶格中的溶解行为,并考察了其催化反应性能.为深入理解固溶体催化剂的结构与反应性能之间的关系,我们首次创建了简单易行的XRD外推法定量金属氧化物固溶体中溶质阳离子的晶格容量.结果表明,其它离子掺杂形成SnO2基固溶体可显著增加其表面缺位氧和Lewis酸性位点的数量,且可使缺位氧在较高温度下保持稳定,显著提高了所得催化剂的反应性能.另外我们还发现,当溶质离子含量为晶格容量时可得到最大量的纯相固溶体,此时催化剂通常具有最优的性能,具有明显的阈值效应.很多研究表明,含CuO的一些催化材料通常对NOx选择还原具有良好的低温活性和选择性,但把Cu^2+离子溶入SnO2晶格构建固溶体催化剂用于NH3-SCR反应迄今未见报道.因此,为获得性能优良的催化剂,本文采用共沉淀法制备了系列不同Cu^2+离子含量的Sn-Cu复合氧化物固溶体催化剂,并采用XRD外推法测定了Cu^2+离子在SnO2中的晶格容量,为0.10 g CuO/gSnO2,相当于Sn/Cu摩尔比为84/16.Raman结果表明, Cu^2+离子含量低于晶格容量时,随其含量增加,表面氧缺位数量增加,且在晶格容量时达到最大.H2-TPR, O2-TPD和NH3-TPD结果表明,随着Cu^2+离子含量增加,催化剂表面活性氧物种和表面酸中心的数量均增加;在Cu^2+离子含量接近晶格容量时,催化剂中形成最大量的纯固溶体相,上述活性中心均可达到最大量.此时,催化剂具有最佳的NH3-SCR反应性能.因此, Cu^2+离子溶入SnO2晶格形成固溶体催化剂,在结构和反应性能上均具有明显的晶格容量阈值效应.通过将Cu^2+离子含量调控在晶格容量,可获得反应性能最好的Sn-Cu复合氧化物固溶体催化剂.     

Co0.2/Ce1-xZrxO2催化剂的制备、表征及其催化碳烟燃烧反应性能

 采用微孔扩散-共沉淀法制备了不同 Ce/Zr 摩尔比的 Ce1-xZrxO2 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5) 固溶体, 并以此为载体用超声波助分散等体积浸渍法制备了 Co0.2/Ce1-xZrxO2 催化剂, 考察了催化剂中 Ce/Zr 比对其催化柴油车尾气碳烟颗粒物燃烧反应性能的影响. 结果表明, 在催化剂与碳烟颗粒松散接触条件下, Co0.2/Ce1-xZrxO2 催化剂催化碳烟颗粒物燃烧的活性非常高. 其中 Co0.2/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 催化剂活性最高, T10, T50, T90 和 SmCO2 分别为 316 oC, 385 oC, 413 oC 和 99.9%. 这与目前文献报道的松散接触条件下活性最高的担载 Pt 催化剂相近. 应用 X 射线衍射、透射电镜、扫描电镜、紫外-可见漫反射和傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对 Ce1-xZrxO2 固溶体及 Co0.2/Ce1-xZrxO2 催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, Ce1-xZrxO2 固溶体由纳米级小颗粒组成 (平均粒径在 10 nm 左右). 适量的 Ce/Zr 比有利于改善立方尖晶石型 Co3O4 在 Ce1-xZrxO2 固溶体表面的分散, 从而提高催化剂活性. 程序升温还原结果表明, Co0.2/Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 催化剂具有最优的低温还原特性, 与它具有最高的催化活性相一致.     

