Comparative assessment of optical performance for the optical design of HD-DVD micro objective lens with NA 0.65 using aspheric and freeform surfaces

A micro objective lens for HD-DVD with the Numerical Aperture (NA) of 0.65 at blue laser wavelength with clear aperture diameter of 1.5 mm has been designed on acrylic material using freeform surfacing method. Optical performance evaluation parameters have been compared with bi-aspheric surfaces based objective lens design. Freeform surface based design has higher degrees of freedom compare to conventional aspheric surfaces that can reduce aberrations significantly. Maximum RMS error is 0.003λ at 0.4° and maximum RMS radius is 0.027 μm while airy disk radius is 0.3803 μm for freeform surface based design. Hence single freeform surface based design can reduce the fabrication complexity and tooling time, at the same instance provides comparable performance with bi-aspheric surfaces based design.     

CCD摄像机大视场光学镜头的设计

为提高CCD摄像机的成像质量，同时使镜头结构紧凑、小型化，在大视场光学镜头的设计中，引入标准二次曲面和偶次非球面。根据初级像差理论，分析了非球面的位置、初始结构参数的求解规律。通过理论计算和ZEMAX光学设计软件的优化，给出工作波长为0.4～0.7μm、全视场角为80°，相对孔径为1∶1.5的镜头设计实例。该镜头由7块镜片组成，包括一个标准二次曲面和两个8次方非球面；在40lp/mm空间频率处的MTF值超过0.85，全视场畸变小于3％，像质优良     

Microscopic scattering imaging measurement and digital evaluation system of defects for fine optical surface

According to ISO10110-7 and the engineering standards of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF), this paper presents a microscopic scattering imaging and analyzing system which allows one to automatically evaluate defects in random distributions and shapes on the surface of fine optical components of large aperture. The annularly disposed multi-beam fiber light sources illuminate the target surface with a special angle. The image, which has bright defects on black background, is suitable for digital image processing. With XY-scanning system, the defect information of full aperture can be obtained by stitching the sub-aperture image array, according to the algorithms of template matching. The full aperture image is divided into N × N sub-apertures, each of which has view field of approximate 3 mm × 4 mm. Image processing software for image recognition has been established using mathematical morphology with high computing efficiency and friendly graphics user interface. A group of standard reticules fabricated by binary optics can scale defects for calibration. As a result the lateral resolution of the system is better than sub-micrometer while the total view field can be hundreds of millimeters. The comparison quantitative data results between the experiment and standard demonstrate the system is competent for the digital evaluation of defect characterization of fine optical surfaces, especially for the ones with large aperture.     

衍射极限非球面准直透镜

介绍了一种新的非球面透镜设计方法。通过非球面方程中二次曲面常数和非球面系数对光学系统像差的贡献来设计非球面透镜,并详细分析了非球面设计过程。设计了数值孔径NA=0.37, 纤芯Φ=600μm的大光束光纤耦合半导体激光器的非球面准直透镜,其焦距f=50mm。从像质评定可以看出, 非球面准直镜几乎接近衍射极限, 整个系统的波像差小于0.3λ。实验表明： 采用非球面准直系统能最大限度地利用光能率和提高光束准直性, 证明了设计方法基本正确。     

相对孔径为1∶1镜头的光学系统设计

介绍一种相对孔径为1:1的光谱摄像镜头。利用非球面光学表面将复杂化的Petzval型结构形式改进为3片结构,其主要光学参数f′=120mm，F=1，τ≥90%，系统MTF=0.85时的成像质量所对应的空间频率大于20lp/mm。结合非球面加工工程化研究需要对该镜头的结构进行优化，给出了多种像差曲线及MTF数据，并对未来可进行的进一步改进进行了探讨。     

用于光纤传像束的大视场低畸变物镜设计

在大截面传像束前置光学系统设计中,采用负-正型式的像方远心光路结构,在像差校正过程中引入偶次非球面和弯月形厚透镜,可较好地解决镜头轴外像差校正与像面照度均匀性问题,同时使镜头结构紧凑、小型化。通过理论计算和优化,给出工作在660 nm,焦距f=1.22 mm,相对孔径D/f=1∶3,视场角2为60的镜头设计实例。设计结果表明:该镜头各视场在40lp/mm空间频率处的MTF值超过0.8,全视场畸变小于0.05%,场曲低于50m,像面照度均匀,像质优良,满足像方远心光路要求,可用于实际观察和测量。     

影碟机激光头非球面物镜的设计

本文首先介绍了影碟机激光头的工作原理,然后根据激光二极管的发光特性及刻录在光盘上表示信息的坑槽的细微结构,提出了使激光头物镜满足工作需求的光学设计要求。在非球面物镜的总体设计阶段,对物镜的焦距、口径等系统性能参数进行了确定,并针对系统要求提出需校正的像差种类。在非球面物镜的光学设计阶段,以总体设计的初始结构数据为基础,利用计算机进行非球面物镜的设计和优化,得到了满足各项要求的设计结果。文中给出了所设计的非球面物镜结构参数及像差曲线,并就该塑料镜片的工艺性进行了初步讨论     

中小口径双非球面数控抛光技术研究

针对口径Φ62 mm双凸非球面透镜,进行了数控研磨和抛光技术研究.提出了规范性的加工工艺流程,实现了中小口径双非球面元件的高效、快速抛光.根据计算机控制光学表面成型技术,采用全口径抛光和小抛头修抛的两步抛光法,在抛光中对其面形误差进行多次反馈补偿,使被加工零件表面的面形精度逐步收敛.最终两面的面形精度均小于0.5 μm,中心偏差小于0.01 mm,满足了光学系统中对非球面元件的精度要求,并且在保证有较高面形精度和较好表面光洁度的同时,解决了双非球面中心偏差和中心厚度难以控制的加工技术难题.     

