纳米级Pd/Fe双金属体系对水中2,4-二氯苯酚脱氯的催化作用

 利用化学沉淀法制备了纳米级Fe和纳米级Pd/Fe双金属催化剂,研究了它们对2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)还原脱氯的催化性能. 结果表明,纳米级颗粒具有较高的比表面积和表面反应活性,其BET比表面积可达12.4 m2/g,当Pd/Fe用量为6 g/L时,2,4-DCP脱氯率达到90%以上. 脱氯效率与pH值、温度、钯含量和Pd/Fe投加量等因素有关. 2,4-DCP在脱氯过程中先生成2-氯苯酚和4-氯苯酚,最终生成苯酚,而少量的2,4-DCP可直接降解成苯酚.     

2,4-二氯苯酚的电化学氧化降解反应研究

采用循环伏安法和原位红外光谱技术研究了2,4-二氯苯酚在Pt电极上的电化学氧化降解反应,结合Fukui函数值预测了2,4-二氯苯酚在电化学氧化过程中的反应位点. 结果表明,Pt电极对2,4-二氯苯酚有良好的电催化活性,2,4-二氯苯酚在电极表面反应主要有3个途径：直接通过电化学反应脱去氯离子,生成苯酚;在·OH的进攻下,C—Cl键断裂,4位Cl较2位Cl先脱去,生成苯二酚,并可进一步氧化生成苯醌以及不饱和羧酸;在·OH的进攻下发生苯环开环反应,生成含氯不饱和羧酸. 在1700 mV左右,2,4-二氯苯酚可经电化学氧化生成CO₂.     

Pd催化木质素醚类二聚体分子内氢转移断裂C—O键研究

结合氢转移方法,研究了木质素模型物2-(2'-甲氧基苯氧基)-1-苯乙醇(1a)分子在无外加氢源的条件下利用金属钯催化剂催化发生C—O键断裂反应.合成并表征了一系列Pd负载型催化剂,通过优化发现反应体系在环己烷溶剂和弱碱添加剂Na2HPO4条件下显示出较好的催化效率.结合反应特点将催化剂进行改进,使用MgO作为载体的催化剂Pd/MgO高效完成了木质素模型物的分子自供氢降解.反应过程可能分为两步进行:首先,模型物在钯表面先进行脱氢过程,含羟基的木质素模型物二聚体1a脱去氢后生成酮式中间体2-(2'-甲氧基苯氧基)-1-苯乙酮(1b),被脱去的氢原子吸附于钯表面.随后,脱氢中间体1b在Pd催化下与其表面吸附的H作用,发生催化C—O键断键过程.     

2,3,6-三氯吡啶选择性脱氯制2,3-二氯吡啶的研究

采用过量浸渍法制备了Pd/C催化剂,用2,3,6-三氯吡啶选择性脱氯制备2,3-二氯吡啶的反应,评价了催化剂的性能,考察了钯负载量、反应温度和缚酸剂对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,在钯负载量为0.5%(wt)、反应温度为140℃的条件下,催化剂上2,3,6-三氯吡啶的转化率达100%,产物2,3-二氯吡啶的选择性大于71%,在溶剂甲醇中添加三乙胺后能够有效的提高目标产物的选择性,较优条件下2,3-二氯吡啶的选择性可以达到80%。     

氯代苯胺液相催化加氢合成环己酮

提出了一种催化降解氯代苯胺高选择性合成环己酮的技术.在La修饰Pd/Al2O3催化剂作用下,通过催化加氢的方法实现了由多氯代苯胺(2,4,6-三氯苯胺和2,4,-二氯苯胺)高选择性地合成环己酮(不含环己醇).在优化的反应条件下,2,4,6-三氯苯胺加氢生成环己酮的转化率和选择性分别为100%和98.6%(没有检测到环己醇);2,4,-二氯苯胺加氢生成环己酮的转化率和选择性均为100%.氯代苯胺在Pd/La-Al2O3催化剂表面首先发生加氢脱氯/N-甲基化等反应生成苯胺、N-甲基苯胺和N,N-二甲基苯胺等中间产物,随后这些中间产物发生苯环加氢、氨基水解/醇解等反应得到环己酮;氯代苯胺上Cl元素的存在和体系中水的含量是影响环己酮选择性的重要因素.     

