Effects of tapering on gyrotron backward-wave oscillators

Computer modeling has been utilized to guide gyrotron backward-wave oscillator (gyro-BWO) experiments at the University of Michigan over a wide range of tapered interaction regions and tapered magnetic fields. E-GUN code is used to examine beam and diode characteristics, while MAGIC is used to analyze the dynamics of the problem, such as particle kinematics and microwave power production. Several innovative techniques are used to create matching boundary conditions for a backward propagating wave. MAGIC simulations predict optimum performance of the gyro-BWO operating in a TE₀₁ mode within a combination of uniform interaction region and a tapered axial magnetic field which increases 7.5% in the direction of beam propagation. Experiments have been performed to investigate the effects of tapering magnetic fields and tapered interaction region radii on the high-power microwave emission from the gyro-BWO over the frequency range from 4.0 to 6.0 GHz. These experiments were performed on the Michigan Electron Long-Pulse Accelerator (MELBA) with parameters: V=-0.7 to -0.9 MV, I_diode=1-10 kA, I_tube=1-4 kA, T_e-beam =0.4-1.0 μs. Tapered interaction regions of 37%, 23%, 9.4%, and 6.4% were built and tested to determine their effect on microwave power, pulselength, and inferred energy compared to the uniform interaction region. Magnetic tapering trim coils with a range of -10.6%<ΔB/B₀<+15.0% were constructed which allow the orientation of the field taper to be changed without breaking the vacuum. The peak microwave power from individual shots was from 30 to 55 MW. Experiments on magnetic field tapering indicate that positive tapered fields improve microwave power and energy output     

A Continuously Tunable Ka-Band Gyrotron

An experimental study was carried out to test the concept of using a gyrotron with a tapered circuit in a uniform magnetic field as a high-power tunable source of millimeter-wave radiation. It was demonstrated that the device can be used as either an oscillator or an amplifier with the operating frequency tunable by varying the magnetic field. In the oscillator mode, the tube produced a peak output power of 500-750 W with the frequency continuously tunable from 30 to 39 GHz. As an amplifier mode, the tube demonstrated an electronic gain of ~23 dB at a magnetically tunable center frequency with an instantaneous bandwidth of ~5 percent. The stability characteristics of the amplifier were also investigated.     

Theory of resonant relativistic oscillator with nonuniform focusing field

The two-dimensional model of millimeter wave resonant O-type oscillator (as orotron, ledatron, resonant BWO, etc.) with a relativistic electron beam is analyzed. The selfconsistent nonlinear simultaneous equations have been obtained for the arbitrary space distribution of the magnetic guide field. The start generation characteristics are analyzed under small-signal conditions with an analytical solution taken for the case of inclined focusing magnetic field. It is found that the efficiency of electron-wave interaction appreciably depends on the focusing field strength and the relativistic mass factor. The results of numerical optimization of the guide field structure are presented to show possibility of improvement of the start characteristics of the oscillator.     

一种新型结构低阻抗渡越辐射振荡器

 设计了一种不加栅网结构的低阻抗渡越辐射振荡器器件,器件阻抗为20 Ω左右,采用同轴输出,具有所需导引磁场小、起振时间较快等优点,可望工作在重频和长脉冲状态。PIC粒子模拟表明,在输入电压和电流分别为550 kV和27.6 kA、约束磁场为0.8 T的条件下,在S波段3.175 GHz得到了平均功率大约4.0 GW的微波输出,束-波转换效率为26.4%。     

低磁场谐振腔切仑科夫振荡器-锥形放大器的初步实验研究

设计了一种能工作在低磁场高功率的慢波器件,该器件通过谐振腔将切仑科夫振荡器与锥形放大器有机地结合,充分利用电子的能量,实现了高效的微波产生.给出了初步的实验结果,在束流电压450kV,电流2.3 kA,导引峰值磁场0.6T的情况下,得到230 MW,频率为10.33 GHz,模式TM01的微波输出,效率达到23%.实验结果与粒子模拟结果基本吻合.     