Influence of optical aspheric parameters on obtaining uniform rectangular illumination

The research focuses on designing a suitable aspherical surface to create a rectangular and uniform illumination by studying the influence of optical aspheric parameters. The geometrical optics is used to analyze the transmission equation of the LED beam and the minimum divergence angle is calculated out by numerical simulation. Furtherly, the relationship between the divergence angle and some parameters of the lens is researched by using the normal equation for conic aspheric. Then the K₂ of the lens's second surface is modified and verified by optical tracing simulation software (TracePro) to a rectangular and uniform illumination on the receiver. The result indicates that ellipsoid can get a better uniform rectangular illumination than paraboloid and hyperboloid. The final divergence angle is 5.997 mrad, close to the theoretical calculation value 1.92 mrad, and the illumination uniformity of the predetermined illumination area on the receiver is better than 93.02%. It is expected that this method will have great potential for other lighting applications.     

高变倍比数码变焦镜头设计

为提高变焦距系统的工作性能,使其在大视场时仍具有良好的像质,且系统结构简单,易于机械设计、加工及装调,在设计中引入了传统球面光学设计与非球面相结合的设计思想。选择4个焦距位置进行设计计算,用光学设计软件ZEMAX上机调试,设计了焦距为6.9mm～91.6mm,视场5°～60°的变焦系统,整个系统由4组12片透镜组成,其中包括3个非球面,系统具有变倍比高、视场大等特点。设计结果表明：在设计中采用非球面可使系统结构紧凑,系统成像质量得到提高。     

声光可调谐滤波器成像光谱仪非球面光学系统设计

基于声光可调谐滤波器(AOTF)的工作原理,设计了一套工作在440～780nm的光谱成像光学系统。该光学系统通过引入一面偶次非球面提高了系统的成像质量,简化了镜头的结构,提高了光学系统的透射率。前置光学系统采用由一组双胶合透镜构成的像方远心光路。后置成像光学系统由一组三胶合透镜构成,其中包含一面非球面,根据非球面变形系数与初级像差间的贡献关系,完成了非球面及其位置的优化和对AOTF的+1级衍射光成像。光学系统在32lp/mm的空间频率下的调制传递函数(MTF)大于0.6,像质优良,加工装调公差适中。     

用于大孔径凸非球面检测的部分补偿透镜的优化设计

针对部分补偿法和子孔径拼接技术对大孔径凸非球面进行测量时,部分补偿透镜的优化设计是关键技术之一,基于ZEMAX软件对用于大孔径凸非球面的部分补偿透镜进行了优化设计,以波前斜率作为优化目标,通过直接观察弥散圆半径对全口径的光线进行优化。设计结果表明,用结构简单的单片部分补偿透镜即可实现对大孔径凸非球面的面形测量,在不同的子孔径区域,部分补偿系统在理想焦面处的弥散圆最大半径均小于165 μm,满足设计要求,验证了结合部分补偿法和子孔径拼接技术测量大孔径凸非球面的可行性。     

Design of off-axis reflective projection lens using spherical Fresnel surface

In this paper, an off-axis reflective projection lens with single Fresnel reflective surface and three aspheric surfaces were designed. The design method of reflective lens using spherical Fresnel surface is discussed. The MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) of the off-axis reflective lens, with optical magnification 100×, F-number 2.5 and field of view 120°, is over 40% at 0.6 lp/mm on the image side, the distortion is less than 2%. This design method can provide reference for application of Fresnel surface in wide field of view imaging, and possesses a bright future with the continuous development of fabrication technique.     

Efficient coupling and relaxed alignment tolerances in pigtailing of a laser diode using dual ball lenses

In this paper, we report an efficient coupling scheme with relaxed misalignment tolerances. The proposed coupling scheme consists of two ball lenses of same diameter (1 mm) and different refractive indices. The second ball lens which is facing the fiber tip has a higher refractive index (1.833), whereas the first one which faces the laser diode has a refractive index of 1.5. Employing Gaussian and ABCD ray tracing optics, the theoretically obtained coupling efficiency can reach a unity with relaxed working distance (separation of the coupling system from the fiber tip) in the range between 1 and 4 mm at some optimum positions of the coupling lenses with regard to each other and to the facet of the laser diode. It has been found that if the distance between the first ball lens and the laser diode (d₁) is fixed at 1.1 mm, which is twice its focal length, the coupling efficiency and the working distance as well as the misalignment tolerances are greatly affected by variation of the separation between the two ball lenses (s), and for this proposed coupling scheme the highest coupling efficiency and largest working distance are obtained when s is in the range of 0.3-0.35 mm. Above and below this range there is a significant reduction in the values of the above-mentioned parameters. Experimentally, the Nd:YAG laser welding system has been used for the alignment and welding of the coupling components in a butterfly configuration; the experimentally obtained coupling efficiency of the proposed coupling system was around 75% with relaxed working distance. From the effect of lateral and angular offsets on coupling efficiency, it is clearly noticed that the mode field of laser diode is transformed from elliptical into circular and hence effectively matched with that of the single-mode fiber.     