载体焙烧温度对Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂催化6-氯-3-硝基甲苯-4-磺酸液相加氢合成CLT酸的催化性能影响

以不同焙烧温度得到的氧化铝为载体,采用浸渍法制得负载型Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂,并将该催化剂应用于6-氯-3-硝基甲苯-4-磺酸液相加氢合成2-氨基-4-甲基-5-氯苯磺酸的反应中,结果表明,载体的焙烧温度为500℃,反应温度为100℃,反应压力为3 MPa,反应时间为2 h,Pd负载量为0.2%,催化剂用量为2 g时,6-氯-3-硝基甲苯-4-磺酸转化率最高,转化率为95.4%。此外,考察了不同脱氯抑制剂对Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂性能和脱氯反应的影响,发现在100℃时,吗啡啉能够有效抑制脱氯副反应的发生。通过XRD、BET、ICP技术对催化剂的物相组成、比表面积和贵金属含量进行了表征,发现Pd高度分散在γ-Al_2O_3载体上。     

炭载Pd-Fe合金催化剂的制备及电催化氧还原活性

研究了用NH4Cl作配位剂的配位还原法来制备的Pd-Fe/C催化剂,发现由于NH4Cl能与Pd形成配合物,使Pd Cl2的还原电位负移,与Fe Cl3的还原电位接近,从而在低温下制备得到了高合金化程度的Pd-Fe/C催化剂。XPS表征结果表明:Pd与Fe形成合金后,Pd的电荷密度的减少,增加了Pd0的含量。因此,得到的Pd-Fe/C催化剂对氧还原的电催化活性比用相同方法制得的Pd/C催化剂高,而且该催化剂对甲醇氧化没有电催化活性。     

苯酚在含氯体系中的电化学氧化

以Ru-Ir/Ti三元电极作阳极电解处理苯酚废水,研究废水中Cl-初始浓度对处理效果的影响.结果表明,在一定的电解时间内,苯酚的电化学氧化符合一级动力学方程;废水中Cl-的初始浓度越大,苯酚完全被氧化所需的时间也越短,即其表观速率常数越大.苯酚在Cl-体系中降解的中间产物主要有4-氯苯酚,1-氯苯酚,2,4-二氯苯酚,2,6二氯苯酚,2,4,6-三氯苯酚及各种短链脂肪酸和氯代醇等;最终产物是CO2、CHCl2和CHCl3.电解中间体的生成和降解速率随废水中Cl-初始浓度的增加而增大.据此,导出苯酚在含Cl-体系中电化学氧化的反应途径.     

基于Heck插入策略的钯催化烯烃与α-溴代烷基羰基化合物的烯烃氧化双官能化反应合成吲哚2-酮类化合物

正钯催化Heck偶联反应一般首先经过插入和加成步骤生成含C—Pd键中间体A,最后通过β-H消除来实现钯催化循环.如何利用中间体A中的C—Pd键引入新官能团是有机合成研究难点之一.目前有两种策略:(1)零价钯催化体系下,烯烃与卤代烃反应生成含C—Pd键中间体A,然后与亲核试剂(芳基硼酸,Cl-,CO,烯烃和炔烃等)实现烯烃双官能团化反应;(2)两价钯/氧化剂催化体系下,烯烃与有机金属试剂反应生成含C—Pd键中间体A,然后与亲核试     

钯前驱体对汽车尾气处理Pd/Ce_(0.67)Zr_(0.33)O_2催化剂催化性能的影响(英文)

分别以Pd(NO3)2,Pd(NH3)4(NO3)2和H2Pd Cl4为钯前驱体制备了Pd/Ce0.67Zr0.33O2(CZ)催化剂.以硝酸钯为钯前驱体制得的Pd/CZ(NO)催化剂具有较高的储氧量,存在较多的小的钯簇,其钯与载体间相互作用较强,因此在三种新鲜催化剂中对HC和CO的消除表现出了最好的催化活性.以硝酸四氨钯为钯前驱体制得的Pd/CZ(NH)催化剂具有较高的钯分散度,存在较多的大的钯簇,同时存在金属态和氧化态的钯,从而对NO和NO2的消除表现出了较好的催化活性.以氯钯酸为钯前驱体制得的Pd/CZ(Cl)催化剂由于钯分散度较小,钯与载体间作用较弱,存在的CeOCl抑制了氧空穴的生成,因此对各种反应物的催化活性都较低.但Pd/CZ(Cl)催化剂表现出了较好的热稳定性,这是由于老化处理消除了残余的氯物种并且促进了钯与载体间的作用.     