钾掺杂三维有序大孔结构Mn0.5Ce0.5Oδ催化剂合成及其催化燃烧炭烟性能

柴油发动机是一种高效耐用的发动机,具有广阔的应用前景.但柴油车尾气中的炭烟颗粒吸附了许多有毒有害物质,也是城市PM2.5的主要来源之一,对人类生命安全造成极大威胁.因此,降低和消除柴油车尾气中的炭烟颗粒是柴油车尾气净化的重要任务.尾气后处理是炭烟颗粒进入大气环境前的最后一道程序,可有效控制柴油车尾气中炭烟颗粒排放.其中,催化净化催化剂是尾气后处理技术的核心.研究表明,炭烟颗粒催化燃烧是一个气-固-固三相深度氧化反应,因此开发新型催化剂体系,改善催化剂与炭烟颗粒的接触,提高催化剂的本征活性,对于研制高活性炭烟燃烧催化剂具有重要的实际意义. 对于三维有序大孔(3DOM)结构催化剂,大孔有利于炭烟颗粒进入催化剂内部并与活性位点接触,而有序的孔道结构可以促进炭烟颗粒在催化剂孔道内传输.因此,将催化炭烟颗粒燃烧催化剂设计成3DOM结构,可促进炭烟颗粒催化燃烧,提高催化剂活性.研究表明,锰铈复合氧化物材料在炭烟颗粒催化燃烧中表现出比单一的锰氧化物和铈氧化物更好的性能.而将K与Ce和Mn形成复合氧化物,利用三者之间的协同作用,将可使K掺杂3DOM结构Mn0.5Ce0.5Oδ催化剂具有更高的催化活性.本文利用胶体晶体模板法成功制备了3DOM结构的Mn0.5Ce0.5Oδ复合氧化物,并采用简单的等体积浸渍方法成功制备了不同K担载量的K掺杂3DOM结构Mn0.5Ce0.5Oδ催化剂(K-MCO).表征结果表明, K-MCO催化剂具有贯通有序的大孔结构,但焙烧温度和焙烧时间会对大孔结构的规整性有一定影响;催化剂中K含量、焙烧温度和焙烧时间对K-MCO的晶型影响较大,催化剂中出现了一个新的晶相K2Mn4O8.另外, K含量、焙烧温度和焙烧时间对催化剂的氧化还原性能也有较大影响.评价结果表明,所制催化剂对炭烟催化燃烧均具有较高活性,其中20% K-MCO-4h催化剂活性最高,催化燃烧炭烟的T50(炭烟的最大燃烧峰值)为331oC, CO2选择性为95.3%.催化剂的大孔结构效应以及K, Mn和Ce三者间的协同作用有利于提高催化剂催化燃烧炭烟的活性.另外,由于柴油车尾气排气口温度范围为175–400 oC,而本文所制催化剂催化燃烧炭烟的温度低于400 oC,因此该催化剂可以在柴油车尾气排气口温度范围内进行炭烟催化燃烧.由于具有合成步骤简单、活性高以及成本低等优点,该催化剂在实际应用方面具有广阔前景.     

尿素研磨燃烧法合成Ce_(0.8)Zr_(0.2)O_2固溶体对乙硫醇催化分解的研究

采用尿素研磨燃烧法快速制备Ce_(0.8)Zr_(0.2)O_2固溶体催化剂,考察不同焙烧温度下Ce_(0.8)Zr_(0.2)O_2固溶体常压下催化分解乙硫醇的活性。利用XRD,TEM,BET,H2-TPR,XPS和Raman等方法对催化剂的物化性质、表面结构进行研究。结果表明:Ce_(0.8)Zr_(0.2)O_2固溶体对乙硫醇催化降解有较好活性。在一定范围内升高焙烧温度有利于更多Zr4+进入Ce O2晶格,从而增加氧空位浓度,但过高的温度会使催化剂颗粒团聚,并降低催化剂表面吸附氧的相对含量,导致催化剂比表面积降低。600℃焙烧的Ce0.8Zr0.2O2固溶体表现出对乙硫醇催化分解最佳活性,得益于催化剂表面Ce3+浓度、氧空位浓度与比表面积的协同作用。一方面,这些表面Ce3+浓度与催化剂氧空位浓度,有利于氧迁移,对催化分解反应有促进作用,另一方面催化剂比表面积越大,越有利于反应物吸附、暴露更多活性位点,进而增加催化活性。     

Easy synthesis of three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous CuO–CeO2 mixed oxide catalysts and their high activities for the catalytic combustion of soot

Three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) Cu_xCe‐M (x denote the mole ratio of Cu/[Ce + Cu]) oxide catalysts with large pore sizes and interconnected macroporous frameworks were successfully synthesized using a polymethyl methacrylate template method. The 3DOM structure improves the contact efficiency between catalyst and soot, which benefits soot elimination in the low temperature range. The low redox barriers of the 3DOM Cu–Ce solid solution also facilitate the elimination of the soot. The 3DOM Cu_0.1Ce catalysts exhibit the highest catalytic activity with maximum soot oxidation rate temperatures at 375 and 351 °C in the air and NO _x atmosphere, respectively. The NO _x‐TPD results demonstrate that the NO₂ produced in the Ce_0.1Cu‐M sample plays a curial role in improving the soot oxidation performance. Meanwhile, the NO‐DRIFTs reveal that the nitrates stored in the Cu_0.1Ce‐M sample also had a promotional effect on the soot elimination.     