Discussions on on-machine measurement of aspheric lens-mold surface

At present, regarding to the machining of aspheric lens mold, there are two major methods to carry out the on-machine measurement (OMM) — contacting method (CM) and non-contacting method (NCM). Here such two methods are reviewed in detail. CM is mainly based on the contacting probe which is scratching aspheric surface of lens mold to achieve profile data. To be efficient, an idea with 45° tilt of probe is proposed for OMM of lens mold by Suzuki. But generally speaking, the contacting OMM is not so efficient and can only deal with axisymmetric aspheric lens mold. On the contrary, NCM mostly uses laser to achieve aspheric profile without any contact. On ultra-precision lathe, laser scanning system or laser interferometer is mounted on the frame of lathe and transfers measurement data to machining system efficiently. However, most NCMs need stable environment and low working noise except instantaneous phase-shifting shearing interferometry (IPSSI). Therefore, a new idea about IPSSI is proposed in this paper to realize OMM of lens molds. Unfortunately, it's also difficult to test the high numerical aperture aspheric or free-form lens molds. By comparison, the newly-developed fringe reflection (FR) method is becoming the promising method because it features the high efficiency and high accuracy. However, this method has not been used for OMM system yet. Much research should be conducted for FR OMM technology.     

大视场大相对孔径水下专用摄影物镜的设计

分析了大视场大相对孔径水下专用摄影物镜的设计特点.基于反摄远结构引入一个高次非球面设计了相对孔径为1/1.4,水下全视场66°,焦距11.85 mm,光谱响应范围0.48～0.60 μm,采用平面水密壳窗的水下专用摄影物镜.全视场MTF在空间频率42 lp/mm时高于0.4.与相同技术要求下全部采用球面透镜的设计进行比较,表明该摄影物镜结构更简单,成像质量也更优异,能够满足深水微光摄影物镜对大视场、大相对孔径、小型化、轻量化的需求.     

Deep subsurface optical waveguides produced by direct writing with femtosecond laser pulses in fused silica and phosphate glass

In the present work, we have analyzed the use of elliptical beam shaping along with low numerical aperture focusing optics in order to produce circular cross-section waveguides in different materials at large processing depths by direct femtosecond laser writing (100 fs, 800 nm, 1 kHz). A variable slit located before the focusing optics allows to generate a nearly elliptical beam shape and also to reduce the effective numerical aperture of the beam along the shat axis of the ellipse. The focusing optics allows to focus the beam deep inside the sample, which is translated at a constant speed transversely to the writing beam direction. The influence of several experimental parameters (energy per pulse, slit width, processing depth) on the properties of the produced waveguides has been analyzed. The influence of the intrinsic properties of the material (refractive index, composition) has been analyzed by comparing results obtained in fused silica and Er:Yb co-doped phosphate glass. The results obtained show that this approach leads to the successful production of deep subsurface (up to 7 mm) waveguides with circular cross-sections. Preliminary results using chirped pulses in the phosphate glass suggest that temporal pulse shaping can be used as an additional parameter to optimize the guided mode symmetry.     

Measurement of large aspheric surfaces by annular subaperture stitching interferometry

A new method for testing aspheric surfaces by annular subaperture stitching interferometry is introduced.It can test large-aperture and large-relative-aperture aspheric surfaces at high resolution, low cost, and high efficiency without auxiliary null optics. The basic principle of the method is described, the synthetical optimization stitching model and effective algorithm are established based on simultaneous least-square fitting. A hyperboloid with an aperture of 350 mm is tested by this method. The obtained peak-to-valley (PV) and root-mean-square (RMS) values of the surface error after stitching are 0.433λ and 0.052λ (λis 632.8 nm), respectively. The reconstructed surface map is coincide with the entire surface map from null test, and the difference of PV and RMS errors between them are 0.031λ and 0.005λ, respectively.This stitching model provides another quantitive method for testing large aspheric surfaces besides null compensation.     

五轴加工中心范成铣磨离轴非球面研究

离轴非球面作为非球面的一部分,是空间光学系统、天文学和高精度测量系统不可或缺的光学器件.针对空间光学对离轴非球面光学元件制造技术的重大需求,开展了离轴非球面反射镜的精密铣磨加工技术研究.分析了五轴联动范成法铣磨离轴非球面的原理,将离轴非球面所在的同轴母镜离散为一系列不同半径的球面环带,将工件坐标系建立在待加工离轴非球面...