采用坡度磁场提高同轴腔电子回旋管的效率

 通过选择适当电子初始的横纵向速度比，并引进坡度磁场的方法，来提高同轴腔电子回旋微波激射器效率。非线性模拟表明，用这种办法可以将德国卡尔斯鲁研究中心研制的同轴腔电子回旋微波激射振荡器的实验效率，从26.7%提高到31.5%。这种效率放大的物理机制是：坡度磁场改变了相对论电子的运动条件，有效地改善了波束互作用过程中电子的群聚状态，使电子束有更多的动能转换为电磁能，从而提高了电子束的换能效率。     

锥形慢波结构波导谐振腔微波发生器

 利用二维半的PIC等离子体物理程序设计了一种新的结构简单、体积小、重量轻、频率稳定的高功率、高效率的微波器件。此器件采用了锥形慢波结构波导谐振腔,不用外加引导磁场。微波频率可以设计为f=1.6 ~12GHz,功率P_out可达GW。     

改进型低阻类膜片加载同轴渡越时间振荡器

采用2.5维粒子模拟软件对改进型低阻类膜片加载同轴渡越时间振荡器进行了研究。研究结果表明:提取腔工作于类模场时，具有较高的束波互作用效率；引入渐变型输出波导，提高了提取腔内微波向外耦合输出的能力；通过加载感性支撑杆，一方面对金属膜片起支撑固定作用，另一方面可以及时将膜片上的感应电荷导流至接地外筒、从而降低间隙附近的空间电荷效应，以增加可提取的束动能。经优化设计，该结构在二极管电压为530 kV，二极管电流为12.9 kA、外加导引磁场为0.5 T的条件下，输出微波功率2.74 GW，微波频率7.76 GHz，束波功率转换效率达40%。     

Nonlinear simulation of a high-power, collective free-electronlaser

Results obtained with the three-dimensional nonlinear analysis and simulation code, ARACHNE, and a recent 33.4-GHz, collective, free-electron laser (FEL) amplifier experiment are compared. The experiment has demonstrated power levels of 61 MW (≈27% efficiency) without recourse to tapered magnetic fields, using a 750-keV/300-A electron beam with a nominal axial energy spread of 1.5% propagating through a cylindrical drift tube in the presence of a helical wiggler and an axial guide magnetic field. Significant differences in the character of the emission were found, depending on the direction of the guide magnetic field. When the wiggler and guide fields were parallel, observed power levels reached approximately 4 MW for both the strong and weak guide field regimes, but vanished in the neighborhood of the magnetic resonance. However, the maximum power was observed in the reversed field case when the wiggler and guide fields were antiparallel. In this case, no resonant enhancement in the transverse velocity is expected to occur; however, a significant reduction in the output power occurred in the neighborhood of the antiresonance. The ARACHNE simulation is in substantial agreement with the experiment     

带有反射腔的相对论返波管初步实验研究

 阐述了带有反射腔的相对论返波管的初步实验研究进展。反射腔是一段不规则的圆波导,在相对论返波管中起到截止颈的作用。初步实验的结果为：外加磁场B_z =0.82T时,输出微波功率为170MW,微波频率8.874GHz,脉宽为10ns;外加磁场B_z =1.7T时,微波功率为370MW,频率与脉宽不变;根据辐射场功率密度分布判定传输模式为TM₀₁模。结果表明：带有反射腔的返波管在较低外加磁场下也能够工作。     

双波段相对论返波振荡器模拟研究

 提出了一种采用单电子束实现C波段和X波段微波同时输出的新型相对论返波振荡器,该器件的束波作用区为中间用渐变段隔开的两段盘荷结构。使用Karat软件进行了2.5维全电磁粒子数值模拟,在工作电压为1 MV,电流为8 kA,导引磁场为3 T的条件下,输出微波功率大于1 GW,功率效率约为15%,输出的微波频率分别为5.42 GHz和9.58 GHz,二者频谱幅度相差2.17 dB,模式为TEM模。     

x强流相对论环形电子束在低磁场中传输分析

 用理论和粒子模拟相结合的方法分析了强流薄环形相对论电子束在低磁场导引下，在均匀波导，无箔二极管，以及锥形波导和渐减磁场位形条件下的传输过程，研究了束包络的波动和如何减少波动的问题。分析表明：在无箔二极管中一个适当渐增的磁场位形可以有效地抑制束电子的径向运动，从而减少电子在波导中的波动幅度；电子束在锥形波导和渐减磁场位形中运动，不会增加束电子的波动。因此适当的磁场位形可以降低微波器件对导引磁场的要求，有利于实现永磁包装微波器件。     

High-power relativistic microwave sources based on the backward wave oscillator with a modulating resonant reflector

Results of theoretical and experimental investigations into a relativistic backward wave oscillator with a modulating resonant reflector are generalized. The modulating resonant reflector is used to reflect a counter propagating wave and guide it toward an electron collector. It is shown that premodulation of the electron beam near the reflector may have a significant effect on the starting conditions of oscillation; selective properties of the oscillator; and its efficiency, which may reach 40% when a high-current beam is transported by a strong magnetic field. In the reduced magnetic fields that were employed in the pulsed-periodic regime and were 1.5–2.0 times lower than those at which cyclotron resonance with the counter propagating wave is observed, the oscillator efficiency (30–35% at a wavelength of 8 mm) is limited by position and velocity spreads of particles. Mechanical pulsewise frequency tuning within about 10% at a repetition rate of 1–50 Hz and a multigigawatt microwave power, as well as a rise in the power and energy of microwave pulses via an increase in the cross-sectional dimensions of the slow-wave structure, are demonstrated to be feasible.     