Alkaline‐Earth Metal Doped K‐V Catalysts for Diesel Soot Combustion–Preparation,Characterization and Catalytic Properties

The K‐V‐alkaline‐earth metal catalysts supported on α‐alumina ceramic substrate have been prepared. The morphology of the soot particulates deposited on prepared catalysts supported on α‐alumina ceramic substrate was described by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD was used to characterize the catalysts and their catalytic activities were evaluated by soot oxidation reaction using the TPR system. The SEM photographs presented that soot particles have a particle size of about 100 nm in diameter forming a loose contact with catalyst, which is resemble to the real situation for the catalyst application. The XRD and TPR study showed that the catalytic activities of the catalysts were improved through the cooperation of KNO₃ and some alkaline earth metal compounds. The soot onset ignition temperature at 310°C is the lowest by the cooperation of the crystalline phases KNO₃, KCaVO₄, and Ca₃(VO₄)₂ for the K‐V‐Ca catalyst with a molar ratio of 6:1:1. In addition, the catalyst containing higher KNO₃ content has an adsorption for CO₂. The all prepared K‐V‐Ba catalysts can adsorb more CO₂ at room temperature.     

Mild Synthesis of Pt/SnO2/Graphene Nanocomposites with Remarkably Enhanced Ethanol Electro‐oxidation Activity and Durability

We have designed a new Pt/SnO₂/graphene nanomaterial by using L ‐arginine as a linker; this material shows the unique Pt‐around‐SnO₂ structure. The Sn²⁺ cations reduce graphene oxide (GO), leading to the in situ formation of SnO₂/graphene hybrids. L ‐Arginine is used as a linker and protector to induce the in situ growth of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) connected with SnO₂ NPs and impede the agglomeration of Pt NPs. The obtained Pt/SnO₂/graphene composites exhibit superior electrocatalytic activity and stability for the ethanol oxidation reaction as compared with the commercial Pt/C catalyst owing to the close‐connected structure between the Pt NPs and SnO₂ NPs. This work should have a great impact on the rational design of future metal–metal oxide nanostructures with high catalytic activity and stability for fuel cell systems.     

A theoretical study of catalytic hydration reactions of ethylene

The hydration reaction of ethylene, C₂H₄+H₂O → C₂H₅OH, catalyzed by oxoacids (H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄, and HClO₄) and metal cations (B³⁺, Al³⁺, Sc³⁺, Ga³⁺, La³⁺, Be²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Sr²⁺) are studied systematically by density functional theory with a BLYP functional. The reaction profiles of the main reaction and some side reactions, such as ester formation, dimerization of ethylene, and dehydrogenation of ethanol, have been determined with a variety of catalysts. In each case, the intermediate states, the transition states, and their energetics are calculated. Metal cations react more efficiently for the main reaction than oxoacids, but they also make the dehydrogenation reaction active. While the dimerization reaction is strongly affected by the acidity of the catalyst, both the acidity and basicity of the catalyst are important for the dehydrogenation reaction. Efficient formation of ethanol from ethylene over a catalyst is suggested. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 21: 1292–1304, 2000     

Snx.Ti1‐xO2 solid solution catalysts for nitrogen oxide selective catalytic reduction by propene in presence of oxygen

A series of SnO₂‐TiO₂ binary oxide catalysts prepared by co‐current precipitation method was found to be a novel and good system for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by propene in the presence of oxygen with high activity and good selectivity to N₂. The NO conversion to N₂ over SnO₂‐TiO₂ oxide catalysts varied with SnO₂ content and attainted a maximum at 65% over the catalyst with SnO₂ content at 40wt% for a feed with 1186 ppm NO, 948 ppm propene and 2.23% O₂, in He and a space velocity of 15000 h^?1 at 350°C. The SnO₂TiO₂ catalysts could sustain moderate activity in the presence of 10% steam. Because of the identical valence and the similar radius of Sn⁴⁺ and Ti⁴⁺, SnO₂‐TiO₂ binary oxides can form solid solution in three different phases as proved by XRD, electron diffraction and TPR. Sn⁴⁺ is the main active species in the SnO₂‐TiO₂ catalysts, and it is enriched on the solid solution surface as tested by XPS analysis. H₂‐TPR, NH₃‐TPD and BET tests show that SnO₂‐TiO₂ solid solution can dilute SnO₂ and suppress the activity of propene complete oxidation over SnO₂. This may be beneficial to the reactivity enhancement of NO conversion.     