Pd nanoparticles on defective polymer carbon nitride: Enhanced activity and origin for electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination reaction

Here we report a facile defect-engineering strategy on the support to optimize the metal-support interaction and enhance the metal’s electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination performance in converting 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) to phenol. The specific activity of the Pd nanoparticles (Pd NPs) on defective polymer carbon nitride (Pd/PCN-x) reaches 0.09 min^-1 m^-2_Pd, which is 1.5 times that of the Pd NPs supported on the perfect PCN (Pd/PCN-0). The combined experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that the strong adsorption of phenol on Pd/PCN-0 passivates the active sites, limiting the dechlorination progress. The PCN-x containing -C≡N defects can effectively mediate the spatial configuration and electronic structure of Pd NPs, and promote the preferential adsorption of 2,4-DCP rather than phenol, resulting in an enhanced dechlorination efficiency.     

Fabrication of bimetallic nanoparticles modified hollow nanoporous carbons derived from covalent organic framework for efficient degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol

Bimetallic nanoparticles modified hollow-structured nanoporous carbons (NPCs) have been fabricated via a convenient one-step carbonizing strategy derived from covalent organic framework. The Pd/Fe/NPCs, Pt/Fe/NPCs and Rh/Fe/NPCs were obtained and can be used as Fenton-like catalysts with good stability and reusability. The catalytic activity was evaluated by the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenl (2,4-DCP). These fabricated bimetallic catalysts exhibited much higher catalytic activity than Fe/NPCs at room temperature. The enhancement of catalytic ability was benefited from synergetic catalytic effect of bimetallic nanoparticles and accelerated mass transfer of hollow structure. Additionally, the enhanced catalytic mechanism of bimetallic catalysts was studied in detail and the reasonable reaction pathway was proposed. Besides, the bimetallic catalysts were successfully used for degradation of 2,4-DCP in actual industrial wastewater and the removal efficiency could reach 74.3% within 120 min, which demonstrated the promising potential application of bimetallic catalysts in the removal of pollutants in environment.     

Graphitic solid core carbon nanorods grown on silica sands using electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition as a highly efficient and green sorbent for removal of phenol derivatives from water sources

In this study, graphitic solid core carbon nanorods (GSCNRs) were, for the first time, anchored to the surface of silica sands through the electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition method to provide coated silica sands as a new, low-cost, green, and efficient adsorbent for the removal of organic pollutants such as phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous mediums. The characteristics of GSCNRs/SiO₂ were confirmed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. After the optimization of several parameters, the removal efficiency of phenol and 2,4-DCP using 1 g of adsorbent amount, the initial concentration of pollutants (10 mg/L phenol and 15 mg/L 2,4-DCP), a contact time of 10 min (phenol) and 20 min (2,4-DCP), and pH = 7 were 69 and 89%, respectively. The adsorption isotherm models of Langmuir and Freundlich, as well as pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, were examined under optimal conditions. Eventually, GSCNRs/SiO₂ was regenerated five times for the removal of phenol and 2,4-DCP. The removal efficiency of the tested contaminants from inlet raw water of a water treatment plant using the proposed adsorbent was investigated.     

担载CuO基催化剂上2,4-二氯酚的有效氧化降解

研究了2,4-二氯酚的催化氧化降解.结果表明,CuO/y-Al2O3催化剂表现出较高的活性,且碱土金属氧化物助剂的添加可进一步显著提高2,4-二氯酚氯离子的释放率,其中以SrO的促进作用最强,该催化剂循环使用3次,2,4-二氯酚转化率及氯离子的释放率均维持100％.X射线衍射和NH3程序升温脱附结果表明,催化剂上CuO...     

Removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solution by static-air-activated carbon fibers

Static-air-activated carbon fibers (ACFs) with lotus-root-like axially porous structure were used to adsorb 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous solution. The adsorption isotherm was evaluated in the pH range 3.0-11.0. Results indicated that both Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherms were appropriate for describing the adsorption characteristics of 2,4-DCP at various pH values and that lower pH values were favorable for adsorption. The adsorption of 2,4-DCP was controlled by the synergetic effects of pi-pi interaction and electrostatic attraction, and the former was dominant. Breakthrough curve results showed that the 2,4-DCP removal efficiency increased with an increase in the empty-bed contact time (EBCT). An EBCT of 0.660 min was sufficient for the adsorption of 2,4-DCP onto ACF, indicating a high adsorption rate. Desorption experiment results revealed that the ACF saturated with 2,4-DCP could be regenerated effectively by a 0.001 M NaOH solution.     

Reductive dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol using nanoscale Fe~0: influencing factors and possible mechanism

Nanoscale Fe0 was synthesized through a reductive method in this paper. The experiments were per-formed to investigate the reduction of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) by nanoscale Fe0 under different conditions. The pathways for the reduction of 2,4-DCP by nanoscale Fe0 were discussed. Batch studies demonstrated that the mechanism includes adsorption, dechlorination and cleavage of the benzene ring. Dechlorination, which occurs after 2,4-DCP molecule is adsorbed on the interface of Fe particle, is an interfacial reaction. One or two chlorine atom can be removed from 2,4-DCP to form 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol or phenol. As the concentration of 2,4-DCP increased, the relative dechlorination ratio decreased. However, the reduced quantities of 2,4-DCP increased. Temperature can influence dechlo-rination rate and pathway. Dechlorination is prior to cleavage of the benzene ring at a higher tempera-ture, but at a lower temperature, adsorption may be the main pathway, and cleavage of the benzene ring may be prior to dechlorination.     

Destruction of 2,4 Dichlorophenol in an Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge in Oxygen

The processes of degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) under the action of atmospheric pressure of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in oxygen were studied. It was shown that the degradation of 2,4-DCP proceeds efficiently. Degree of decomposition reaches 90%. The degradation kinetics of 2,4-DCP obeys the formal first-order kinetic law on concentration of 2,4-DCP. The effective rate constants depend weakly on the experimental conditions and are equal to ~0.2 s^?1. Based on experimental data, the energy efficiency of decomposition of 2,4-DCP was determined. Depending on the conditions, the energy efficiency was in the range of (8–90) × 10^?3 molecules per 100 eV. The composition of the products was studied by gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and UV/Visible spectroscopy. It was shown that about ~20% of 2,4-DCP is converted to CO₂, while the other part forms an organic film on the reactor wall. The substance formed is close to the carboxylic acids in chemical composition and exhibits electrical conductivity and paramagnetic properties. Almost all of the chlorine contained in the 2,4-DCP is released into the gas phase. The active species of the afterglow react with liquid hexane, forming the products of its oxidation. Some assumptions regarding the pathway of the process are discussed.     

Reductive dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol using nanoscale Fe<Superscript>0</Superscript>: influencing factors and possible mechanism

Nanoscale Fe⁰ was synthesized through a reductive method in this paper. The experiments were performed to investigate the reduction of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) by nanoscale Fe⁰ under different conditions. The pathways for the reduction of 2,4-DCP by nanoscale Fe⁰ were discussed. Batch studies demonstrated that the mechanism includes adsorption, dechlorination and cleavage of the benzene ring. Dechlorination, which occurs after 2,4-DCP molecule is adsorbed on the interface of Fe particle, is an interfacial reaction. One or two chlorine atom can be removed from 2,4-DCP to form 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol or phenol. As the concentration of 2,4-DCP increased, the relative dechlorination ratio decreased. However, the reduced quantities of 2,4-DCP increased. Temperature can influence dechlorination rate and pathway. Dechlorination is prior to cleavage of the benzene ring at a higher temperature, but at a lower temperature, adsorption may be the main pathway, and cleavage of the benzene ring may be prior to dechlorination. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50325824, 50678089) and the Excellent Young Teacher Program of MOE.