轴对称磁透镜设计

以中国科学院近代物理研究所正在研制的轴对称磁透镜为例,设计了两种结构的轴对称磁透镜:带屏蔽铁壳的螺线管透镜和极靴形状为锥形的Glaser透镜。带屏蔽铁壳的螺线管透镜产生的轴对称磁场比较均匀,而极靴形状为锥形的Glaser透镜产生的轴对称磁场比较集中。分别采用了两种物理模型计算磁场,同时应用有限元分析软件ANSYS进行数值模拟,最后从物理和工程角度对这两种透镜作了全面比较,得出带屏蔽铁壳的螺线管透镜结构更符合设计要求。     

Two-dimensional spherical oscillator in a constant magnetic field

We study the equations of motion of a spherical oscillator model suggested by Bellucci and Nersessian, in the presence of a constant magnetic field. This model is shown to be exactly solvable classically in contrast to the Higgs oscillator which is not exactly solvable in magnetic fields.     

P波段混合型MILO的粒子模拟

 结合负载限制型磁绝缘线振荡器(MILO)和渐变型MILO的特点提出并设计了P波段混合型MILO的结构，主要以负载限制型MILO结构作为雏形，将其内部仅含有的1根提取叶片用3根长度渐变的慢波叶片组成的渐变段替换。该结构可更好地实现束波相互作用，并使提取间隙电场与MILO输出同轴结构处的电场达到更好的匹配，增加微波输出功率。器件纵向总长度为47 cm，外筒直径为44 cm。优化后的2.5维全电磁粒子模拟结果表明：在二极管工作电压550 keV、电流约57 kA的情况下，输出微波的中心频率为640 MHz，平均功率为4.27 GW，束波转换效率为13.6％，器件4 ns时起振，6 ns达到饱和，且微波输出功率十分稳定，最终输出微波模式为TEM模。     

The split-cavity oscillator: a high-power E-beam modulator andmicrowave source

A compact device, called a split-cavity oscillator, whose self-excited oscillating electromagnetic field converts a large-area steady electron beam into one that is highly density modulated, is described. It does this in a short beam travel length, easing both space-charge and pinching limitations. Thus, high currents are possible without requiring a magnetic guide field. Methods for converting the modulated output beam into high-power microwaves are discussed, as are ways to phase-lock several oscillators together. Analytic theory, numerical simulations, and experiments describing the device are presented     

New NRD guide MM wave oscillators

A new millimenter-wave Gunn oscillator is described. The present structure makes use of NRD guide and metal resonant cap. The field expressions and the design considerations of NRD guide are discussed. Some experimental results of 8mm and 6mm band oscillators show that the new Gunn oscillator has a future as an integrated millimeter-wave source.This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China     

95 GHz TE03模回旋管内置渐变波导设计

在耦合波理论的基础上,结合波导渐变曲线给出了普适高阶渐变波导设计方法,研究了95 GHz回旋管内置 TE03模式改进Dolph-Chebychev渐变波导。采用编制的数值计算程序进行优化,得到了可靠的最优几何参量,设计出了紧凑的95 GHz渐变波导。经全电磁场仿真验证,该内置渐变输出结构对杂模的抑制达30 dB,满足设计要求。回旋管的热测实验中测出的模式样图表明,所设计的内置渐变波导有效地实现了回旋管内径变化。该方法可以高效地指导高阶过模圆波导渐变结构的设计。     

渐变慢波结构的太赫兹过模表面波振荡器北大核心CSCD

模拟研究了一种在均匀慢波结构后增加渐变慢波结构段的太赫兹过模表面波振荡器,获得了输出功率和模式纯度的显著提高。首先根据S参数方法,研究分析了这种复合高频结构中TM_(01)模的谐振特性。然后采用2.5维PIC(Particle-in-cell)软件UNIPIC,模拟研究了振荡器输出性能随渐变慢波结构周期数的变化关系。结果表明:随着周期数的增加,输出太赫兹波中的TM_(02)和TM_(03)等高次模成分降低,TM_(01)模的功率比例增大至80%以上;选择合适长度的渐变慢波结构,能使得器件输出功率增大50%。