CeO2纳米层对多层载体x-CeO2/3DOM Al2O3负载纳米Au催化剂催化柴油炭烟燃烧活性的影响

与汽油车相比,柴油车具有CO2排放低、寿命长和经济性好等优点,所以近年来受到广泛关注并被大量使用.但是,柴油车在使用过程中会产生大量炭烟颗粒物(PM),对大气环境和人类健康造成很大威胁.因此,开展这方面的基础研究具有重要的科学意义及环境保护意义.催化柴油炭烟燃烧反应是一个气-固-固多相深度氧化反应,由于PM的粒径远大于传统催化剂,导致PM不能进入催化剂孔道内部,造成催化剂活性比表面积利用率较低.设计并制备大孔径的三维有序大孔结构(3DOM)的催化剂,能够减小反应扩散阻力,增加催化剂与炭烟颗粒物的有效接触,加快反应进行.另外,可以通过在3DOM氧化物表面担载其它活性组分,提高催化剂的氧化还原性能,进而提高其活性.CeO2有很好的储放氧性能,在柴油车尾气净化催化剂中较为常见,但是单一的CeO2热稳定性较差,高温下容易烧结,使得比表面积减小,并且失去储氧能力,造成催化剂失活.文献中较常见的解决办法是在CeO2中掺杂其它阳离子,如Zr4+,Pr3+,Al3+,La3+及Y3+等离子,以提高CeO2的抗高温烧结能力.此外,研究报道的催化剂对催化柴油炭烟颗粒物燃烧的峰值温度已经远低于炭烟颗粒物的自燃温度,但是对颗粒物的起燃温度仍普遍较高.我们前期研究结果表明,担载纳米Au颗粒催化剂能够显著降低炭烟燃烧的起燃温度.本文采用胶体晶体模板法制备了3DOM Al2O3载体,利用微孔膜-氨沉淀法担载不同量的活性组分CeO2,制备出一种负载型x-CeO2/3DOM Al2O3催化剂,它既可减少稀土元素用量,降低成本,又因为Al2O3的机械强度较高,还能保证催化剂的机械强度足够好.为了进一步降低催化剂催化炭烟燃烧的起燃温度,利用还原沉积法在多层载体x-CeO2/3DOM Al2O3上负载纳米Au催化剂,制备出不同厚度的CeO2纳米层负载Au催化剂(Au/x-CeO2/3DOM Al2O3).利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、H2程序升温还原和O2程序升温脱附等方法研究了催化剂的结构及物化性质与催化剂活性之间的关系,提出了消除PM反应的可能机理.结果表明,Al3+离子能够部分进入到CeO2中,形成Al-Ce固溶体.由于Al离子半径小于Ce离子,Al3+掺杂后能引起CeO2晶格发生畸变,产生大量缺陷,形成大量氧空位,促进晶格氧的移动,从而使催化剂具有更大的储放氧能力.在Au/x-CeO2/3DOM Al2O3催化剂中,CeO2担载量过高时,氧化铈纳米层较厚,活性组分容易烧结,不利于催化剂活性提高;而CeO2担载量过低,则CeO2纳米层较稀薄,催化剂的氧化还原性能受限,催化剂活性也不高.因此,CeO2的担载量应适当.此外,Au和CeO2之间的强相互作用能够增加Au纳米颗粒表面活性氧物种的数量,从而促进柴油炭烟燃烧反应.活性测试结果表明,担载纳米Au颗粒后,催化剂催化柴油炭烟燃烧的起燃温度均明显降低,在所制备的系列催化剂中Au/20％CeO2/3DOM Al2O3催化剂展示了最高的催化活性,T10,T50和T90分别为267,372和426 oC.     

Optimized Pt-MnOx interface in Pt-MnOx/3DOM-Al2O3 catalysts for enhancing catalytic soot combustion

The catalysts of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) Al₂O₃-supported core-shell structured Pt@MnO_x nanoparticles (3DOM-Pt@MnO_x/Al₂O₃) were successfully prepared by the gas bubbling-assisted membrane reduction-precipitation (GBMR/P) method. Pt@MnO_x core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) are highly dispersed on the inner surface of 3DOM-Al₂O₃ support. Pt@MnO_x/3DOM-Al₂O₃ catalysts, which combine both advantages of high-efficiency soot-catalyst contact by 3DOM-Al₂O₃ structure and the abundant active sites by the optimized Pt-MnO_x interface, exhibit high catalytic activities for soot combustion, and the catalytic activities are strongly dependent on the thickness of MnO_x shell. Among the catalysts, 3DOM-Pt@MnO_x/Al₂O₃-1 catalyst with optimized Pt-MnO_x interface shows the highest catalytic activity for soot combustion, i.e., its values of T₅₀ and S_CO2^m are 351 °C and 98.6%, respectively. The highest density of Pt-MnO_x active sites for adsorption-activation of gaseous O₂ is responsible for enhancing catalytic activity for soot combustion. Pt@MnO_x/3DOM-Al₂O₃ catalysts are promising to practical applications for the emission reduction of soot particles.     

Synergistic Catalysis of SnO2/Reduced Graphene Oxide for VO2+/VO2+ and V2+/V3+ Redox Reactions

In spite of their low cost, high activity, and diversity, metal oxide catalysts have not been widely applied in vanadium redox reactions due to their poor conductivity and low surface area. Herein, SnO₂/reduced graphene oxide (SnO₂/rGO) composite was prepared by a sol–gel method followed by high-temperature carbonization. SnO₂/rGO shows better electrochemical catalysis for both redox reactions of VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ and V²⁺/V³⁺ couples as compared to SnO₂ and graphene oxide. This is attributed to the fact that reduced graphene oxide is employed as carbon support featuring excellent conductivity and a large surface area, which offers fast electron transfer and a large reaction place towards vanadium redox reaction. Moreover, SnO₂ has excellent electrochemical activity and wettability, which also boost the electrochemical kinetics of redox reaction. In brief, the electrochemical properties for vanadium redox reactions are boosted in terms of diffusion, charge transfer, and electron transport processes systematically. Next, SnO₂/rGO can increase the energy storage performance of cells, including higher discharge electrolyte utilization and lower electrochemical polarization. At 150 mA cm⁻², the energy efficiency of a modified cell is 69.8%, which is increased by 5.7% compared with a pristine one. This work provides a promising method to develop composite catalysts of carbon materials and metal oxide for vanadium redox reactions.     

Ammoxidation of methylpyrazine over vanadium-titanium catalysts modified by alkali additives

Vanadium-titanium catalysts modified with sodium or potassium additives (1-15 wt.% of Me₂O) have been studied in methylpyrazine ammoxidation. Introduction of the additives results in a decrease in the activity and selectivity of the catalysts due to formation of low-active phase - bronzes (MeV₆O₁₅) and vanadates (α-NaVO₃, KVO₃ and K₃V₅O₁₄). The active sites of the modified samples, similar to those in the V-Ti-O catalyst, are found to be V⁵⁺ cations strongly bound to TiO₂ and located in a significantly distorted octahedral oxygen environment. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Promotion of oxidative desulfurization performance of model fuel by 3DOM Ce-doped HPW/TiO2 material

Phosphotungstic acid (HPW) supported on Ce-doped three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) TiO₂ catalysts are studied in catalytic oxidation desulfurization (ODS) of model oil. The structural and textural of as-synthesized catalysts are characterized by N₂ adsorption, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, TEM, FT-IR, XPS, UV–Vis and ICP. These results upheld the existence of periodically arranged macroporous structure of catalyst, with Keggin-type of HPW dispersed homogeneously on TiO₂ matrix. Among these 3DOM Ce-doped HPW/TiO₂ materials, catalyst with 15 wt.% cerium dosage exhibits best ODS performance, which oxidized 99.8% of dibenzothiophene (DBT) into corresponding sulfone within 40 min. The excellent ODS performance of 3DOM Ce-doped HPW/TiO₂ catalyst is related to the common influence of more oxygen vacancies produced by electron transformation between Ce³⁺ and Ce⁴⁺. The chemisorbed oxygen on the surface catalyst will facilitate the selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfones. Moreover, the 3DOM structure of catalyst will further promote the mass transfer of reactants and products on the pore channel. The as-prepared catalyst shows excellent reusability in the ODS system, no obviously decrease in catalytic activity even after 6 runs.